different techniques in research and selection of an appropriate method
DESCRIPTION
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH AND SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES - FREQUENCY - NATURAL HISTORY - POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS (HYPOTHESIS) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES NO COMPARISON GROUP NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCHAND
SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE METHOD
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DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES- FREQUENCY
- NATURAL HISTORY
- POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS
(HYPOTHESIS)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 OR MORE VARIABLES
NO COMPARISON GROUP
NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION
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CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
(SANP SHOT)
FREQUENCY SURVEY
PREVALENCE STUDY
RECORD OUTCOME
RECORD EXPOSURE
ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITY?
OBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS?
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CASE-CONTROL STUDY
THE OUTCOME
RELATED TO
THE EXPOSUREMISUNDERSTOOD BECAUSE OF THE DIRECTION
RARE
TAKE TIME TO DEVELOP
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COHORT STUDIESWHAT IS A COHORT?
TYPES OF COHORT?- CROSS-SECTIONAL
- LONGITUDINAL
- PROSPECTIVE
- RETROSPECTIVE
- COMBINED PROSPECTIVE-RETROSPECTIVE
+ EXPOSURE PRECEEDS OUTCOME
+ LESSER RECALL BIAS
+ INCIDENCE / RELATIVE RISK / ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
- LONG DURATION
- EXPENSIVE
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R. C. T.
RANDOMIZATION
DELIBERATE PROCESS
IT IS WHAT WE WANTNOT ANYTHING WE GET
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REMEMBER…
NO COMPARISON GROUP
NO ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION
OUTCOME
EXPOSURE
OUTCOME related to
PREVALENCE OF EXPOSURE
ARTHRITIS >>> OBESITYOBESITY >>> ARTHRITIS
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EVIDENCE FROM
I LEAST ONE PROPERLY DESIGNED R. C. T.
II-1 WELL-DESIGNED CONTROLLED TRIAL
WITHOUT RANDIMIZATION
II-2 WELL-DESIGNED COHORT /CASE-CONTROL
STUDY (FROM > ONE RESEARCH)
II-3 MULTIPLE TIME SERIES, WITH OR WITHOUT
INTERVENTION OR CONTROLS
III OPINIONS OF RESPECTED AUTHORIIES BASED
ON EXPERIENCE, DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES,
REPORTS, EXPERT COMMITTEES
USPSTF
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• CASE STUDIES• CASE SERIES• OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES• ANALYTICAL STUDIES
ECOLOGICAL / CORRELATIONAL
CROSS-SECTIONAL / PREVALENCE
CASE-CONTROL
COHORT
• EXPERIMENTALR. C. T.
FIELD TRIALS
COMMUNITY TRIALS
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OUTCOME MEASURES
• RATE = EVENTS OCCURING PER UNIT TIME
• RATIO = RELATIVE SIZE
• PROPORTION = HOW MANY OUT OF
HOW MANY
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QUESTION - ANSWER
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RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
Q:
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A:
RELATIONSHIP OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
C) CASE-CONTROL STUDIES
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Q:
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP.
TRUE
FALSE
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A:
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO MAKE CONCLUSIONS FROM STUDIES THAT HAVE NO COMPARISON GROUP.
FALSE
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Q:
Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS:
THE EARTH IS FLAT
IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS?
YES
NO
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A:
Dr. GAUTAM ROY’S HYPOTHESIS:
THE EARTH IS FLAT
IS THAT A “GOOD” HYPOTHESIS?
YES, IT IS!
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Q:
ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
A) DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
C) COHORT STUDIES
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A:
ASSESSMENT OF ASSOCIATION IS POSSIBLE WITH:
B) CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
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Q:
CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS.
CORRECT
NOT CORRECT
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A:
CHOOSING THE LAST NUMBER FROM A WAD OF CURRENCY NOTES IN A WALLET IS A RANDOMIZED PROCESS.
NOT CORRECT
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Q:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
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Q:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS WHETHER V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
IS THIS INCIDENCE?
IS THIS PREVALENCE?
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A:
Dr. Obgy AUSCULTATES ALL NEWBORNS IN THE LABOR ROOM AND RECORDS V.S.D.+ OR V.S.D.–
AT THE END OF ONE WEEK HE HAS SEEN 100 NEWBORNS OF WHICH 3 HAVE VSD.
IT IS A PROPORTION
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Q:IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN
AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK.
CALCULATE:
RATE OF RESIGNATIONS
RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING
PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING
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A:IN A FACTORY, EVERY YEAR 4 MEN
AND 6 WOMEN RESIGN FROM WORK.
CALCULATE:
RATE OF RESIGNATIONS
= 10 PER YEAR
RATIO OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGINING
= 2:3
PROPORTION OF MEN and WOMEN RESIGING
= CANNOT SAY
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Q:
DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL
WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN
EXAMPLE OF:
NON-RANDIMIZED TRIAL
FIELD TRIAL
COMMUNITY TRIAL
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A:
DISTRIBUTING EARPLUGS TO ALL
WORKERS IN A NOISY FACTORY IS AN
EXAMPLE OF:
COMMUNITY TRIAL