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DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 4

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Page 1: DIGESTIVEPHYSIOLOGY! - Mt. San Antonio Collegefaculty.mtsac.edu/mpresch/36_lecture_files_unit_4/23 Digestive... · Unit4) Funcons ) • Mo1lity) ... Lipid)Transport • From)lymphacs)to)thoracic)duct

   DIGESTIVE  PHYSIOLOGY  

Physiology  Unit  4  

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Func1ons    

•  Mo1lity  –  Inges1on  – Mas1ca1on  –  Deglu11on  –  Peristalsis  

•  Secre1on  –  7  liters/day!  –  Exocrine/endocrine  

•  Diges1on  •  Absorp1on  

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Diges1on  of  Carbohydrates  

•  Average  intake  is      250-­‐300  g/day  

•  Amylase  •  Salivary,  pancrea1c  •  Products:  maltose,  short  chains  of  glucose  

•  Brush  border  enzymes  •  Products:  glucose,  galactose,  fructose  

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Absorp1on  of  Carbohydrates  •  Luminal  absorp1on  •  Glucose/galactose  cotransport  with  Na+  into  enterocytes    

•  Fructose  facilitated  diffusion  into  enterocytes    

•  Basolateral  absorp1on  •  Monosaccharides  enter  blood  via  facilitated  diffusion  

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Diges1on  of  Proteins  •  Require  40-­‐50g  of  protein/day    

–  Supply  essen1al  amino  acids  –  We  consume  70-­‐90  g/day  

•  Stomach  –  Pepsin    

•  Products  are  short  chain  polypep1des  •  Small  intes1nes  from  pancreas  •  Trypsin,  chymotrypsin    

•  Products  are  short  chain  polypep1des  •  CarboxypepAdase      

•  Products  are  free  amino  acids  •  Small  Intes1nes  from  brush  border  enzymes  •  AminopepAdase    

•  Products  are  free  amino  acids  

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Absorp1on  of  Proteins  

•  Luminal  absorp1on  – Free  amino  acids  enter  enterocytes  by              counter-­‐transport  with  Na+  

– Short  polypep1des  (2  or  3  amino  acids)  enter  enterocytes  by  counter-­‐transport  of  H+  

•  Basolateral  absorp1on  – Free  amino  acids  enter  blood  by                              facilitated  diffusion  

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Diges1on  of  Fat  

•  Daily  intake  70-­‐100  g/day  (mostly  triglycerides)  

•  Emulsifica1on  by  bile  salts  •  Pancrea1c  lipase  – Monoglyceride  +  2  fa[y  acids  

•  Forma1on  of  micelles  by  bile  salts  

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Absorp1on  of  Fat  •  Luminal  Absorp1on  – Monoglycerides  and  fa[y  acids  enter  enterocytes  by  diffusion  

•  Basolateral  absorp1on  into  lacteals  –  Exocytosis  of  chylomicrons    

–  Chylomicrons  contain  triglycerides,  phospholipids,  cholesterol,  fat-­‐soluble  vitamins  

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Lipid  Transport  

•  From  lympha1cs  to  thoracic  duct  •  Free  fa[y  acids  and  glycerol  into  1ssues  •  Le]overs  to  liver  – Remnant  par1cles  contain  cholesterol  – Combined  with  apoproteins  (lipid  binding  protein)  to  produce  VLDL’s  – Deliver  triglycerides  to  other  organs  

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Lipoproteins  •  Lipid  &  protein  complexes  –  Transport  cholesterol  &  triglycerides  in  blood  –  Protein  allows  hydrophobic  lipids  to  remain  in  suspension    

•  Five  classes:  Based  on  density,  molecular  weight,  size,  chemical  composi1on  

•  Chylomicrons  •  VLDL  •  IDL  •  LDL  

–  High  levels  associated  with  increased  risk  CVD  •  HDL  

–  Low  levels  associated  with  increased  risk  of  CVD  –  Best  profile  =  high  HDL,  low  LDL  

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Absorp1on  of  Vitamins  

•  Fat-­‐soluble  vitamins  – Vitamins  A,  D,  E,  K  – Exocytosis  in  chylomicrons  

•  Water-­‐soluble  vitamins  – Vitamins  B,  C    – Absorbed  by  diffusion  or  mediated  transport  

•  Vitamin  B12  – Binds  to  intrinsic  factor    – Endocytosis  (in  ileum)  into  enterocytes  

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Absorp1on  of  Water  and  Minerals  

•  Water  is  most  abundant  substance  in  chyme  – 8  L  of  ingested  and  secreted  water  enter  the  small  intes1ne  each  day!  

– 1.5    L  make  it  to  the  large  intes1ne  – 80%  absorbed  in  small  intes1ne  

•  Minerals  – Na+  – HCO3

-­‐  

– Cl-­‐  – Small  concentra1ons    K+,  Mg2+,  Ca2+,  Fe3+,  Zn2+,  I-­‐  

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Regula1on  of  Gastrointes1nal  Processes  

•  Regula1on  of  the  condi1ons  of  the  lumen  of  the  tract  (the  outside  of  the  body)  

•  Governed  by  the  volume  and  composi1on  of  the  luminal  contents  rather  than  the  nutri1onal  state  of  the  body  (the  inside  of  the  body)    

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Basic  Principles  

1.  Disten1on  of  the  lumen  wall  (volume  of  contents)  

2.  Chyme  osmolarity  (solute  concentra1on)  3.  Chyme  acidity  4.  Chyme  concentra1ons  – Monosaccharides  – Fa[y  acids  – Pep1des  – Amino  acids  

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Neural  Regula1on  

•  Enteric  Nervous  System  (ENS)  

•  Myenteric  plexus  –  Influences  smooth  muscle  ac1vity  

•  Submucosal  plexus  –  Influences  secretory  ac1vity  

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Neural  Regula1on  

•  Neural  ac1vity  in  one  plexus  influences  the  ac1vity  of  the  other  

•  S1mula1on  at  one  point  in  the  plexus  can  lead  to  impulses  that  are  conducted  both  up  and  down  the  tract  

•  Neural  reflexes  independent  of  CNS  •  CNS  can  influence  mo1lity  and  secre1on  of  the  tract    

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Hormonal  Regula1on  

•  Hormones  that  control  the  GI  system  are  secreted  by  cells  sca[ered  throughout  the    epithelium  of  the  stomach  and  small  intes1ne  

•  One  surface  of  each  endocrine  cell  is  exposed  to  the  lumen  of  the  tract  

•  Chemicals  in  chyme  s1mulate  the  cell  to  secrete  its  hormones  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  cell  into  the  blood  

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Hormonal  Regula1ons  

•  Each  hormone  par1cipates  in  a  feedback  control  system  that  regulates  some  aspect  of  the  the  luminal  environment  

•  Most  GI  hormones  affect  more  than  one  type  of  target  cell  

•  Best  understood  pep1de  GI  Hormones  – Gastrin  – Cholecystokinin  (CCK)  – Secre1n  – Glucose-­‐dependent  insulinotropic  pep1de  (GIP)  

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Gastrin  

•  Endocrine  cell  loca1on:    – G  cells  of  the  antrum  of  stomach  

•  S1mulus  for  release  – Protein  in  stomach    – Parasympathe1c  nervous  system  

•  Ac1ons    – S1mulates  

•  Stomach:  (+)  acid  secre1on  and  mo1lity  •  Pancreas:  (+)    enzyme  secre1ons  •  Intes1nes:  (+)  mo1lity  in  ileum  and  colon  

 

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Cholecystokinin  (CCK)  

•  Endocrine  cell  loca1on:  small  intes1ne  •  S1mulus  for  release  –  amino  acids,  fa[y  acids  in  small  intes1ne  

•  Ac1ons  –  S1mulates  

•  Pancreas:  (+)  enzyme  secre1on  •   Gall  bladder:  (+)  contrac1on  

–  Poten1ates  •  Pancreas:  (+)  bicarbonate  secre1on  •  Liver:  (+)  bicarbonate  secre1on  

–  Inhibits  •  Stomach:  (-­‐)  acid  secre1on,  gastric  mo1lity    

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Secre1n  

•  Endocrine  cell  loca1on:  small  intes1ne  •  S1mulus  for  release  – Acid  in  small  intes1ne  

•  Ac1ons  •  S1mulates  

•  Pancreas:  (+)  bicarbonate  secre1on  •  Liver:  (+)  bicarbonate  secre1on  

•  Inhibits  •  Stomach:  acid  secre1on,  gastric  mo1lity  

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Glucose-­‐Dependent  Insulinotropic  Pep1de  

•  Endocrine  cell  loca1on:  small  intes1ne  •  S1mulus  for  release  – glucose,  fat  in  the  small  intes1ne  

•  Ac1ons  – S1mulates  

•  Pancreas:  (+)  insulin  secre1on  

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Stomach  

•  Func1on  –  Ini1ates  protein  diges1on  

–  Kills  bacteria  –  Intrinsic  factor  

•  Secreted  by  parietal  cells  •  Needed  for  Vitamin  B12  absorp1on  in  ileum  

–  Absorp1on  •  Water  •  Alcohol  •  Aspirin  

•  3  func1ons  of  pH  in  stomach  –  Denature  ingested  protein  

–  Convert  pepsinogen  to  pepsin  •  Digests  proteins  

–  Destroy  bacteria  

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Gastric  Glands  •  Goblet  cells  

–  mucus  •  Parietal  cells  

–  HCl  –  Intrinsic  factor  

•  Chief  cells  –  Pepsinogen  

•  Argentaffin  cells  –  Serotonin  –  Regulate  intes1nal  movements  

•  G  cells  –  Gastrin        

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Pancreas  •  Pancrea1c  acini  –  Pancrea1c  juice  

•  water  •  bicarbonate  •  diges1ve  enzymes  

–  Ac1va1on  by  enterokinase  

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Pancrea1c  Enzymes  

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Energy  Regula1on  by    Islets  of  Langerhans  

•  Three  cell  types  produce  pep1de  hormones    –  Beta  cells:  insulin  

•  S1mulates  cellular  uptake  of  glucose  •  In  liver,  ac1vates  glycogenesis  •  S1mulates  lipid  synthesis  •  S1mulates  cellular  uptake  of  amino  acids  

–  Alpha  cells:  glucagon  •  Encourages  libera1on  of  reserves  •  Prevents  glucose  uptake  by  liver,  muscle,  adipose  

–  Delta  cells:  somatosta1n  •  Not  sure  

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Regula1on  of  Insulin  and  Glucagon  Secre1on  

•  Effects  of  glucose  and  amino  acids  –  Increase  in  plasma  glucose  

•  S1mulates  b  cells  •  Inhibits  a  cells  

–  Decrease  in  plasma  glucose  •  decreased    insulin  produc1on  •  increased  glucagon  produc1on  

– Meals  high  in  protein    •  s1mulates  insulin  

– Meals  high  in  protein  and  low  in  carbohydrate  •  s1mulates  glucagon  •  result:    increase  in  blood  glucose  and  increased  incorpora1on  of  amino  acids  into  1ssues  

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Regula1on  of  Insulin  and  Glucagon  Secre1on  

•  Effects  of  autonomic  nerves  – Parasympathe1c  ac1va1on  

•  increased  insulin  – Sympathe1c  ac1va1on  

•  increased  glucagon,  inhibits  insulin  •  stress  hyperglycemia  =  glucagon  +  epinephrine  

– Goal:    Keep  blood  glucose  between    – 50-­‐170mg/100ml  

•  higher  =  glycosila1on;    lower  =  brain  damage  

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Func1ons  of  the  Liver  

•  Exocrine  •  Endocrine  •  Clopng  func1ons  •  Synthesizes  plasma  proteins  •  Organic  metabolism  •  Cholesterol  metabolism  •  Excretory  and  degrada1ve  func1ons  

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Exocrine  &  Endocrine  Func1ons  

Exocrine  FuncBons  •  Synthesis  and  secre1on  of  

bile  salts  –  250-­‐1500ml/day  

•  Adds  bicarbonate  rich  solu1on  to  bile  

Endocrine  FuncBons  •  Secretes  IGF-­‐1  

–  promotes  cell  division  

•  Forms  T3  from  T4  •  Secretes  angiotensinogen  

–  Increases  BP  –  S1mulates  aldosterone  

secre1on  

•  Metabolizes  hormones  •  Secretes  immune  cytokines  

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Clopng  and  Plasma  Proteins  

•  Produces  – Prothrombin      – Fibrinogen  – Plasma  albumin  

•  Regulates  blood  volume  

– Acute  phase  proteins  – Binding  proteins  – Lipoproteins  

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Organic  Metabolism  

•  Converts  plasma  glucose  to  glycogen  and  triglycerides  

•  Converts  amino  acids  to  fa[y  acids  •  Produces  triglycerides  and  secretes  them  as  lipoproteins  

•  Gluconeogeneisis  and  glycogenolysis  •  Converts  fa[y  acids  into  ketones  •  Produces  urea  

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Cholesterol  Metabolism/Excretory  &  Degrada1ve  Func1ons  

•  Synthesizes  cholesterol    •  Converts  plasma  cholesterol  into  bile  salts  – Bile  salts  needed  for  vitamin  K  absorp1on  

•  Excretes  toxins  via  bile  •  Destroys  old  erythrocytes  •  …and  lots,  lots  more!  

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Absorp1ve  State  

•  High  insulin  and  low  glucagon  •  Insulin  – cellular  uptake  of  glucose  – uptake  &  incorpora1on  of  amino  acids  – conversion  of  glucose  to  glycogen  – addi1onal  glucose  to  fat  –  incorpora1on  of  glucose  into  adipose  1ssue  – suppression  of  liver  glycogenolysis  

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Postabsorp1ve  State  

•  Low  insulin,  high  glucagon  –  low  insulin  encourages  movement  of  amino  acids  out  of  the  muscles  

•  Cor1sol  -­‐-­‐  s1mulates  produc1on  of  enzymes  to  convert  pyruvic  acid  to  glucose  

•  Glucagon    –  s1mulates  glycogenolysis  –  s1mulates  gluconeogenesis  –  s1mulates  lipolysis  –  s1mulates  ketogenesis