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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com © 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods Chapter 10 Image Segmentation Chapter 10 Image Segmentation The whole is equal to the sum of its parts. -Euclid The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. -Max Wertheimer The Whole is Not Equal to the Sum of Its Parts: An Approach to Teaching the Research Paper. -by Mangum, Bryant

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Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

The whole is equal to the sum of its parts.-Euclid

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.-Max Wertheimer

The Whole is Not Equal to the Sum of Its Parts: An Approach to Teaching the Research Paper.

-by Mangum, Bryant

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.1 Detection of Discontinuities10.2 Edge Linking and Boundary Detection10.3 Thresholding10.4 Region-Based Segmentation10.5 Segmentation by Morphological Watersheds (x)10.6 The Use of Motion in Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.1 Detection of Discontinuities 56810.1.1 Point Detection 56910.1.2 Line Detection 57010.1.3 Edge Detection 572

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Point Detection

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Line Detection

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Edge Detection

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.2 Edge Linking and Boundary Detection 58510.2.1 Local Processing 58510.2.2 Global Processing via the Hough Transform 58710.2.3 Global Processing via Graph-Theoretic Techniques 591

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Local Processing

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Global Processing via the Hough Transform

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Global Processing via Graph-Theoretic Techniques

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.3 Thresholding 59510.3.1 Foundation 59510.3.2 The Role of Illumination 59610.3.3 Basic Global Thresholding 59810.3.4 Basic Adaptive Thresholding 60010.3.5 Optimal Global and Adaptive Thresholding 60210.3.6 Use of Boundary Characteristics for Histogram Improvementand Local Thresholding 60810.3.7 Thresholds Based on Several Variables 611

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Foundation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

The Role of Illumination

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Basic Global Thresholding

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Basic Adaptive Thresholding

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Optimal Global and Adaptive Thresholding

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Use of Boundary Characteristics for Histogram Improvementand Local Thresholding

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.4 Region-Based Segmentation 61210.4.1 Basic Formulation 61210.4.2 Region Growing 61310.4.3 Region Splitting and Merging 615

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Region Growing

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Region Splitting and Merging

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.5 Segmentation by Morphological Watersheds 61710.5.1 Basic Concepts 61710.5.2 Dam Construction 62010.5.3 Watershed Segmentation Algorithm 62210.5.4 The Use of Markers 624

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

10.6 The Use of Motion in Segmentation Stationary camera

Background modelingHuman tracking & extraction

Moving camera3D ReconstructionMoving target detecting

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.www.imageprocessingbook.com

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

Chapter 10Image Segmentation

a

b c

Plane parameters in blue and motion in redcompression ratio is 10,000:1