digestive system overall function ingestion digestion (physical & chemical) absorption waste...
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Digestive System
Overall FunctionIngestionDigestion (physical & chemical)AbsorptionWaste elimination
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Development
Coelom forms from splitting of lateral plate mesoderm (hypomere)
This is the pleuroperitoneal cavity through reptiles
Parietal peritoneumVisceral peritoneumDorsal & Ventral mesentery are folds of
peritoneum
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Endoderm
ForegutMidgutHindgut
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General Morphology
Typical gut wall has MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, MUSCULARIS, SEROSA
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Gut motility
PeristalsisSegmentation
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Oral cavity/Oropharyngeal cavity
Tongue – can extend from mouth beginning with amphibians
Anchored by hyoidHelps to capture food, chew, swallow, taste
food
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Glands
VenomSalivaIncluding several enzymesAnticoagulant in lampreysNutrients in catfishMucus
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Snake venomsSnake venoms
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Teeth
Dermal armor, dermal platesPlacoid scalesHomology to teeth
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Teeth
Dentin forms the majority of tooth and is a bone-like material made by odontoblasts
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Teeth
Enamel is the hardest substance in the body due to mineral content and is made by ameloblasts
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Teeth
The pulp cavity of the tooth contains the blood vessels and nerves
The cementum covers the root of tooth and is made of acellular bone
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Tooth attachment
Acrodont – peak of jaws, teleostsPleurodont – inner surface of jaws,
amphibians, lizardsThecodont – sockets, crocodiles, extinct
birds and mammals
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Sets of teeth
Polyphydont – many sets, typical of most vertebrates
Diphydont – two sets, most mammalsMonophydont – one set, platypus
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FeedingTeeth
New teeth forming
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Shape of teeth
Homodont – fish, amphibians, most reptiles, some marine mammals
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Shapes of teeth
Heterodont – later reptiles, most mammalsIncisors - cutting teeth, chisel shapedCanine teeth – pointed for piercing &
tearingPremolars – grinding teeth with 1-2 rootsMolars – grinding teeth with 3 roots
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Dental formulas
Human: 2-1-2-3/2-1-2-3 = 32Cat: 3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1 = 30Cow: 0-0-3-3/3-1-3-3 = 32
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Key Points
What do you find unusual about the cow’s dental formula?
What does this tell you about their eating habits?
Can you think of another animal that would have the same unusual feature?
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HerbivoreHerbivore
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Pharynx
Fish – respiratory (gill) in functionTetrapods – throat, swallowing, location of
tonsils in mammals
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Pharynx in Tetrapods
Common opening to airways via glottisOpening to middle ear via auditory tubesOpening to esophagus
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Esophagus
Can close in fish so stomach doesn’t become filled with respiratory water
Birds may have CROP – sometimes has digestive enzymes & allows hoarding of food
Pigeon milk is an esophageal secretion in doves for nestlings
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Stomach
Gastr-Anatomy –one or more chambersPylorus, pyloric sphincterGreater & Lesser curvatureGreater omentum, mammals only
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Stomach
Proventriculus – Contains digestive enzymes in birds (& crocodiles)
Gizzard –grinding mill in bird
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Ruminant Stomachs
Rumen – cellulase & mucus releaseReticulum – bolus formation for
regurgitationOmasum – holding tankAbomasum – glandular portion
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Stomach Physiology
Receives, stores, liquefies, mixes foodChymeZymogenic cells make pesinogen which
breaks down proteinParietal cells make HCl which breaks down
protein, activates pepsinogen & is anti-microbial
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Stomach Physiology
Most gastric secretions come from the goblet cells which make mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from its contents
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Intestine
FishStraightNo small & large intestine
Typhlosole = spiral valve
Coils
Cecum/cecal
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Digestive systemStomach
Spiral valve
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Intestine in Tetrapods
Small Intestine– Duodenum –mammals– Jejunum –mammals– Ileum –mammals– Villi to increase surface area– Blood vessels & lacteals for absorption
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Small Intestine Function
Finish chemical digestionMost nutrient absorption occurs in small
intestine
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Key Points
Name two anatomical features that supports the function of the small intestine
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Large Intestine in Tetrapods
Cecum/ceca may be present in amniotesColon is the majority of large intestineRectum is the terminal segment of large
intestineFunction is formation & storage of feces,
some water reabsorption, fermentation in herbivores
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Liver & Gall Bladder
Embryology – formed from diverticula of foregut and midgut
Lesser omentum supports ducts & vessels & travels from lesser curvature of stomach to liver
Bile duct – Common Bile Duct is formed by hepatic and cystic ducts & goes to duodenum
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Key Point
What are diverticula?What does the root “cyst-” mean?
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Liver & Gall bladder
Falciform ligament – liver to ventral body wall
Function includes glucose storage, bile secretion, amino acid deamination, clotting factors, blood formation in fish
Gall bladder store bile
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Key Points
You are investigating why hundreds of birds in a certain location died. You primarily are interested in conducting tests on the liver. Why? What would this tell you?
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Pancreas
Exocrine portion makes digestive juices that travel through pancreatic duct
Acinar cells are the exocrine cellsJuice contains amylase, lipase, protease
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Key Points
What does the pancreas make besides the exocrine juices?
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Cloaca
Receives digestive, urinary and genital structures below placental mammals
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Key Points
Name the four stomachs of the ruminant.