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ontents

Preface to th e Third Edition

Preface to th e

First Edition

Preface to the

Second Edition

Introduction

Acknowledgements

List

of Contributors

T H E

DICTIONARY

OF

PHYSICAL

GEOGRAPHY

Index

vi

VB

Vlll

IX

X

xi

54 0

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Preface to t Third Edition

This

edition

of

this dictionary represents substantial evolution from

the second

edition.

Following

consultation

with the international advisory panel , whose

composition

reflects

many

key areas of physical geography including biogeography, climatology,

environmental

change and

key areas of geomorphology, 200 entries from t he s ec on d

edition have

been

removed,

an d

replaced with

450 new

entries.

These

were

chosen

from an original list of possible ne w entries over twice this length, with the final

selection

representing

changes within th e discipline, an increased international flavour,

and th e need to maintain the

final volume at a certain length.

The

total list of

contributors

is increased by 34 , with

ne w

experts

drawn

in to ad d

their

knowledge to

th e

volume.

Managing

a volume

of

this size is a complex task,

th e

size

of

which

I

di d

not quite

realize

when approached

by

John

Davey, formerly

of

Blackwell Publishers,

and Andrew

Goudie. Completion of th e task has been m ad e m uc h

simpler

due to the help of th e

advisory panel,

th e

goodwill

of

contributors,

an d

especially to

th e

assistance of Jill

Landeryou and S ar ah F al ku s a t t he publishers, and, in th e final stages, th e considerable

help given i n t he p re pa ra ti on of th e

final

m an us cr ip t by L uc y H ea th .

All are

thanked

enormously.

DSGT

v

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Preface to the irst dition

The preparation

of a dictionary of this complexity has involved many people, and all

deserve

thanks

for th e efficiency

w it h w hi ch t he y

have

prepared their material

on

time

and in th e format required. We have been fortunate in having as a model our compan

io n

volume,

The Dictionary

of

Human Geography which

was so expertly

edited by

R Joh nsto n an d his team. I would like to express particular thanks t o J an et

Godden

for having taken over so m uch o f th e organizational burden, an d to And rew Watson for

being willing to

prepare

many of th e

short

entries.

ASG

v

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I

ntroduction

This dictionary

provides definitions of

terms

an d explanations of key ideas,

concepts,

and issues

in

physical geography. draws upon th e wealth of knowledge of over

90

contributors and

is

aimed

for th e use

of

professionals, students,

teachers

and research

ers

in

geography and allied

environmental

and life sciences.

Entries

are

organized

alphabetically,

but

to

a id f ur th er

understanding,

they

are,

where appropriate, cross-referenced to other relevant entries, which are shown

in

small capitals

in

th e text. An

index

allows th e identification of

other

entries

i n which

a term is referred to, allowing a wider sense of its usage to be gained.

Many entries are referenced and/or

accompanied

by suggestions for further reading.

Together,

this allows

source

material, examples

of

usage

and

extended

explanations

to

be

explored.

IX

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cknowledgements

The editors and

publishers

wish

to thank the

following for

permission

to use copyright

material.

Addison Wesley Lo ng m an Lim ited for the figure in groundwater from Jones, Global

hydrology: processes resources and environmental management

1997;

reprinted

by

permis

sion of Pearson Education Limited

Blackwell Publishers Ltd for

th e

figure in floristic r e a lms from Goudie, The nature

of

the environment 99

Blackwell Science Ltd for th e figure in carrying capacity from Begon, Harper and

Townsend,

Ecology individuals population

and

communities 1986

David Bridgland for th e figure in river terrace from Bridgland, Allen a nd H ag ga rt

eds ,

The Quarternary of the lower reaches of the Thames: field guide

Quaternary

Research Association, 1995

Butterworth Heinemann Publishers, a division of

Reed Educati onal

Professional

Publishing

Ltd, for th e figures in w a te r

lllass

from Open University

Oceanography

Course Team, Ocean Circulation 1989

Cambridge University Press and W.B. Harland for th e table in geological

time-scale

from Harland,

Armstrong,

Cole, Craig, S mi th a nd

Smith,

A geologic time scale 989

1990

Chapman

Hall for th e table in Beaufort scale from Oliver and Fairbridge, The

encyclopedia of climatology 1987; and

figures

in global

ocean

circulation and water

m a s s from

Tolmazin,

Elements of dynamic oceanography 1985; with kind permission

from K.1uwer

Academic Publishers

David Evans for the figure

in crag

a n d tail

fOrllls

from B en n a nd Evans, Glaciers and

glaciation

1998

Longman Gr oup

Ltd

for figures an d tables in plate tectonics, rift valley,

stress

and

k arren from

Summerfield,

Global geomorphology 1991; and for th e table in glacio

fluvial from

Price, Glacial and fluviolglacial landforms 1973, Oliver

Boyd

Macmillan

for th e figure in association, p l an t from Whittaker, Communities and

ecosystems second edition, 1975

Routledge and C.C. Park for the figure in tropical rain forest from Parks

Tropical

rainforests

992

The Geological Society for the table an d figure in weathering profile from Fookes,

Tropical residual soils 99

Elsevier Science for the figure in pollen analysis from Behling and Hooghiemstra, in

Palaeogeography palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology

139,

pp.

251-67, 1998

Every effort

has b een m ade

to

trace

copyright holders. The publishers apologize for any

errors

or

omissions

in

th e above list

and

will

be pleased to make

the necessary

a rr an ge me nt a t t he first opportunity.

x

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ontributors

AD

Angus Duncan

CAMK

Cuchlain A M King

University of Luton

formerly of University

of

Nottingham

AHP Allen H

Perry

University

of

Wales, Swansea

CDC

Chris D Clark

University of Sheffield

AH-S A

Henderson-Sellers

MacQuarie

University

CTA

Clive T Agnew

University of Manchester

ALH

A Louise

Heathwaite

University of Sheffield

DB Denys

Brunsden

formerly

of

King s

College

AMG

Angela M Gurnell London

University

of Birmingham

DES David Sugden

AP

Adrian Parker

University

of

Edinburgh

University of Oxford

DEW Walling

ARH

Alan R Hill

University

of Exeter

York University,

Ontario

DW

David Watts

ASG

Andrew

S

Goudie

University

of Hull

University of Oxford

D G T

David G

Tout

AW

Andrew Watson University of

formerly University

of

Oxford

Manchester

AWE

Andrew

W Ellis

DH

David

Higgitt

Arizona

State

University

University

of

Durham

BA K

Barbara A

Kennedy

DJN

David J

Nash

University

of

Oxford University

of

Brighton

BG T

Bruce G

Thom

DJS

Douglas

Sherman

University of

Sydney

University of Southern

California

BJS

B J

Smith

Queen s University

of

Belfast

DLD David

L

Dunkerley

Monash University

BWA B

WAtkinson

Queen Mary

Westfield

DSGT

David

S G Thomas

College,

London

University of Sheffield

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Index

Notes

1 Page

numbers

in o l indicate definitions.

Those

in italics indicate illustrations, maps

an d

tables.

2 Specific places an d species have been omitted as

these

are to o numerous to include.

Names

of people

are also omitted, unless they are important historically

an d

mentioned often.

3 Acronyms an d initials are arranged alphabetically.

abandoned

channels

203,

35 4

abandoned fields

288-9

abime

1

abiotic components 1

ablation

1,

99 ,

124,

22 6

balancing accumulation 179-80, 30 8

calving 1,

68

moraines

32 5

abrasion

1,

37 8

comminution

9 8, 4 90

facet 196

fluting

20 6

roche

moutonnee

41 7

rock flour 41 7

roundness 421-2

ventifact

51 4

absolute

age 1

absolute

drought

148

absolute

humidity

25 0

abundance

1

abyss 1

abyssopelagic zone 1,

34 5

acceleration 53 2

centri petal 2 32

and

mass see force

opposing

resistance 408-9

see also

mass

strength; roughness; shear strength

and

velocity Froude

number)

21 5

accelerator mass

spectroscopy

70-1,

76 ,

10 7

accessory

mineral

1

accordant junctions, law

of

1,

37 7

accordant summits 1- 2

accretion

2,

40 3

lateral 203, 290, 37 9

accumulated temperature 2,

125

accumulation glacial 99 , 179-80, 30 8

acid

acidity profile signal/record) 5

deposition

2- 3, 4,

150,

34 4

pesticides 36 7

pH

67, 36 8

precipitation 2, 3, 3-4, 1 35 , 1 50 , 33 8

rocks 4 see also igneous rocks

susceptibility/ acid neutralizing capacity 4- 5

aclinic line 5

actinometer

5

active layer 5-6,

112,

36 5

frost

creep

6,

21 4

540

see also

frost heave; patterned

ground

active

margin 6,467,471

see also earthquakes;

orogeny

activity ratio 6,

actual evaporation

185-6

actual

evapotranspiration

AEt

187-8,

44 8

actualism

see

Uniformitarianism

adaptive

radiation

6, 198, 275, 515

adhesion

ripple an d warts 6

adiabatic processes 6-7, 37 2

clouds

94

condensation

100

general circulation of

atmosphere 218

lapse rate 290

potential temperature

38 6

temperature inversion 481

thermodynamic equation 48 6

vorticity 518

winds see

katabatic

adobe

7

ad ret 7

adsorption 7, 69

advection 7, 1 05 , 2 47

temperature inversion

273,

481

see also convection; fog; winds

adventitious 7

aeolation

7- 8

aeolian eolian 8, 40 8

see also winds

aeolianite 8, 68,513

aeration zone 8

see also

vadose

aerial photography 8--9, 25 , 305-6, 407

aerial camera 8

multispectral

scanner

superior to 329-30

photogrammetry 36 9

thermal

i nfr ar ed l in es can ner 2 69 ,

407,

48 5

see also satellites

aerobic processes 9,

20

see also

oxygen;

respiration

aerobiology 9

pollen analysis 9

aerodynamic ripples 10

aerography

10

aerology 10

aeronomy

10

aerosols 9, 10,

32, 37 2

in clouds,

DMS as

137

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