different feilds of anatomy

8/14/2019 Different Feilds of Anatomy

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VariousFields ofAnatomyDr. Muhammad Rafique

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Anatomy Definition

Anatomy: is Greek Word, ANA: separate orapart from, andTOME, to cut up or cut open.

It is the branch of Biology; deals with structure

of living things.

It is a general term that can include

Human AnatomyAnimal anatomy (Zootomy )

Plant Anatomy (phytotomy).


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Dissection

Dissection is Latin word, the two words are notsimilar; the anatomy is wide field of Science

while the dissection is a technique.

Dissection is the process of disassembling andobserving something to determine its internal

structure and function and relationships of its

components.The first public human dissection was conducted

by Jan Jesenius at Charles University in

Prague in the year of 1600. 3


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Cadaver Anatomy

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When the

dissection is doneon dead sacrificed

person this

technique is calledas cadaver

anatomy. To learn

the anatomy ofliving person the

dissection should

be done on

cadaver


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Anatomy

The major branches of anatomy include Comparative

Anatomy and Human anatomy.

Animal anatomy may include the study of the

structure of different animals, when it is called

Comparative Anatomy or animal morphology, or it

may be limited to one animal only, in which case it

is spoken of as special anatomy.

The study of Man is the most important division of

special anatomy.


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History of Anatomy

The history of Anatomy as a science extends from

the earliest examinations of sacrificial victims to the

sophisticated analyses of the body performed by

modern scientists. It has been characterized, over

time, by a continually developing understanding ofthe functions of organs and structures in the body.

Methods have also advancing from examination of

animals through dissection of cadavers totechnologically complex techniques developed in

the 21st century.


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History of Anatomy Cont..

Hippocrates of Cos (400 B.C.), was the father of Medicine.

He is one of founder of Anatomy.

Herophilus (335 B.C. - 280 B.C.), considered the first

anatomist in history, has been called the father of anatomy,

given his role in the growth of anatomical science. He was thefirst doctor to base his conclusions on dissection of the human

body.

Galen (130-200 A.D.) was major anatomist. He compiled

much of the knowledge obtained by previous writers, and than

he further added the function of organs by performing

Vivisection (means the dissection of, or any cutting or surgery

upon, a living organism) on animals. His collection ofdrawin s, based mostl on do anatom .


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History of anatomy Cont..

Galen assumed that anatomical structures in dogs were the

same as for humans. His primary contribution was to havecarefully dissected and observed many mammals, including

Barbary apes but not including humans, and to have accurately

(for the most part) described such structures as the nervous

system, the heart, the kidneys, and so forth. His philosophicalbent was that God has designed living creatures to function

perfectly and that study of these creatures reveals God's

purpose.

Mundinus (1276-1326), was an Italian anatomies, he wrote a

book Anathomia which was standard text book for over a

century. He taught anatomy by dissection.


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History of anatomy Cont..

Vesalius (1514-1564), was the German anatomist. He is

regarded as the founder of anatomy because he thought thatanatomy could be learned only through the dissection. He

opposed and corrected the concepts of Galen.

William Harvey (1578-1564) was an English physician whodiscovered the circulation of blood.

During the Nineteenth Century

Dissection by medical student was made compulsory inEdinburgh in 1826 and Maryland in 1833. Warburton

Anatomy act (1932) was passed in England under which

unclaimed bodies were made available for dissection.


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Henry Gray (1827-1861)was an English anatomies and

Surgeon and also elected aFellow of the Royal Society(FRS) at the young age of 25.

Gray was born in 1827.

In 1858 Gray published the firstedition of his Anatomy,which covered 750 pages andcontained 363 figures. Hewas struck down by an attack

of smallpox, which hecontracted while looking aftera nephew who was sufferingfrom that disease and died atthe early age of thirty-four.

Henry Gray


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History of anatomy Cont..Formalin was used as fixative in 1980s

X-rays were discovered in 1895.

Various endoscopes were devised between 1819 and 1899.Anatomical research in the past hundred years has taken

advantage of technological developments and growing

understanding of sciences such as evolutionary and molecular

biology to create a thorough understanding of the body'sorgans and structures. Medical devices such as Magnetic

resonance imaging (MRI) machines and computed axial

tomography (CAT) have enabled researchers to study the

organs of living people or of dead ones. Progress today in

anatomy is centered in the field of molecular biology, as the

macroscopic aspects of the field have now been catalogued

and addressed.


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Various Fields of Anatomy

Applied anatomy: practical application of anatomy,

typically in a diagnostic or therapeutic clinical

procedure, e.g., the application of anatomical

knowledge during a physical examination.

Clinical anatomy: the study of anatomy that is most

relevant to the practice of medicine.Comparative anatomy: study of the anatomies of

different organisms, contrasts and similarities between

the structure and function of the anatomies.Cross-sectional anatomy: anatomy viewed in the

transverse (syn. horizontal) plane of the body.


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Various Fields of Anatomy ContDevelopmental anatomy: the study of the biological

processes that extend from fertilization to theformation of the adult anatomy. Embryology is a

subdivision of developmental anatomy that is

concerned with the developmental processes that

occur prior to birth.

Gross anatomy: (syn. macroscopic anatomy) the study

of anatomy with the unaided eye, essentially visual

observation without the use of significant magnifyingtechnologies; classically undertaken using dissected

cadavers.


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Various Fields of Anatomy ContMicroscopic anatomy: (syn. histology) the study of

anatomy with the aid of the microscopes;Neuroanatomy: the study of the central and peripheral

nervous systems.

Radiographic anatomy: (syn. radiological anatomy)

the study of anatomy as observed with imaging

techniques. Within clinical practice commonly

includes plain film radiography (with or without

contrast materials), magnetic resonance imagery(MRI), computed tomography (CT), and

ultrasonography


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Various Fields of Anatomy ContRegional anatomy: the study of anatomy by regional parts of

the body, e.g., thorax, lower limb. Under this mode of study

all of the biological systems, e.g., skeletal, circulatory.

Located within a particular body region are simultaneously

studied with an emphasis on the interrelation of the systems

and their regional function.

Surface anatomy: anatomy as it occurs on and projects to the

external surface of the body. Surface anatomy includes both

that which can be directly palpated on the body surface, e.g.,

underlying bone or muscle, as well as that which cannot bedirectly palpated, e.g., a deeply positioned organ. In the latter,

knowledge of the surface projection of the organ contributes to

applied anatomy, e.g., positioning a stethoscope on the chest

wall so as to maximize the audition of heart sounds


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