differential effects of stress and type of school on … drinking behaviors: differential effects of...
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Problem Drinking Behaviors:Problem Drinking Behaviors:Differential Effects of Stress and Type of Differential Effects of Stress and Type of
School on Black vs. White College StudentsSchool on Black vs. White College Students
Alvin Tran, Carla J. Berg, PhD, Eric Nehl, PhD, & Jessica M. Sales, PhDDepartment of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education,
Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health
Acknowledgements
– Co-Authors and Mentors
• Carla Berg, PhD, Emory University
• Eric Nehl, PhD, Emory University
• Jessica Sales, PhD, Emory University
– National Cancer Institute and Georgia Cancer Coalition
– Collaborators across the state of GA in developing and administering the survey
– Rollins School of Public Health Student Govt. Assoc.
Background & Importance
• Alcohol # 1 drug of choice for college students (1)
• More than 70% of college students report that they have consumed alcohol within the past 30 days, many consuming it heavily (2)
• 2 in 5 college students report binge drinking in the previous 2 weeks (2)
• African American young adults report lower rates of alcohol use and binge drinking than White young adults (3)
Background & Importance
• Most previous research studying college health have focused primarily on traditional four-year colleges
• Community college population has experienced a five-fold increase over the past 40 years– Total of 1,685 public and independent US community colleges (4)
– Only 25% of students report recent binge drinking (5)
Objective
To determine the sociodemographic and psychosocial factors related to problem drinking behaviors (PDB) among Black and White students attending two-and four-year colleges
Methods
– Students at six colleges recruited to complete online surveys
• Random sample of 5,000 students at each school (exception of 2 schools)
• Total invited: 24,055• Email invitation with a link to consent form and survey
• Incentive: entry for cash prizes at each school ($1,000 (1), $500 (2), $250 (4))
• Approval from Emory University IRB (#0030631)
Methods
– Demographic characteristics
• Race/Ethnicity classified as non-Hispanic White or Black
– Problem Drinking Behavior (PDB)
• Focused on 3 survey measures
– Number of days (within the past 30) where 5 or more alcoholic beverages were consumed on one occasion
– Drug/alcohol use before most recent sexual episode
– Number of times driving while intoxicated (within past 30 days)
• Aggregated problem drinking behavior score (0 to 5)
Methods
– Psychosocial variables:
• Depression (PHQ-2)• Perceived Stress (PSS-4)• Satisfaction with Life (SWLS)
– Data Analysis
• Bivariate analyses• Multivariate regression• PASW 18.0
• α = 0.05
Results
Variable Mean (SD) or N(%)
Sociodemographic variables
Age (SD) 23.70 (7.39)
Gender (%)
Male
Female
1151 (28.1)
2947 (71.9)
Ethnicity (%)
White
Black
2193 (53.5)
1905 (46.5)
Type of school (%)
Four-year
Two-year
2445 (59.7)
1653 (40.3)
Psychosocial variables
PHQ-2 (SD) 1.21 (1.31)
PSS-4 (SD) 6.08 (3.42)
Satisfaction with Life (SD) 22.30 (7.54)
Problem Drinking Behaviors
Binge drank in past 30 days (%)
0 days
1-2 days
3 or more days
2966 (77.1)
477 (12.4)
402 (10.5)
Used drugs or alcohol prior to most
recent sexual intercourse (%)
No
Yes
2728 (85.8)
548 (14.2)
Drove after drinking in past 30 days (%)
0 days
1 days
2 or more days
3208 (83.4)
358 (9.3)
280 (7.3)
Problem drinking behaviors index (SD) 0.54 (0.84)
Table 1: Participant Characteristics
ResultsTable 3: Multivariate Regression Model Indicating Factors Associated with PDB
Index
Variable B 95% CI p
Age .01 (.00, .01) .63
Gender
Male
Female
Ref
-.18
--
(-.58, -.36)
<.001<.001
Ethnicity
White
Black
Ref
-.43
--
(-1.44, -.61)
<.001<.001
Type of school
Four-year
Two-year
Ref
-.21
--
(-.62, -.41)
<.001<.001
PHQ-2 .09 (.03, .13) .001.001
PSS-4 -.06 (-.04, .00) .06
Satisfaction with Life -.09 (-.02, -.01) .002.002
Ethnicity x Gender .09 (.05, .40) .01.01
Ethnicity x Type of school .11 (.20, .54) <.001<.001
Ethnicity x PHQ2 -.04 (-.12, .03) .24
Ethnicity x PSS-4 .12 (.01, .07) .01.01
Ethnicity x Satisfaction with Life .05 (-.01, .02) .41
Limitations
• Limited generalizability
– May not apply to other populations
• 20.1% response rate
• Participants were primarily female and White, responder bias
Conclusions
• Male college students were more likely to engage in one or more of the three problem drinking behavioral factors
• White students attending four-year schools had higher problem drinking behavior indexes compared to Whites students attending two-year schools
• Despite having lower problem drinking behavior indexes, Black students were more negatively affected by higher perceived stress in terms of their problem drinking behaviors compared to White students
Implications for Future Research and Action
• Future efforts to identify high-risk subgroups on college campuses
• Interventions aimed at specific subgroups
– Males, four-year college students, those with significant depressive symptoms
• Further studies on two-year colleges where a knowledge gap still exists
References
1. O'Malley PM, Johnston LD. Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students. J Stud Alcohol Suppl. 2002(14):23-39.
2. Wechsler H, Lee JE, Kuo M, Seibring M, Nelson TF, Lee H. Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001. J Am Coll Health.2002;50(5):203-217.
3. Windle M. Alcohol use among adolescents and young adults. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(1):79-85.
4. Degree Granting Institutions, by Control and Type of Institution: 1963 Through 2005.Washington, D.C.: National Center for Educational Statistics: National Center for Educational Statistics; 2007.
5. Sheffield FD, Darkes J, Del Boca FK, Goldman MS. Binge drinking and alcohol-related problems among community college students: implications for prevention policy. J Am Coll Health. 2005;54(3):137-141.
Questions?Questions?
Thank YouThank You
Alvin Tran, MPH Candidate [email protected] Berg, [email protected]