REFERENCE

Did you enjoy our unplannedsnowed up holidays?

GEJ2

GEJ1GEJ1 / NP:loose ends

CASE

NOT THIS CASE:

NOT EVEN THIS CASE:

ESPECIALLY NOT THIS CASE:

THIS CASE:

Hey, look birds, we have unfinished business, I and he.He and me.Hey, dont you talk to me about grammar!I dislike you, capish?11SCOTT PILGRIM vs. 7 EVIL EXESEVIL EX: Hey, look birds, we have unfinished business, I and he.SCOTT: He and me.EVIL EX: Hey, dont you talk to me about grammar!SCOTT: I dislike you, capish?WHO IS RIGHT? SCOTT OR ONE OF THE 7 EVIL EXES?ACTUALLY, ITS THE EVIL EX WHO IS RIGHT.THE THING THAT IS WRONG HERE IS SCOTTS DECISION TO USE THE DATIVE PRONOUN ME IN THE POSITION WHERE THE NOMINATIVE FORM I IS REQUIRED.I and John are leaving. OR Me and John are leaving. ???

WHAT IS CASE?Case is a nominal category.Intuitively, we could say that the term case applies in the first instance to a system of inflectional forms of a noun to mark the (syntactic?) function of a NP relative to the construction containing it.

Alternatively, we could say that case is a grammatical category that can express a number of different relationships between nominal elements.

WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE?[NP[Cthulhu]s destruction of [South Park]] = NPKatuluovo razaranje Saut ParkaCthulhu = the one who destroys (agent/doer)South Park = the thing being destroyed (theme/affected)

WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE?[The boy in the red sweater] gave [the boy wearing the orange suit] [a smack on the face] with a pan.The boy in the red sweater = the one who smacks (agent/doer)the boy wearing the orange suit = the person being smacked (theme/affected)a smack on the face = the effect of the activity (result/effected)He gave him a smack on the face with a pan.

SO, WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE NOMINAL CATEGORY OF CASE?LETS TURN OUR GREY CELLS ON!CASE: primary functionThe nominal category of case expresses the SEMANTIC ROLES of noun phrases.Noun phrases bear semantic roles both when they are INDEPENDENT (e.g. S, O, C) and when they are DEPENDENT (inside other phrases).DIGRESSION: The NP, unlike any other phrase, can express the meaning of a whole sentence: Cthulus destruction of South Park = Cthulu destroyed South Park.CASES IN ENGLISH?

Sg(German)

Pl(German)

Sg(English)Pl(English)Nominative

Das Haus

Die Huser

The house

The houses

Genitive

Des Hauses

Der Huser

The houses

The houses

Dative

Dem Haus(e)

Den Husern

The house

The houses

Accusative

Das Haus

Die Huser

The house

The houses

English is said to have a TWO-CASE SYSTEM, but WITH THREE CASES:

PARADOXICAL?

1. Plain/Common Case a) Nominative/Subjective Case b) Accusative/Objective Case2. Genitive CaseExample: I slept soundly. NP = Nom./Subj. Please help me. NP = Acc./Obj. Where is my bag? NP = Gen./inside a larger NP CASE FORMS IN ENGLISHCommon Case

Nominative vs. AccusativeIn Present-day English the contrast between nominative and accusative case is found only with a handful of pronouns:NominativeAccusativePersonal:IMeWeUsHeHimSheHerTheyThem

Interrogative:WhoWhom CASE FORMS OF NOUNS IN ENGLISHThe actual number of nominal case forms in English depends largely on whether you WRITE the forms or you PRONOUNCE the forms.

The genitive inflection is phonologically identical with the regular plural inflection, so the case distinction is neutralized in the plural of the vast majority of nouns in English.

CASE FORMS IN ENGLISHOrthographically, i.e. in writing, a FOURFOLD CASE DISTINCTION always obtains:One cows tail.All the cows tails.With irregular nouns, a FOURFOLD CASE DISTINCTION is also usually obtained in both WRITING and SPEECH.

GENITIVE INFLECTION: realizations

GENITIVE INFLECTIONHowever, the genitive inflection is unique in one particular aspect.[Morten]s microphone[the King]s microphone (King = Elvis)[the late King of pop music]s microphoneNOTE: * the late Kings of pop music microphoneThe genitive suffix is NOT ADDED TO NOUNS, it is ADDED TO NOUN PHRASES.

GENITIVE INFLECTIONWhen the genitive inflection is added to a noun phrase with postmodification, it is called GROUP GENITIVE or PHRASAL GENITIVE.[the chief of staff]s office[the chiefs of staff]s debriefing[the teacher of music]s room[somebody else]s faultNOTE THAT THE GENITIVE SUFFIX IS ADDED TO THE LEFT EDGE OF THE PHRASE REGARDLESS WHETHER IT ENDS IN A NOUN OR SOME OTHER PART OF SPEECH.[the man opposite me]s facial expression [PRON.][the man in black]s face [ADJ][a man I know]s coat [V][the man I talked about]s book [P][the man I saw yesterday]s hat [ADV]

GENITIVE INFLECTIONHowever, the group genitive is avoided WHEN THE POSTMODIFICATION IS LESS INSTITUTIONALIZED, especially in FORMAL CONTEXTS.??? [the man in the dark suit]s nameOK: the name of [the man in the dark suit][the King of pop music]s microphoneWHAT DOES THIS ACTUALLY MEAN?SOMETHING YOU ALREADY KNOW!The genitive case is NOT NECESSARILY REALIZED BY THE GENITIVE SUFFIX S / , it is SOMETIMES RELIZED BY THE PREPOSITIONAL OF-GENITIVE.S / GENITIVE IS CALLED THE SAXON GENITIVE.OF-GENITIVE IS CALLED THE NOMAN GENITIVE.

GENITIVE MARKERS: S vs. OFThe Saxon genitive and the Norman genitive are USUALLY INTERCHANGEABLE, BUT THIS IS NOT A GENERAL RULE.[the yacht]s namethe name of [the yacht][John]s house* the house of [John]the front of [the car]* [the car]s frontTHE CHOICE OF USING EITHER OF-GENITIVE, S GENITIVE OR BOTH DEPENDS ON THE MEANING OF THE HEAD NOUN (I.E. SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/CLASS OF THE HEAD)GENITIVE MARKERS: S vs. OF

THE GENITIVE CASE - Syntactic Point of View

A NOUN PHRASE IN THE GENITIVE CASE PRECEDES THE HEAD NOUN OF A NP AND IS THEREFORE PART OF THE PREMODIFICATION OF THE HEAD NOUN.

THERE ARE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS THAT THE PREMODIFYING GENITIVE CASE NOUN CAN PERFORM:

DETERMINER FUNCTION: Toms car (compare: *the Toms car)In this function, the genitive functions just like POSSESIVE DETERMINERS (my, your, her, etc.)

MODIFIER FUNCTION: a pink girls car (compare: * pink girls car)In this function, the genitive functions just like ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS.

GENITIVE FUNCTIONS IN NPsTHE DETERMINER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS:Possessive Genitive: Example:Mr Johnsons passport Mr Johnson has a passportthe earths gravity the earth has a certain gravitySubjective Genitive:Example:the boys application the boy applied for ()her parents consent the parents consentedObjective Genitive:Example:the familys support () supports the familythe boys release released the boyGenitive of Origin:Example:the girls story the girl told a storythe generals letter the general wrote a letter Genitive of Attribute:Example:the victims courage the victim had courage/was courageous Partitive Genitive:Example:the babys eyes the baby has (blue) eyesthe earths surface the earth has a (rough) surface

GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICSThe central but far from the only use of the genitive, is to express possession!

31THE MODIFIER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS:

Descriptive Genitive:Example:a womens college a college for womena summers day a summer day, a day in the summer

Genitive of Measure:Example:ten days absence the absence lasted ten days

GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICSGenitive functions: THERES ANOTHER ONEEXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONSINDEPENDENT GENITIVE

INDEPENDENT GENITIVE

CASE:practice

determiner gen. / possessive gen.determiner gen. / possessive gen.determiner gen. / subjective or objective gen.determiner gen. / gen. of attributemodifier gen. / descriptive gen.determiner gen. / possessive gen.modifier gen. / descriptive gen.determiner gen. / possessive gen.modifier gen. / gen. of measure1: determiner gen./gen. of origin2: modifier gen./descriptive gen.1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.determiner gen. / objective gen.modifier gen. / gen. of measure1: determiner gen. / partitive gen.2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.determiner gen. / objective gen.modifier gen. / descriptive gen.1: determiner gen. / possessive gen.2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.

zavaravati selavovski (najvei) deoi dobro i loeusta razdeljkacentar mete / u sred srede

my sisters-in-laws house (possessive gen.)a womens club (descriptive gen.)a stewardesss job (descriptive gen.)a girls school (descriptive gen.)Doriss hat (possessive gen.)a three hours delay (gen. of measure)the trees shade (possessive gen.) / the shade of the treethe earths surface (partitive gen.) / the surface of the earthKeats (or Keatss) poetry (gen. of origin)the worlds problems (possessive gen.) / the problems of the worldThe name of the woman wearing the silly hatEuropes art treasures (possessive gen.) / art treasures of EuropeSocrates student (descriptive gen.)one of my aunts many paintings (possessive gen.)

the result of the baseball matchJohns parents housethe towns only cinemathe wife of the man talking to Marylast weeks stormoutside of the housetodays newspapersthe companys new managerthe buildings first floor / the first floor of the buildingBritains specialistsTom and Janes childrenToms child and Janes child12. Transform the following sentences into Noun Phrases:The strike lasted four days. It was_________________ The book has 200 pages. It is _________________Each of the tickets cost five pounds. They were _________________His holiday lasted two weeks. It was _________________a four-day strikea 200-page bookfive-pound ticketsa two-week holidayNOTICE THAT SOMETIMES YOU CAN ALSO USE THE GENITIVE CASE TO EXPRESS THE SAME MEANING:A four days strikeA two weeks holiday

GEJ2

GEJ1ADJECTIVES AND THE APPRACTICE CLASS #12012-02-21FUNCTION (syntactic function their function in the sentence)PARADIGM adjectives can be compared

ADJECTIVE PHRASESgeneral characteristicsDEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN. Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift] However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]]INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTIONAdjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT.Cs subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful].Co object complement: He made his parents AP[proud]. The policeman kicked the door AP[open].

An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase that has an ADJECTIVE as its HEAD.ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase which has an adjective as its head, but it need not only contain the head.TWO TYPES of complex adjective phrases:APs with PREMODIFICATION:AP=Adj e.g. intelligentAP=Adv+Adje.g. very intelligentAP=Adj+Adve.g. intelligent enough, intelligent enough APs with COMPLEMENTATION:AP=Adj+PPe.g. intelligent beyond your expectationsAP=Adj+Clnon-fine.g. intelligent enough to quit that jobAP=Adj+Clfine.g. certain that he will succeed

FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE

PAGE 103 exercise 1 (a, b, c)ADV HEAD HEAD ADV Clause non-finite HEAD + Clause non-finite = discontinuous AP[ ][ ]

PAGE 103 exercise 1 (d, e, f)NO APs IN d) !!! Yippee!!! HEADNO APs IN e) either!!! Yippee-ki-yay!!!

PAGE 103 exercise 1 (g, h, i)ADV HEAD PPADV HEAD PP HEAD PP

PAGE 103 exercise 1 (j)HEADADV HEAD Clause-NFPAGE 103 exercise 1 (k,l,m)

ADV HEAD PP PP HEAD Clause non-finite[ ][ ]ADV HEAD Clause - finitePAGE 103 exercise 1 (n,o,q,r)

HEAD ADV Clause non-finite[ ][ ] ADV HEAD ADV HEAD ADV HEADTHE ENDCU tomorrow!