differential solar heating hadley cells of rising and falling air
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Parts of the Biosphere: Biomes
What factors cause different plants and animals to be found indifferent places on earth? How are these environments categorized?
• Regional climate differences– Differential heating by the sun
– Wind patterns and ocean currents
– Unique precipitation and temp. patterns
• Biomes of the Earth– Tropical rainforest
– Savanna
– Desert
– Chaparral/dry shrub & woodlands
– Temperate grassland
– Temperate deciduous forest
– Coniferous forest
– Tundra
– Freshwater provinces
– Ocean provinces• Estuaries and intertidal zones
• Hydrothermal vents
• Coral reefsA biome is a large subdivision of the biosphere with unique
vegetation due to unique moisture and temperatures. Thereare approximately ten subdivisions, with the ocean the largest.
![Page 2: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Differential Solar Heating
![Page 3: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air
![Page 4: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hadley Cells and the Major Winds
Hadley cell anim
![Page 5: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Coriolis Effect
Objects Moving in a Circle and Along a Straight Line are Seemingly Deflected when Moving Across Areas Moving More Slowly
![Page 7: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 8: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Biomes as a Function of Temperature vs. Precipitation
![Page 9: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 10: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Tropical Rainforest
• Greater than 80" of rain per year
• Huge biodiversity
• Rapid organic decay, nutrients largely in the vegetation instead of the soil (soil relatively poor)
• Dense foliage, parasitic plants
• Animals: butterflies, toucans, anacondas, orangutans, tigers, chimpanzee, gorilla, piranha
• Found in Brazil, Central Africa, Central America, Philippines
![Page 11: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 12: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Savanna (Tropical Grassland)
• 40-60 inches of rain per year
• Sod grasses hold moisture year-round
• Severe dry season and short wet season
• Frequent fires
• Scattered and few trees
• Animals: Herds of gazelles, zebras, giraffes, and kangaroos (in Australia)
• Found in Central Africa, Eastern South America, Australia
![Page 13: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 14: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Desert
• Found at 30o N or S latitude or in rain shadows
• < 10 inches (25 cm) of rain per year
• Both hot and cold deserts exist (tundra a cold desert)
• Plants are often spiny with minimal leaves and thick cuticles
• Animals are nocturnal, living burrows, conserve water (e.g. lizards, kangaroo rats, coyotes)
• Found in the Mojave of California, the Sonoran of W. Central America, the Chihuahuan in Texas, the Great Basin of Utah, the Sahara of Egypt, the Gobi of Australia
![Page 15: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 16: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Chaparral
• Long, hot and dry summers
• Mild, rainy winters
• Frequent fires and drought
• Spiny shrub adapted for fire like manzanita, coyote brush, ceanothus, live oak
• Animals include lizards, mule deer, cinnamon towhees
![Page 17: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 18: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Temperate Grasslands: Prairie, Steppes, Pampas
• Distinct hot/cold seasons
• Fewer fires than in the savanna
• No trees except around water courses
• Sod grasses hold soil and water - fertile and under cultivation in the US
• Animals include prairie dogs, rattlesnakes, meadowlarks, mice
![Page 19: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 20: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Temperature Deciduous Forest
• Warm/mild summers
• Moderate rainfall in the winters (light snow)
• Trees are broadleaf, deciduous and include oak, birch, maple, and cottonwoods
• Rich soil
• Animals include bobcats, foxes, chipmunks, raccoons, and wolves
• Found in Eastern US, Europe
![Page 21: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 22: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Northern Coniferous Forest
• Coniferous-evergreen trees including firs, pines, larches and spruces
• Cold hard and long winters with much snow
• Animals include moose, caribou, hares, jays, beaver, bears
• Northernmost edge of con. forest sometimes classified as a different biome (taiga) with stunted trees
![Page 23: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 24: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tundra
• Short grasses, herbs, dwarf shrubs, lichens
• Relatively flat with some low hills
• Permanently frozen soil (permafrost) extending some 300 feet deep in northern areas
• Short growing seasons, huge explosion of insect populations
• Animals include caribous, reindeer, foxes, lemmings
• Very sensitive ecologically; soil disturbance produces ponds and lakes that take several hundreds of years to return to tundra
![Page 25: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Map of the Major Biomes of the World
![Page 26: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Marine and Aquatic Waters
• Fresh water provinces
• Plants include lilies, algae, milfoil, Elodea
• Animals include frogs, salamanders, turtles
• May freeze over in the winter
• Saltwater (marine) provinces - the ocean
• Covers 3/4 of the earth's surface
• Huge gradient in sunlight and temperature
• Huge gradient in pressure
• Large amount of photosynthesis at the surface
• Animals include whales, dolphins, otters, fish, arthropod crustaceans
![Page 27: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Altitude and Biome-like Communities
Every 1000 feet gain in altitude equivalent to + 10o N or S latitude
![Page 28: Differential Solar Heating Hadley Cells of Rising and Falling Air](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e105503460f94afc07f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Biomes Map Used on Exams