Differentiated Instruction Strategies

R.A.F.T.

Come aboard!!

A R.A.F.T.is…

….an engaging strategy that encourages writing across the curriculum.

….a way to encourage students to .. assume a ROLE consider their AUDIENCE, while examining a TOPIC from their chosen perspective, and writing in a particular FORMAT

All of the above can serve as motivators by giving students choice, appealing to their interests and learning profiles, and adapting to students readiness levels.

The ROLE of writer, speaker,artist, historian, reporter, eyewitness, etc.

An AUDIENCE of fellow writers,students, citizens, characters, etc.

Through a FORMAT that is written, spoken, drawn, acted, etc.

A TOPIC related to curriculumcontent in greater depth.

electron

neutron

proton

R A F T

RAFTs can… Be differentiated in a variety of ways: readiness

level, learning profile, and/or student interest. Be created by students (you can incorporate a blank

row for that option) Be used as introductory “hooks” into a unit of study. Have one consistent column while varying the other

columns in the raft grid.

The possibilities are endless. See your handout for specific examples. An internet search will also produce a plethora of examples.

Possible Formats to use with RAFTs that address a variety of learning styles.

Written Visual Oral Kinesthetic

•diary entry•bulleted list•obituary•invitation•product guide•game rules•recipe•movie critic•FreqAskQues•editorial•character monologue•job application•gossip column•mag. article

•cartoon/comic•crossword puzzle•map•scale plan or drawing•graphic org.•concept web•illustration•print ad•photograph•powerpoint•‘how to’ diagram•fashion design

•song•set of discussion ?s•conversation•monologue•sermon•radiocast•museum guide•commercial•reader’s theater•interview•tasting•political speech•puppet show•storytell

•model•cheer•mime•reenactment•wax museum•demonstration•sales pitch with demo elements•physical analogies•taste tests•‘how to’ video•game•sew, cook, build•design a ....

How can I introduce this strategy to my students

To get students more actively involved in understanding a RAFT, you may present them with a sample RAFT.

Getting Your Ideas Across on a RAFT (From a Lesson titled: Don't Let Your Car Make a Fuel Out of You! Energy Education Curriculum Project)

Role of a writer: You must decide who (or what) you will be. Will you be writing as an old car?

Will you be a piece of pavement? a bicycle? How about a person or even a bird continually exposed to air pollution from cars?

Audience: To whom are you writing? Are you writing to a specific person? to Congress? to

a child? to a machine? to a car? to an auto manufacturer?

Format: What form will your writing take? Will you write a letter or a speech? Will it be an

obituary, a conversation, a memo, a journal, or a diary?

Topic + strong verb: What is your topic? What strong verb will help you present your topic? For

example, persuade a congressman to vote for more ethanol in gasoline, demand that more fuel efficient cars are built, plead for a car to be driven more efficiently.

http://www.uni.edu/earth/EECP/mid/mod3.html

Practically all RAFT assignments are written from a viewpoint other than that of a student. They are usually written to an audience other than the teacher. They take a form other than students would write as a standard essay. Seldom is the word "write" used as a RAFT verb. Stronger verbs are used like "plead", "convince", "clarify", all of which focus the assignment by setting the tone of the response.

Possible RAFT Roles and/or Audiences

Car (New, used, Junker)Parent

Teen Car Dealer

MechanicRace Car DriverGasoline PumpSteering WheelAccelerator PedalPolice Officer

Car DesignerTireRoad KillLawyer

Possible Raft Topics complaint

confessioncontest entryeulogyfarewelljournaldiarylegal brief memonews storyobituarypamphletphoto essayrecommendationsermonreview

resumelecturetelephone dialoguetravelogueTV scriptundercover reportwanted posterwarninglast will & testamentwritten debateyearbookpoetrywedding vowsbirth announcement

scolding

Possible RAFT Topics

fuel efficiencybuying a fuel efficient cardriving practices that save fuelpollution caused by carsover reliance on drivingaerodynamic vehicletire inflation

Sample RAFT Sketch #1:R = car in a junk yardA = teen who destroyed the carF = farewell letterT = take care of your car (scolding) Dear Claude,

I've been forced to sit in this junk yard for the past year. Every day I've had to face the loss of more and more body parts until there is almost nothing left of me. But tomorrow, my time is up; I'm scheduled to be compacted, so I have to write this letter now. It is hard for me to say this, but I think you need to know you are a real jerk!I gave you the best years of my life, and how did you treat me? You refused to change my oil on a regular basis. (I get cranky when I have a dirty crankcase!) You always fed me the cheapest fuel, never letting me have any fuel containing detergents to help keep my parts clean. You constantly slammed on the brakes, wearing the treads from my tires. You never checked my tire pressure. I had to work extra hard to move with such low pressure in my tires. Do you know how much gas money you wasted over the years by driving on underinflated tires? You never gave me a lube job even though I was constantly screaming for one. I tried so hard to do my best, but you did not lift a finger to help. Oh, no! Here it comes, the big crunch! I've reached the end of my road....CRUNCH!

This time, the RAFT sketch has been left out of the sample. The challenge for students will be to read the RAFT, then determine what the RAFT sketch should be.

Sample RAFT Sketch #2:R =A =F =T = (action verb = )

What? You need more gas? I just gave you your gas allowance! You cannot continue to use your gas fuelishly. Gas doesn't grow on trees, you know. Where does all your gas go anyway? If you would drive 55 miles per hour on the highway instead of putting the pedal to the metal, you would not be milking me for every bit of gas I have. If you would check the air pressure in your tires once a week, you might be able to put your extra gas in the spare bank...I mean tank. And another thing, get rid of those spoilers on the back of your car. What a drag! You would have plenty of gas and would not cause me to have a pump attack if the spoilers were gone. And while we are on the subject, why don't you ride that nice bike of yours occasionally. You are really getting lazy! You are making more and more short trips on my power rather than using your own. Why not give your car (and the environment) a brake for awhile? Go park your car in the garage. You're grounded for two weeks!

Sample RAFT Sketch #2:R = Gas PumpA = TeenagerF = LectureT = Fuel Efficiency - (Reprimand)

Angles Relationship RAFT

Role Audience Format Topic

One vertical angle Opposite vertical angle Poem It’s like looking in a mirror

Interior (exterior) angle Alternate interior (exterior) angle

Invitation to a family reunion

My separated twin

Acute angle Missing angle Wanted poster Wanted: My complement

An angle less than 180 Supplementaryangle

Persuasive speech Together, we’re a straight angle

**Angles Humans Video See, we’re everywhere!

** This last entry would take more time than the previous 4 lines, and assesses a little differently. You could offer it as an option with a later due date, but you would need to specify that they need to explain what the angles are, and anything specific that you want to know such as what is the angle’s complement or is there a vertical angle that corresponds, etc.

Sample Foreign Language RAFT assignment: Foods Unit

Role

Cookbook Writer

Audience

Cooks

Format

Recipe

Topic

Instructions on food preparation

Chef Customer Menu Detailed description of food preparation

Customer Restaurant Owner Complaint Problem with food or poor service

Student Overseas

Travel Writer

Parents

Reader wanting to travel

Letter

Recommendation

Describing a typical meal you eat with your guest family

Good things to eat while in Germany, what to avoid

Algebra RAFT

Role Audience Format Topic

Coefficient Variable Email We belong together

Scale / Balance Students Advice column Keep me in mind when solving an

equation

Variable Humans Monologue All that I can be

Variable Algebra students Instruction manual How and why to isolate me

Algebra Public Passionate plea Why you really do need me!

Consumer Education Class RAFTIn this RAFT, all students will have a Topic that focus on food safety practices. The Formats are meant to appeal to different learning styles.

Role Audience Format Topic

Raw chicken pieces

Chefs in training Dramatic speech Why foods like me (poultry) require special handling and care of utensils

Cartoon characters

Saturday morning viewers

Jingle, rap, or chant

The importance of cleanliness and washing hands

National Restaurant Organization

Restaurant workers Illustrated Poster or Flow Diagram

Proper care of knives and cutting boards

Bacteria Ground beef Role play or simulation

Dangers of thawing meat out on a counter

Power Company Consumer Relations Dept.

Homeowners who have lost power for 3+ days due to hurricane or ice storm

Consumer Alert messages for broadcast on TV

What to do with items from the refrigerator and freezer that have come to room temperature

Mayonnaise in egg salad

Picnickers Urgent Email Watch out! I’m going to get you!

Business Education RAFTStudents are reviewing elements from “Insert” Drop Down MenuThis RAFT uses the columns of Role and Audience to review basic elements and vocabulary of this unit.

Role Audience Format Topic

Page number

Writer of a document

List of questions What to consider about how to format me and where I belong

Text Box TV audience Late Night’s Top 10 List

What you need to know to use me right.

Clip art Student preparing a PowerPoint presentation

Song lyrics ”Find me, Place me, Change Me”

Column break

Page break Opinion statement Why I’m more important than you

A Caption Editor Set of directions How to clarify what is in a pie chart or diagram

Auto Text feature

Writers of business letters

Energizer Bunny commercial

The advantages of using Auto Text

Possible Role or Audience Ideas for a RAFTChoose ideas that advance the learning goals.

•Characters from a story

•Public service job

•Key terms •Scientists or politicians

•Historical figures

•Musical instruments

•Diseases •Geographic formations

•Vocabulary words

•Cartoon characters

•Types of fabric

•Composers or artists

•Instruments or tools

•Shapes or colors

•Authors or inventors

•Business or industry person

•Minerals or chemical elements

•Cities, countries, continents

•Brand name object

•Technical terms

•Tradesman or other job

•Animals, birds, pets

•Body systems •Celebrity or talk show host

Know: (facts, vocab) {think about the KNOW when planning the Role or Audience?}

Understand: (statement) {think about the Understand when writing the topics}

Do: (verb) {This might be the guide for the format?}

RAFT Planning Sheet

Role Audience Format Topic