digestive system. function?? make food small enough to be absorbed make food small enough to be...
TRANSCRIPT
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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FUNCTION??
MAKE FOOD SMALL ENOUGH TO BE ABSORBED
MONOMERS
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
kidshealth.org
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
www.nlm.nih.gov
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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MICROANATOMY OF THEDIGESTIVE TUBE
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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MUCOSA
SURFACE EPITHELIUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; SMOOTH MUSCLE; SOME HAVE FOLDINGS TO ?; TUBULAR GLANDS:– MUCUS; DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
LUMEN PROTECTS LAYERS & BODY;
SECRETION AND ABSORPTION
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SUBMUCOSA
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE; GLANDS; BLOOD VESSELS; LYMPH VESSELS; NERVES;
TO NOURISH AND TRANSPORT MATERIAL AWAY
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MUSCULAR LAYER
INNER COAT: CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS: DIAMETER DECREASES
OUTER COAT: LONGITUDINAL FIBERS: TUBE SHORTENS
FOR MOVEMENTS
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SEROSA/SEROUS LAYER
OUTER COVERING: VISCERAL PERITONEUM; CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH EPITHELIUM ON TOP (OUTSIDE);
PROTECT TISSUES BELOW; SECRETE SEROUS FLUID: MOISTENS AND LUBRICATES SO ORGANS SLIDE FREELY
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MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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MOVEMENTS
MIXING:– MOVEMENT OF STOMACH, OR
SEGMENTS (SEGMENTATION); MIXES FOOD AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
PROPELLING:– PERISTALSIS: RING OF CONTRACTION &
CAUSES RECEPTIVE RELAXATION
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SEGMENTATION
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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PERISTALSIS
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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PERISTALSIS
www.nlm.nih.gov
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INNERVATION
USUALLY WHICH ONE ? PARASYMPATHETIC
– BY PLEXUSES ?– INCREASE ACTIVITY; VAGUS NERVE &
SACRAL POTION OF S.C. SYMPATHETIC
– DECREASE– FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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MOUTH
CHEEK & LIPS: SKELETAL MUSCLES TONGUE:
– LINGUAL FRENULUM: TO FLOOR– PAPILLAE
FRICTION, TASTE BUDS– HYOID BONE– LINGUAL TONSILS: OF WHICH SYSTEM?
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PALATE– ANTERIOR: HARD– POSTERIOR: SOFT– UVULA
SWALLOWING: CLOSE NASAL PASSAGES– PALATINE TONSILS– PHARYNGEAL TONSILS: ADENOIDS
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TEETH
HARDEST STRUCTURES OF BODY NOT BONE ? PRIMARY: 10; 6 Mo TO 4y SECONDARY: 32; 6 y TO 22y FUNCTION: ? WHY?
– INCISORS: BITE– CANINES: GRAB AND TEAR– PREMOLARS, MOLARS: GRINDING
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CROWN– ENAMEL: CALCIUM; HARDEST
SUBSTANCE; NOT REPLACED, WEARS DOWN
ROOT DENTIN: HARDER THAN BONE CENTRAL CAVITY: PULP
– BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ROOT CANALS: CEMENTUM AROUND ROOT
PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT: COLLAGEN; CEMENTUM TO JAW
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SALIVARY GLANDS
PRODUCE ? FOR?– MOISTENS, BINDS, STARTS CHEMICAL
DIGESTION OF FOOD; SOLVENT: DISSOLVES FOOD = TASTE; BICARBONATE IONS: BUFFER: BALANCE pH FOR ENZYME ACTION; 3 PAIR AND MANY MINOR GLANDS
3 PAIR AND MANY MINOR GLANDS– SEROUS GLANDS
SALIVARY AMYLASE– STARCH AND GLYCOGEN
– MUCOUS GLANDS BINDS; LUBRICATES
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SALIVARY CONTROL
PARASYMPATHETIC– LARGE AMOUNT OT WATERY SALIVA– REFLEX: PAVLOV’S DOGS
SYMPATHETIC– SMALL AMOUNT OF VISCOUS SALIVA– UNPLEASANT LOOK, TASTE, SMELL– LESS SALIVA= HARD TO SWALLOW
WHY?
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SALIVARY GLANDS
www.entassociates.com
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MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
PAROTID– LARGEST; CLEAR WATERY; LOTS OF
AMYLASE SUBMANDIBULAR
– EQUALLY SEROUS AND MUCOUS SUBLINGUAL
– SMALLEST OF 3– MOSTLY MUCOUS
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PHARYNX
CONNECT NASAL AND ORAL CAVITY TO LARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS
NASOPHARYNX– BEHIND SOFT PALATE– AIR PASSAGEWAY– EUSTACHIAN CANAL OPENING
OROPHARYNX– END OF MOUTH TO EPIGLOTTIS
LARYNGOPHARYNX– EPIGLOTTIS TO LARYNX
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PHARYNX
1) Nasopharynx 2) Nasal Septum 3) Hard Palate 4) Tongue 5) Oropharynx 6) Laryngopharynx
anatomy.med.umich.edu
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CIRCULAR MUSCLES= CONSTRICTOR MUSCLES– SUPERIOR; MIDDLE; INFERIOR
SOME OF INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLES ARE USUALLY CONTRACTED TO KEEP AIR OUT OF ESOPHAGUS
SKELETAL MUSCLES BUT MOSTLY A REFLEX
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SWALLOWING STEPS
1: VOLUNTARY; CHEWING AND TURNING FOOD INTO BOLUS; TONGUE FORCES TO PHARYNX
2: SWALLOWING REFLEX STIMULATED– SOFT PALATE RAISES ?– EPIGLOTTIS BLOCKS TRACHEA ?– TONGUE PRESSES ON SOFT PALATE ?– LONGITUDINAL MUSCLES CONTSTRICT ?– INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE RELAXES ?– SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE CONTRACTS
3: PERISTALSIS: FOOD THROUGH ESOPHAGUS TO STOMACH
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ESOPHAGUS
25 CM; COLLAPSIBLE ?; WHICH STATE (COLLAPSED/UNCOLLAPSED) USUALLY? WHY?
HOW DOES FOOD GET TO ABDOMEN ?– HIATUS– MUCOUS GLANDS ?– LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER ?– USUALLY CLOSED ?– PERISTALSIS OPENS SPHINCTER ?
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STOMACH 25-30 CM; CAVITY ~ 1L; RUGAE ? JUST BELOW DIAPHRAGM TYPE OF DIGESTION ?
– BOTH; MIXES FOOD WITH GASTRIC JUICE; STARTS
PROTEIN DIGESTION; SOME ABSORPTION; FOOD TO INTESTINES
REGULAR 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS: PLUS OBLIQUE MUSCLES (ESPECIALLY FUNDUS AND BODY); – STRONGER; MORE MIXING
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PARTS
CARDIA: NEAR ESOPHAGEAL OPENING FUNDUS: BALLOON AREA AT START:
STORAGE BODY: DILATED AREA; MIDDLE; PYLORIC ANTRUM: FUNNEL SHAPED; AT
END TO ? PYLORIC CANAL: BEFORE SMALL INTESTINE PYLORIC SPHNCTER: THICK CIRCULAR
MUSCLE; VALVE: CONTROLS EMPTYING
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GASTRIC SECRETIONS
GASTRIC PITS: GASTRIC GLANDS: TUBULAR: OR 3 SECTRETORY CELL TYPES– MUCOUS: NEAR OPEININGS OF PITS;– CHIEF CELLS: DEEPER; DIGESTIVE ENZYMES– PARIETAL CELLS: DEEPER; HCl– ALL= GASTRIC JUICE
CHIEF CELLS RELEASE PEPSINOGEN: INACTIVE FORM OF PEPSIN WHY INACTIVE?– PEPSINOGEN AND HCl= PEPSIN
GASTRIC LIPASE: MOSTLY ON BUTTERFAT BECAUSE OF LOW pH
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MUCUS PROTECTS FROM PEPSIN PARIETAL CELLS ALSO SECRETE
INTRINSIC FACTOR: HELPS ABSORB VITAMIN B12
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CONTROL OF GASTRIC SECRETIONS
PRODUCED CONTIUOUSLY BUT IN VARYING AMOUNTS
CELLS OF GASTRIC GLANDS SECRETE SOMATOSTATIN: INHIBITS ACID SECRETION
PARASYMPATHETIC: ACh SUPRESSES SOMATOSTATIN AND MORE GASTRIC JUICE PRODUCED
GASTRIN ALSO INCREASES SECRETION CAUSE HISTAMINE TO BE RELEASED=
INCREASES GASTRIC SECRETION
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THREE STAGES CEPHALIC PHASE:
– BEFORE FOOD ENTERS STOMACH: SMALL, TASTE, LOOK, THOUGHT OF FOOD BY PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION
– GREATER HUNGER = GREATER SECRETION– 30-50% OF SECRETION
GASTRIC PHASE:– 40-50%; WHEN FOOD ENTERS STOMACH– DISTENSION OF STOMACH = RELEASE OF
GASTRIN = PRODUCTION OF MORE GASTRIC SECRETION
– pH AT 3.0 = GASTRIN INHIBITED; 1.5 = GASTRIC SECRETION STOPS
– H+ FOR HCl COMES FROM BLOOD REPLACED BY BICARBONATE ION
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INTESTINAL PHASE: – 5%; WHEN FOOD ENTERS SMALL
INTESTINES RELEASES INTESTINAL GASTRIN FROM INTESTINES
– MORE FOOD ENTERS SMALL INTESTINES AND SYMPATHETIC IMPULSES = INHIBITS SECRETION
– PROTEIN AND FAT RELEASES CHOLECYSTOKININ WHICH SLOWS MIXING OF STOMACH
– FATS CAUSE RELEASE OF INTESTINAL SOMATOSTATIN WHICH DECREASES GASTRIC SECRETION
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GASTRIC ABSORPTION
A LITTLE BIT– WATER, SOME SALTS, SOME LIPID-
SOLUBLE DRUGS, ALCOHOL
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MIXING/EMPTYING STOMACHACHE FROM TOO MUCH FOOD MIXING: BOLUSCHYME PERISTALSIS SLOWLY MOVES CHYME INTO
SMALL INTESTINES PASSING THROUGH DEPENDS ON TYPE OF
FOOD: FATS UP TO 6 HOURS AS FOOD ENTERS SMALL INTESTINES THE
PRESSURE BUILDS UP AND ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX INHIBITS STOMACH PERISTALSIS AND SLOWS INTESTINAL FILLING
CHOLECYSTOKININ RELEASED TO DECREASE PERISTALSIS
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VOMITTING: REVERSE PERISTALSIS BY VOMITTING CENTER OF MEDULLA CONTRACTS ON STOMACH TO EXPELL STOMACH
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PANCREAS
DUCT TO DUODENUM CELLS:
– PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS
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PANCREATIC JUICE PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS:
– PANCREATIC AMYLASE: ?– PANCREATIC LIPASE: ?– TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN,
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE: SPECIFIC PEPTIDE BONDS STORED AND RELEASED IN INACTIVE FORMS
? TRYPSINOGEN ACTIVATED BY ENTEROKINASE
THEN TRYPSIN ACTIVATES THE OTHER 2NUCLEASES: ?BICARBONATE: ALKALINE; NEUTRALIZES HCl
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CONTROL OF SECRETION NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS DURING CEPHALIC AND GASTRIC
PHASES PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATES PANCREAS
SECRETIN STIMULATES RELEASE WHEN CHYME ENTERS DUODENUM: MOST;LY BICARBONATE IONS
PROTEIN & FAT STIMULATES RELEASE OF CHOLECYSTOKININ STIMULATES SECRETION
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LIVER
FIBROUS CAPSULE; TWO MAJOR LOBES; TWO MINOR LOBES
HEPATIC LOBULES: FUNCTIONAL UNIT– HEPATIC CELLS; HEPATIC SINUSOIDS;– KUPFFER CELLS: REMOVE BACTERIA– COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
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FUNCTIONS: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM,
GLYCOGEN; GLUCONEOGENESIS; OXIDIZING FATTY ACIDS; SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULES; DEAMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS, FORMATION OF UREA AND OTHER AMINO ACIDS; STORAGE: GLYCOGEN, IRON, VITAMINS A, D, B12; DESTROY DAMAGED RBCs; REMOVES TOXIC MATERIAL; PHAGOCYTIZE PATHOGENS; BLOOD RESERVOIR; SECRETES BILE
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BILE
COMPOSITION: WATER, BILE SALTS, BILE PIGMENTS, CHOLESTEROL, ELECTROLYTES
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GALL BLADDER
DEPRESSION IN LIVER STORES, CONCENTRATES AND
RELEASES BILE RELEASED WHEN STIMULATED BY
CHOLECYSTOKININ RELEASED THROUGH BILE DUCT TO
HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER CHOLESTEROL COULD FORM GALL
STONES
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BILE SALT FUNCTION
EMULSIFICATION– AIDS LIPASE
AIDS ABSORBTION– FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, & FAT SOLUBLE
VITAMINS: A, D, E, KMOST OF BILE SALTS ARE REABSORBED IN
SMALL INTESTINES
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SMALL INTESTINE
9-10 FT LONG RECEIVES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES FROM
LIVER AND PANCREAS; FINISHES CHEMICAL DIGESTION; ABSORBTION; MOVES MATERIAL TO LARGE INTESTINES
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PARTS
DUODENUM:– SHORTEST (25cm); MOST FIXED;
JEJUNUM:– PROXIMAL 2/5THS; MOBILE
ILEUM:– REST; MOBILE; USUALLY NO DISTINCT BREAK BUT JEJUNUM HAS
LARGER DIAMETER; THICKER WALL, MORE ACTIVE, MORE VASCULAR, MORE LYMPH MATERIAL
HELD BY MESENTERY
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STRUCTURE
INTESTINAL VILLI ?– ESPECIALLY DUODENUM AND PROXIMAL
JEJUNUM– SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM;
LACTEAL; MICROVILLI ?– INTESTINAL GLANDS/CRYPTS OF
LIEBERKUHN– PLICAE CIRCULARES ?
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SECRETIONS
GOBLET CELL: ? BRUNNER’S GLANDS
– SUBMUCOSA OF PROXIMAL DUODENUM– THICK, ALKALINE MUCUS
INTESTINAL GLANDS– BASE OF VILLIE– A LOT OF WATERY FLUID; NO ENZYMES ?– ENZYMES IN MEMBRANE OF MICROVILLI CELLS
PEPTIDASES SUCRASE, MALTASE, LACTASE INTESTINAL LIPASE
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REGULATION OF SECRETION
MUCUS SECRETION INCREASES IN RESPONSE TO MECHANICAL STIMULUS AND IRRITANTS (GASTRIC JUICE)
CHYME STIMULATES GOBLET AND INTESTINAL CELLS TO SECRETE
DISTENSION: PARASYMPATHETIC STIMULATION TO INCREASE SECRETION
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ABSORPTION MOST ABSORBABLE MATERIAL IS ABSORBED MONOSACCHARIDES
– FACILLITATED DIFFUSION PROTEINS
– ACTIVE TRANSPORT LIPIDS
– FATTY ACIDS: DIFFUSE RESYNTHESIZED BY ER CLUSTERS ENCASED IN PROTEIN: CHYLOMICRONS TO
LACTEALS CONTRACTIONS MOVE CHYLOMICRONS THROUGH
LYMPH TO BLOOD TO MUSCLE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
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VLDL: VERY-LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS CARRY TRIGLYCERIDES TO ADIPOSE TISSUE
VLDL LDL (LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS) HIGH CHOLESTEROL REMOVED BY CELLS
HDL (HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS) REMOVE CHOLESTEROL FROM CELLS TO LIVER ENTER BY RECEPTORMEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
CHOLESTEROL BECOMES BILE OR BILE SALTS MOST IS REABSORBED
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ALSO REABSORBS– WATER– ELECTROLYTES
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PROTEINS
arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu
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LIFE SPAN CHANGES OVERALL: SLOW, LITTLE TOOTH CARE VITAL
– LOSS OF ENAMEL; WEAR; CEMENTUM AND DENTUM THICKEN, PULP LESSENS; NEURON LOSS; GUMS RECEDE; LOOSE TEETH;
XEROSTOMIA: DRY MOUTH– MOST OFTEN DUE TO MEDICATIONS
PERISTALSIS SLOWS= HEARTBURN; STOMACH LINING THINS; GASTRIC SECRETIONS DIMININSH = TAKES LONGER FOR DIGESTION
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SMALL INTESTINE ABSORBS LESS: A,D,K, AND ZINC– A: SKIN AND VISION PROBLEMS– D: WEAK BONES– K: LESS CLOTTING– ZINC: LOWERED HEALING AND
IMMUNITY, ALTERED TASTE LACTOSE INTOLERANCE LESS INTRINSIC FACTOR: ANEMIA LOSS OF MUSCLE AND ELASTICITY:
LESS PERISTALSIS OF LARGE INTESTINE: CONSTIPATION
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PANCREAS AND LIVER DON’T CHANGE MUCH
LIVER MAY NOT DETOXIFY AS WELL GALLBLADDER LESS SENSITIVE BUT
COMPENSATES