Digestive System

Table 21.15

p. 1070

Figure 21.21_1

Weight (pounds)100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

410

50

52

54

56

58

510

60

62

64

Heig

ht

Under

wei

ght

BM

I 1

8.5

Nor

mal

BM

I 18

.5–2

4O

verw

eight

BM

I 25

–29

Extr

emel

y ob

ese

BM

I 3

9

Obes

eBM

I 30

–39

p. 1071

Table 21.17B

Figure 21.10B

Vein carryingblood to the liver

Musclelayers

Largecircular folds

Villi

Intestinal wall

Lumen

Nutrientabsorption

Villi

Lymphvessel

Bloodcapillaries

Epithelialcells

Lumen of intestine

Microvilli

Nutrient absorption

Fats

Blood

Lymph

Epithelial cells ofa villus

Aminoacidsand

sugars

Fattyacidsand

glycerol

Figure 21.4_1

Key

Alimentary canalAccessory digestiveglands

Rectum

Anus

Smallintestine

Largeintestine

Stomach

Esophagus

Oralcavity

A schematic diagram of thehuman digestive system

Salivaryglands

Gall-bladder

Liver

Pancreas

p. 1079

Figure 21.5

Incisors

Canine

Premolars

Molars

“Wisdom”tooth

Tongue

Salivaryglands

Opening ofa salivarygland duct

Figure 21.6A_4

Tongue

Epiglottis up

Larynx down

Trachea (windpipe)

Starting to swallow(sphincter contracted)

Esophagus

Esophagealsphincter

Pharynx

Bolus of food

Figure 21.6A_5

Swallowing reflex(sphincter relaxed)

Epiglottis down

Larynx up

Figure 21.6A_6

Swallowing completed(sphincter contracted)

Epiglottis up

Larynx down

Figure 21.6B

Esophageal sphincter(contracted)

Bolus offood

Muscles contract,squeezing the bolusthrough the esophagus.

Muscles relax,allowing thepassagewayto open.

Bolus offood

Stomach

Figure 21.8_1

Esophagus

Sphincter

Lumen (cavity)of stomach

Sphincter

Stomach

Smallintestine

Gastrin

Interiorsurfaceof the

stomach

Figure 21.8_2

Release of gastric juice(mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen)

Pits

Epithelium

Mucouscells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Gastricgland

Pepsinogen Pepsin(activeenzyme)HCl

ClH

Interiorsurfaceof the

stomach

3

2

1

Figure 21.10A

Liver

Gall-bladder

Bile

Intestinalenzymes

Duodenum ofsmall intestine

Chyme

Stomach

Pancreas

Pancreatic juice

Figure 21.10B

Vein carryingblood to the liver

Musclelayers

Largecircular folds

Villi

Intestinal wall

Lumen

Nutrientabsorption

Villi

Lymphvessel

Bloodcapillaries

Epithelialcells

Lumen of intestine

Microvilli

Nutrient absorption

Fats

Blood

Lymph

Epithelial cells ofa villus

Aminoacidsand

sugars

Fattyacidsand

glycerol

Figure 21.10B_2

Villi

Lymphvessel

Bloodcapillaries

Epithelialcells

Lumen of intestineMicrovilli

Nutrient absorption

Fats

Blood

Lymph

Epithelial cells ofa villus

Aminoacidsand

sugars

Fattyacidsand

glycerol

Figure 21.12

Cecum

Appendix

End ofsmallintestine

Largeintestine(colon)

Unabsorbedfood material

Smallintestine

Rectum

Anus

Figure 21.10B_2

Villi

Lymphvessel

Bloodcapillaries

Epithelialcells

Lumen of intestineMicrovilli

Nutrient absorption

Fats

Blood

Lymph

Epithelial cells ofa villus

Aminoacidsand

sugars

Fattyacidsand

glycerol

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

p. 1087

Figure 21.20B