diet during late adulthood. explain nutritional and caloric needs of people age 65 and over of...
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Diet during Late Adulthood
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Explain nutritional and caloric needs of people age 65 and over
Of chronic diseases discussed, explain development
Identify physiological, economic, and psychosocial problems that can affect senior citizen’s nutrition
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Body’s functions slow with age◦ Ability to replace worn cells reduced
Metabolic rate slows Bones become less dense Lean muscle mass reduced Eyes lose focus on nearby objects
◦ Some people develop cataracts
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Poor dentition common Heart and kidneys less efficient Hearing, taste, and smell less acute Immune system may be compromised if
chronic poor nutrition
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Osteoarthritis can be debilitating Excess weight and some vitamin
deficiencies may affect some forms of arthritis
Healthy nutrition and exercise can be beneficial for those with arthritis
No connection between specific food and arthritis
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Digestion affected by decreased secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes
Decrease in synthesis of intrinsic factor leads to deficiency of vitamin B12
Reduced intestinal tone causes constipation or, in some cases, diarrhea
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Psychosocial problems can increase as one grows older:◦ Feeling of uselessness◦ Loss of self-esteem◦ Loss, grief, and loneliness◦ Loss of independence
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Economic changes:◦ May affect food choices◦ May reduce social activities
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Healthy lifestyle and active social life throughout life can prevent or delay physical deterioration and psychological depression during senior years
Food-drug and drug-drug interactions can affect nutritional status◦ Must be monitored closely
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Daily protein requirement remains at 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight◦ After age 65, may be advisable to increase to 1.0
g Vitamin requirements do not change after
age 51◦ Except for slight decrease in RDAs for thiamin,
riboflavin, and niacin
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Need for iron decreased after age 51 in women due to menopause
Calorie requirement decreases approximately 1 to 2 percent per decade
Activity often decreases Weight gain common if caloric intake not
reduced
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Established food habits may be especially difficult to change
The following may cause difficulties in food selection and preparation:◦ Decreased income during retirement◦ Lack of transportation◦ Physical disability◦ Inadequate cooking facilities
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Grief, loneliness, boredom, or difficulty in chewing can cause anorexia
Many consume diets deficient in:◦ Protein◦ Vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and
folate◦ Calcium, zinc, and iron◦ Calories
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Encourage variety and nutrient-dense foods Water important to help prevent
constipation, maintain urinary volume, prevent dehydration, and avoid urinary tract infections
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Senior citizens may spend money on unnecessary vitamins, minerals, and foods in search of eternal life or youth
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Based on MyPyramid When special health problems exist, adapt
normal diet to meet individual’s needs Federal government provides states with
funds to serve senior citizens hot meals at noon in senior centers
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Federal government provides transportation for those otherwise unable to reach senior center for meals
Meals-on-Wheels project provides food for homebound individuals◦ Participating people pay according to ability
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Consider the following question:◦ What makes this segment of the population
susceptible to food faddists?
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Some older people consciously or unconsciously search for eternal life, if not youth
Food faddists may pick this segment of population to profit from ignorance
Some older people with chronic disease may hope such products will bring relief
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Osteoporosis Arthritis Cancer Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Heart disease
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Condition in which amount of calcium in bones reduced◦ Making them porous
Can have bone density scan with special x-ray to determine condition
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Contributors:◦ Sedentary life◦ Diet low in calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride◦ Estrogen loss◦ Excessive phosphorus in diet
E.g., sodas, processed foods
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Possible preventive measures:◦ Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)◦ 1,500 mg of calcium per day◦ Exercise
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Disease that causes joints to become painful and stiff
Excess weight worsens symptoms Aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs may help
◦ But may cause gastric bleeding and anemia No cure
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Contributors:◦ Diet consistently high in fat◦ Diet low in fiber and vitamin A
Research continues about role of nutrition in development of cancer
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Chronic disease that develops when body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or does not use it effectively for normal carbohydrate metabolism
Diet very important for treatment
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High blood pressure can lead to strokes Associated with diets high in salt or possibly
low in calcium Most Americans ingest two to six times the
amount of salt needed each day
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Heart attack and stroke◦ Major causes of death in U.S.
Arteries become blocked◦ Preventing normal passage of blood
Atherosclerosis◦ Plaque accumulates in walls of artery as result of
diet high in cholesterol and saturated fats
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Cumulative over many years Effects of lifetime of poor eating habits
cannot be cured overnight Prevention should begin in childhood Nutrition can be used to help stabilize
condition of client with chronic disease
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Each client has individual needs Important to remember that older clients
have feelings worth addressing Incapacitation that can accompany old age
is terrible indignity◦ Deserves special care
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Elderly segment of population continues to increase
Nutrient needs of elderly a growing concern Many chronic diseases of elderly could be
delayed or avoided by maintaining good nutrition throughout life