digital image watermarking protection based on chaotic...

Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport Cairo, Egypt

College of Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communications Engineering Department

Digital Image Watermarking Protection Based on Chaotic Biometric System

A Thesis by

Eng. Ahmed Eisayed Ahmed Zein Eldin

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of

Master of Science

In Communications Engineering

Supervised by:

Prof. Mohammed Waleed Fakhr Dean of Faculty of Computer Science & IT,

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AASTMT)

Dr. Mohammed Saad EI-MahaUawy Electronics and Communication Department,

Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and

Maritime Transport (AASTMT)

Cairo

Dr. Esam AbdEI-Magid Hagras Electronics and Communication

Department

2011

Technical Researches Center Armed Forces

'.~~ ,,~ ~~ ~~t

'4"~\'f~ Arab Academy for Science Technology and Maritime Transport

Cairo, Egypt

College of Engineering and Technology Electronics and Communications Engineering Department

Digital Image Watermarking Protection Based on Chaotic Biometric System

A Thesis by

Eng. Ahmed Eisayed Ahmed Zein Eldin

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Science

In Communications Engineering

Prof. Mohamed Waleed Fakhr Dr. Mohamed Saad EIMahallawy Dr. Esam AbdEI-Magid Hagras

Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor

Prof. Fatma EI-Zahraa Abou-Chadi Associate Prof. Mohamed Esam Khedr

Examiner Examiner

NOVEMBER 2011

ABSTRACT The growth of high speed computer networks and that of Internet, in particular, has

explored means of new business, scientific, entertainment, and social opportunities.

Ironically, the cause for the growth is also of the apprehension use of digital formatted

data. Digital media offer several distinct advantages over analog media, such as high

quality, easy editing, high fidelity copying. The ease by which digital information can be

duplicated and distributed has led to the need for effective copyright protection tools.

Various software products have been recently introduced in attempt to address these

growing concerns. Digital Watermarking is the process that embeds data called a

watermark into a multimedia object such that watermark can be detected or extracted later

to make an assertion about the object.

In this thesis, three different contributions were suggested, firstly, a Partial image

Encryption algorithm based on Multi-Level two dimension Discrete Wavelet Transform

and Multi-Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Encryption (ML 2D-DWT-MMOH-CPE) has been

proposed, secondly, a new commutative watermarking and partial encryption (CWPE)

algorithm based on DWT Spread Spectrum watermarking and Partial Encryption algorithm

using single level two Dimension Discrete Wavelet Transform and Multi-Map Orbit

Hopping Chaotic Encryption (IL 2D-DWT-MMOH-CPE ) and, [mally, a new

Commutative Watermarking and Partial Encryption algorithm based on one level two

dimension wavelet and discrete cosine transform domain (lL 2D-DWT-DCn and Multi

Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Encryption (MMOH-CPE).

DWT characteristics provide spatial\frequency localization and multi resolution

sub-band. CDMA SS improves security, anti interference and low probability of intercept.

Chaos based encryption techniques which is considered suitable for practical use as these

techniques provide combination of speed, high security, complexity, reasonable

computational overheads and computational power.

For the proposed algorithm (CWPE) (IL 2D-DWT-MMOH-CPE), performance

evaluation reflects some weakness against some sever attacks (50% Resizing, Median

Filtering, 10% JPEG Compression). To overcome the previous mentioned weakness, a

Commutative Hybrid Frequency Domain Watermarking and Chaotic Partial Encryption

algorithm is proposed (CWPE) (IL 2D-DWT-DCT-MMOH-CPE), which is based on the

fact; combined two transforms could compensate for the drawbacks of each other;

resulting in effective watermarking, based on characteristics of embedding locations.

I

Acknowledgement This thesis with all its final results would have never been achieved without

ALLAH's will, and I am so grateful Allah for giving me the ability and strength to

complete its final phases. I would also like to express my thanks for my parents, brother,

wife, daughter, professors and tutors who were always supporting me and never hesitated a

second to give me as much as they can from their knowledge, care, time and efforts.

I express my many thanks and all grateful feeling to my supervisors Prof.

Mohmmmed Waleed Fakhr, Dr. Mohammed S. EI-Mahallawy and Dr. Esam A.

Hagras for their guidance and support throughout the research to achieve all of the gained

results, also, for all times we spent working together in the thesis and for benefiting from

them in many fields of life.

I would also like to express my thanks to the Arab Academy for Science and

Technology and Maritime Transport and the National Telecommunication Institute for all

the facilities that were available, and for the provided environment during my studies and

research.

Finally I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues and to everyone who helped

me to complete this research.

II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

List Of Figures ............ '" ...... ......... ... ........... .... ....... ..... ...... ..... .... ... ....... III List Of Tables ................................................................................... '" VIn List Of Symbols................................................................. ....................... XIII List Of Abbreviations... .......................................................................... XVI

CHAPTER 1:

Introduction

1.1 Aims and Objectives............................................................ .................... 1 1.2 Methodology... ............................................................... ................... 2 1.3 Thesis Outline ................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2:

Multimedia Protection Overview

2.1 Introduction....................................... .................................................... 4 2.2 Multimedia content encryption............... ................................................. 5 2.3 Encryption techniques...................................................... .................... 6

2.3.1 Private-Key Encryption............................................................. 6 2.3.2 Public-Key Cryptography............ ..................... ......................... 6

2.4 Digital Multimedia Watermarking............................................................ 7 2.4.1 Watermarking System Instruction......... ......... ..................... ........... 10 2.4.2 Watermarking Classification.................................................. ...... 11

2.4.2.1 Watermarking Visibility................................................. 11 2.4.2.2 Watermarking Robustness... ...... ...................................... 13 2.4.2.3 Watermarking Embedding Domain................................ .... 17 2.4.2.4 Watermarking Extraction.............. ..................... ..... ..... .... 28

2.5 Watermarking Issues... ......................................................................... 29 2.5.1 Capacity Issue (Bit Rate)............... .............................................. 29 2.5.2 Robustness.............................................................. ..... ........... 29 2.5.3Transparency (Invisibility).............................. ...... ........ .... ............ 30

2.5.3.1 Perceptual Invisibility...................................... ...... ..... .... 30 2.5.3.2 Statistical Invisibility....................................... ............... 30

2.5.4 Security ........................ '" ......... ...... ......... ......... ... ................. 30 2.6 Watermarking Applications............... ........................................... ..... ..... 31

IV

CHAPTER 3:

Multi-LeveI2D-DWT Image Encryption Based on Multi-Map Orbit Hopping

Chaotic Partial Encryption

3.1 Introduction ........................ '" ............... ... ...... ... ......... ..................... 33 3.2 Chaos and Cryptography..................... .......................................... ....... 34

3.2.1 Characteristics of Chaos ........................... '" . ..... ......... ......... ..... 35 3.2.2 Relationship between Chaos and Cryptography.............................. 36 3.2.3 Chaotic Map-Based Encryption................................................. 38

3.2.3.1 I-D Chaotic Map (Logistic map).. .... ...... ...... ... ................. 38 3.2.3.2 2D Cat Chaotic Mapping (Anto Id Map) ... '" . '" .. ................ 41

3.2.4 Cryptographic Hash Functions............... ................................... 42 3.3 Related Multimedia Partial Encryption Schemes........................................ 43 3.4 Proposed Image Encryption based on Multi-LeveI2D-DWT and

MMOH-CPE................................. ................................................. 49 3.4.1 Secure Key Management(SKM) Subsystem................................. 50

3.4.1.1 Chaotic Scrambling Generator Subsystem......................... 51 3.4.1.2 Proposed MMOH-CPE............................................... 51

3.5 Simulation Results for the proposed algorithm.......................................... 53 3.5.1 Security Analysis... ..................... .......................................... 53

3.5.1.1Visual Testing........................................................... 53 3.5.1.2 Statistical Analysis........................ ............................. 53 3.5.1.3 Differential Analysis................................................... 54 3.5.1.4 Key Sensitivity Test...................................... ... ...... ..... 55

3.6 Summary ..................... '" ............................. , ...... ...... ..................... 64

CHAPTER 4:

Secure Biometric DWT Watermarking Based on Multi Map Orbit Bopping


4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. ...... 66 4.2 Related DWT watermarking and Chaotic Encryption .................................. , 66 4.3 Commutative Watermarking and Encryption............................................. 71 4.4 Proposed Commutative Biometric Watermarking and Chaotic Partial

Encryption Based on MMOH-CPE...................................................... ... 77 4.4.1 Biometric Key Generation..................... ......... ......................... 78 4.4.2 Fingerprint Image Preprocessing Stages....................................... 81

4.4.2.1 Fingerprint Image Normalization....................... ............... 82 4.4.2.2 Orientation Estimation............................................ .... 83

v

4.4.2.3 Fingerprint Image Enhancement..................................... 83 4.4.2.4 Fingerprint Image Binarization................................... .... 85 4.4.2.5 Fingerprint Image Thinning.......................................... 86 4.4.2.6 Fingerprint Image Segmentation..................................... 86

4.4.3 Fingerprint Image Post-processing Stages..................................... 87 4.4.3.1 Minutiae extraction and Filtering....................... .............. 87

4.5 General Architecture of the Proposed Algorithm......................................... 91 4.5.1 Pre-processing Stage..................... ........................................ 91

4.5.1.1 Chaotic Scrambling Parameter Generator Subsystem... ......... 92 4.5.1.2 Multi-Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Subsystem.................. ... 93

4.5.2 Processing Stage........................... ........................... ................. 94

4.5.2.1 Watermark Embedding and MMOH-CPE process................ 94

4.5.2.2 Watermark extraction Process and decryption......................... 95 4.6 Signal Processing and Security Analysis......... .......................................... 95

4.6.1 Security Analysis................................................................ 95 4.6.1.1 Visual Testing........................................................... 95 4.6.1.2 Statistical analysis...... ................................................ 96 4.6.1.3 Differential Analysis................................................... 97 4.6.1.4 Key sensitivity test... ...... ............................................. 97

4.6.2 Signal Processing Attacks Analysis............................................ 98

4.6.3 Simulation results............................ .. .................. .............. .... 98

4.7 Summary....................................................................................... 118

CHAPTERS:

Robust Secure and Blind Commutative DWT-DCT Biometric Watermarking

and Multi Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Partial Encryption

5.1 Introduction... ...... ... ............................ ........... ... ... ... ...... ......... ... ...... 119 5.2 Related DCT & DWT -DCT watermarking and Chaotic Encryption.................. 119 5.3 Proposed CWPE 2D DWT DCT Algorithm.............................................. 132

5.3.1 Pre-processing Stage........................... ................................... 132 5.3.2 Processing Stage.... ............................................................ ... 132

5.3.2.1 Watermark Embedding and Encryption Steps..................... 133 5.3.2.2 Watermark Decryption and Extraction Steps....................... 134

5.4 Signal processing and Security Analysis.................................................. 134 5.4.1 Security Analysis.................................................................. 134

5.4.1.1 Statistical analysis.................................................. ... 135 5.4.1.2 Differential Analysis....................................... ............... 135

5.4.2 Signal Processing Attacks Analysis.......................................... ... 136

VI

5.4.3 Simulation results.............................................................. .... 136 5.5 Summary....... ..... ... ... ... ......... ......... .... ..... ... ...... ... ......... ...... ... ......... 167

CHAPTER 6:

Conclusions and Future Work

6.1 Conclusions.................................................................. ....................... 168 6.2 Future Works.................................................................................. 170

Publication Extracted from tbe Tbesis.............................................. 171

References................................................ ....................................... 172

VII

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

CHAPTER 2:

MULTIMEDIA PROTECTION OVERVIEW

Figure 2.1 Architecture of multimedia encryption and decryption 5

Figure 2.2 Architectures of symmetric complete encryption 6

Figure 2.3 Architectures of asymmetric cipher 7

Figure 2.4 Watermarking Processes 10

Figure 2.5 Example of least significant bit watermarking 18

Figure 2.6 Coefficients of block OCT 21

Figure 2.7 Marked region in 8x8 OCT block 23

Figure 2.8 Difference between Wave and Wavelet (a) wave (b) wavelet 24

Figure 2.9 One decomposition step of the two dimensional image 26

Figure 2.10 One DWT decomposition step 26

Figure 2.11 One composition step of the four sub images 27

Figure 2.12 Three decomposition steps of an image using Pyramidal Decomposition 27

Figure 2.13 Pyramid after three decomposition steps 28

Figure 2.14 Pyramidal decomposition of Lena image (1, 2 and 3 times) 28

Figure 2.15 Watermarking requirements 29

CHAPTER 3:

MULTI LEVEL 2D-DWT BASED SELECTIVE IMAGE CHAOTIC

PARTIAL ENCRYPTION

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

General architecture of a chaotic map

The limitations of Logistic iteration map

38

(a) iteration property when A. = 2.8, (b) iteration property when A. = 3.2. 39

Figure 3.3 Bifurcation diagram of the logistic map 40

Figure 3.4 Arnold Cat map with different control parameters a,b 41

Figure 3.5 Bases uses of Cryptographic hash function 42

Figure 3.6 Architecture of partial encryption/decryption 44

Figure 3.7 Typical architecture ofthe proposed chaos based image crypto systems 47

Figure 3.8 The proposed system block diagram ofElknz system 48

Figure 3.9 Multi-leveI2D-DWT-MMOH-CPE System 49

Figure 3.10 SKM sub-keys structure 50

Figure 3.11 Even eight sub-keys structure 51

Figure 3.12 Odd eight sub-keys structure 51

Figure 3.13 Multi-Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Sub-system 51

Figure 3.14 The effect of one bit change in Encryption key 58

CHAPTER 4:

SECURE BIOMETRIC DWT WATERMARKING BASED ON MULTI

MAP ORBIT HOPPING CHAOTIC PARTIAL ENCRYPTION

(MMOH-CPE)

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

The proposed block diagram of the watermarking scheme

The flowchart of the proposed watermark embedding scheme

The watermark images embedding process

The watermark extracting process

Architecture of commutative watermarking and encryption

Behavioral and Physiological characteristics

Human Fingerprint Ridge and Valley

Fingerprint Core and Delta

Fingerprints and a fingerprint classification schema involving five

categories

Figure 4.10 Basic types (Ridge Ending, Bifurcation) and Some combinations of the

basic types.

Figure 4.11 A portion of a fingerprint where sweat pores (white dots on ridges) are

visible.

Figure 4.12 Flowchart of the minutiae extraction algorithm.

Figure 4.13 Fingerprint Image Normalization.

Figure 4.14 Good quality Fingerprint image histogram vs. a bad quality one

Figure 4.15 Fingerprint image Binarization and Thinning.

68

69

71

71

73

79

80

80

80

81

81

82

82

85

86

Figure 4. 16 Simple example for Minutiae extraction process based on eight

connected neighbors.

Figure 4. 17 Examples of typical false minutiae structures.

Figure 4. 18 Minutiae post-processing.

Figure 4. 19 Minutiae data.

Figure 4.20 Proposed CWPE 20 OWT subsystem.

Figure 4. 21 SKM sub-keys generation process.

Figure 4. 22 Arnold Cat Maps parameter generation process.

Figure 4.23 Multi-Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Subsystem.

Figure 4. 24 Logistic Maps initial condition generation process.

Figure 4. 25 Arnold Cat Map Parameters generation process.

Figure 4. 26 1 L 20 OWT -based encrypted and decrypted Lena.

Figure 4. 27 The effect of one digit change in Encryption key.

CHAPTERS:

ROBUST SECURE AND BLIND COMMUTATIVE DWT-DCT

BIOMETRIC WATERMARKING AND MULTI MAP ORBIT

HOPPING CHAOTIC PARTIAL ENCRYPTION

Figure 5.1 Block diagram of the proposed method.

Figure 5.2 The watermark embedding block diagram.

Figure 5.3 Combined OWT -OCT watermark embedding procedure

Figure 5.4 Combined OWT -OCT watermark extraction procedure

87

88

88

89

91

92

93

93

94

94

95

97

120

127

128

128

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

The proposed block diagram of the joint OWT -OCT watermarking

algorithm (a) Joint OWT-OCT watermark embedding, (b) Joint DWT

OCT watermark extraction

Embedding and Extraction Algorithm Principle Block Diagram

Proposed CWPE lL 20 DWT OCT scheme

1 L 20 OWT OCT -based encrypted and decrypted Peppers

129

131

133

135

List of Tables

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 3.6

Table 3.7

Table 3.8

Table 3.9

Table 3.10

Table 3.11

Table 3.12

Table 3.13

Table 3.14

Table 3.15

LIST OF TABLES

Watermarking classification ...................................................... .

Properties of different DC coefficients ........................................... .

Comparison between Chaos and Cryptography Properties .................... .

Comparison between Classical and Chaotic Cryptography .................... .

Different standard gray scale tested images ..................................... .

Histogram analysis comparison between l-L, 2-L (2D-DWT-MMOH-

Page

11

22

37

37

56

CPE) Lena test image... ............................................................. 57

Security analysis comparison between l-L, 2-L (2D-DWT-MMOH-CPE)

Lena test image ...................................................................... . 58

Key sensitivity analysis comparison between l-L, 2-L (2D-DWT-MMOH-

CPE) Lena test image... ........................ ..................................... 58


CPE) Fruit test image... .................................... ......................... 59


CPE) Bird test image ............................................................... .


CPE) Hat test image ................................................................. .

Histogram analysis comparison between 1-L, 2-L (2D-DWT-MMOH-

CPE) Baboon test image ........................................................... .


using different standard gray scale tested images .............................. .


Fruit test image ...................................................................... .


Bird test image ....................................................................... .


Hat test image ....................................................................... .


60

61

62

63

63

63

63

63

List of Tables

Table 3.16

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 4.5

Table 4.6

Table 4.7

Table 4.S

Table 4.9

Table 4.10

Table 4.11

Table 4.12

Table 4.13

Baboon test image ................................................................... .

Key sensitivity analysis comparison between lL, 2L (2D-DWT-MMOH-

CE) using different standard grey scale tested images..... .... ... ...... ... ..... 64

Overlaid Minutiae image and hexadecimal representation of the final

authenticated secrete system key.................................................. 90

Encrypted Watermarked image security analysis for different standard

gray scale test images under no signal processing attack ... " ...... , ....... .... 96

Encrypted watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under (Salt & Peppers Noise Attack) Lena host image......................... 99


under (Speckle Noise Attack) Lena host image... .................................. 100


under (A WNG Noise Attack) Lena host image.................................. 101


under (Wiener Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3], 0.02) Lena host image....... ... 102

Encrypted Watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under (Wiener Filter Attack - S &P - [5,5], 0.02) Lena host image ........ '" 1 03


under (Wiener Filter Attack - A WGN - [3,3], 0.02) Lena host

image................................................................................... 104


under (Wiener Filter Attack - A WGN - [5,5], 0.02) Lena host

image................................................................................... 105


under (Median Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3], 0.02) Lena host image...... ..... 106


under (Resizing Attack - 50%) Lena host image................................ 107


under (Resizing Attack - 75%) Lena host image..................................... lOS


under (JPEG. Compression Attack - 10%) Lena host image................... 109

List of Tables

Table 4.14

Table 4.15

Table 4.16

Table 4.17

Table 4.18

Table 4.19

Table 4.20

Table 4.21

Table 4.22

Table 4.23

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 5.3

Table 5.4

Table 5.5

Table 5.6


under (JPEG. Compression Attack - 25%) Lena host image................... 110


under (Rotation Attack - 10°) Lena host image... ............................... III


under (Rotation Attack - 20°) Lena host image... ............................... 112


under (Cropping Attack- 25%) Lena host image............................... 113


under (Cropping Attack - 50%) Lena host image........ .......... .............. 114


under (Cropping Attack - 50%) Lena host image................................ 115


under (Cropping Attack - 50%) Lena host image.................. .............. 116


under (Cropping Attack - 50%) Lena host image.............. ....... ........... 117

Encrypted watermarked image security analysis under different signal

processing attacks for Lena test image............ ............... ................. 118

Encrypted watermarked image security analysis under no Attack for

different standard grey scale tested images... .................................... 118

Encrypted watermarked image security analysis under no attack......... ... 137


under (Salt & Peppers Noise Attack) Pepper test image... ... ... ......... ...... 138


under (Speckle Noise Attack) Pepper test image................................ 139


under (A WNG Noise Attack) Pepper test image......... .................... ... 140


under (Wiener Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3],0.02) Pepper test image......... 141


under (Wiener Filter Attack - S &P - [5,5],0.02) Pepper test image......... 142

List of Tables

Table 5.7 Encrypted watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under (Wiener Filter Attack - A WGN - [3,3], 0.02) Pepper test image....... 143


under (Wiener Filter Attack - A WGN - [5,5], 0.02) Pepper test image... .... 144


under (Median Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3],0.02) Pepper test image.... ..... 145


under (Median Filter Attack - S &P - [5,5], 0.02) Pepper test image..... .... 146


under (Median Filter Attack - A WGN - [3,3], 0.02) Pepper test image... ... 147


under (Median Filter Attack - AWGN - [5,5], 0.02) Pepper test image...... 148


under (Resizing Attack) Pepper test image...... ... ... ............... ... ...... ... 149

Table 5.14 Encrypted Watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under (Resizing Attack) Pepper test image... .... ....................................... 150


under (Compression Attack) Pepper test image.......... ........... ............. 151


under (Compression Attack) Pepper test image................................. 152


under (Rotation Attack) Pepper test image... .................................... 153


under (Rotation Attack) Pepper test image....................................... 154


under (Cropping Attack) Pepper test image.................. ...... ........... ... 155


under (Cropping Attack) Pepper test image................................... ... 156

Table 5.21 Comparison between CWPE 20 OWT OCT and CWPE 20 OWT Only

for encrypted watermarked image security analysis for different standard

gray scale images under no signal processing attack............... .......... .. 157

XI

List 0/ Tables

Table 5.22

Table 5.23

Table 5.24

Table 5.25

Table 5.26

Table 5.27

Table 5.28

Table 5.29

Table 5.30

Comparison between CWPE 20 OWT OCT and CWPE 20 OWT Only

for encrypted watermarked image security analysis under different attacks

Lena host image...................................................................... 158


for Encrypted Watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under No Attack Lena test image... ......... ......... ...... ..................... ... 159



under (Median Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3],0.02) Lena test image........ ... 160



under (Resizing Attack 50%) Lena test image............... .................... 161



under (JPEG. Compression Attack - 10%) Lena test image.................... 162


for encrypted watermarked image security and signal processing analysis

under no Attack Pepper test image.................. ... ........................... 163



under (Median Filter Attack - S &P - [3,3], 0.02) Pepper test image......... 164



under (Resizing Attack 50%) Pepper test image... . .. ... .. .... ... ......... ..... 165



under (JPEG. Compression Attack - 10%) Pepper test image...... ............ 166

XII

C

E

P

K

X'

X"

Embd(.)

Ext(. )

d(.)

[. ]

y

L

Rx".w

T

XCm,n)

XCi,j)

p

let)

'" Ce) cp(x)

Original media

Encryption operation

Cipher media

Encryption key

Public key

Private key

Decryption operation

Original media or Original counterpart

Watermark

Marked media or Watermarked media

Test media or Attacked media

Embedding process

Extraction process

Detection process

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Means that the element in the bracket may be optional

Positions to be embedded

Gain factor

Watermark length

Correlation between the possibly attacked image (X',), and the watermark

(W)

Pre-determined threshold

Selected coefficient position

Selected coefficient position

Positive value

SpatiaVtemporal domain signals

Mother wavelet function

One dimensional scale factor

I j / I; /1 I' I 1'111/ I 'II( Iff I' I/.

XIII

l\J(x)

t/JH (x, Y)

t/JV(X,y)

t/JD(X, y)

<pCy)

l\JCy)

<p(X, y)

L

D(L)

a

b

L xn+l

yk L

Yn+1

h

Y

M

k

p

n

Ci

EiO

Ki

DiO

Xn

r

Wavelet related to <p(x)

Horizontal wavelet analysis

Vertical wavelet analysis

Diagonal wavelet analysis

One dimensional scale factor

Wavelet related to <p(y)

Two dimensional discrete wavelet analysis

Number of decompositions

Number of subbands results from L decompositions

Secrete control parameter

Initial condition

Arnold parameter

i\rnold parameter

Original pixel position

New position of the original pixel position after using Cat map

Original pixel position

New position of the original pixel position after using Cat map

Cryptographic hash function

Output of cryptographic hash function

message

Key

Original media content

Number of portioned parts of original media content

ith cipher-part or Encrypted media content

Encryption algorithm

key

Decryption algorithm

System variable

System parameter

1/ III flflll' I II ,t/ 1/(/1 /II/! (ll 1/ I///f/ I I1I11 Ifi 1IIIIIIIIIf II/ II ! r II/II I/.

XIV

n

J Xi o

{x~}~=o X

P(x)

a

[(i,j)

[,(i,j)

(x,y)

D

(i,j)

w(i,j)

w'(i,j)

Number of chaotic orbit

logistic map index

logistic maps initial values

Series are computed

Orbit position

Permutation of x

Positive integer number

Original image pixel values

Encrypted image pixel values

Grey scale values of two adjacent pixels in the image

Correlation coefficients

Bipolar array

Grid

Original watermark pixel

Extracted watermark pixel

I II! I I flfl 1/ I 1/ 1/111 III frr/flll! ! I I! IIIJIII I 'f Ifl( If '"

xv

AWGN

S&P

JPEG

MATLAB

DWT

DCT

2D

ML

lL

MMOH-CPE

DVD

MP3

QoS

DES

AES

IDEA

GIF

DC

LSB

DFT

IDCT

STFT

IDWT

HVS

HAS

ID

TV

PDA

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Additive White Gaussian Noise

Salt and Peppers Noise

Joint Photographic Experts Group.

Matrix Laboratory (Mathworks, Inc.)

Discrete Wavelet Transform

Discrete Cosine Transform

Two Dimensional

Multi-Level

One Level

Multi Map Orbit Hopping Chaotic Partial Encryption

Digital Voice Recorder

Moving Picture Experts Group Layer-3 Audio (file format)

Quality of Services

Data Encryption Standard

Advanced Encryption Standard

International Data Encryption Algorithm

Graphics Interchange Format

Direct Current

Least Significant Bit

Discrete Fourier Transform

Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform

Short Time Fourier Transform

Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform

Human Visual System

Human Auditory System

Identification

Television

Personal Digital Assistant

XVI

MACs

SHA

SHS

MD4

PE

PSNR

MPEG4

M-L2DDWT

SKM

LL

CA

HL

CH

LH

CV

HH

CD

OHS

NPCR

UACI

ID

MPEGI

MPEG2

AC

BMP

CWE

MACs

M-L2DDWT

SKM

SRNG

CWPE

Message Authentication Codes

Secure Hash Algorithm

Secure Hash Standard

Message Digest Four

Partial Encryption

Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

Moving Picture Experts Group Four

Multi-Level two dimension Discrete Wavelet Transform

Secure Key Management subsystem

Low Low subband

Approximation Coefficients

High Low subband

Horizontal Coefficients

Low High subband

Vertical Coefficients

High High subband

Diagonal Coefficients

Orbit Hopping Selector

Number of Pixels Change Rate

Unified Average Changing Intensity

One Dimensional

Moving Picture Experts Group one

Moving Picture Experts Group two

Alternative Current

Bitmap Image File Format

Commutative Watermarking and Encryption

Message Authentication Codes

Multi-Level two dimensions Discrete Wavelet Transform

Secure Key Management

Selective Random Number Extractor

Commutative Watermarking and Partial Encryption

XVII

MMOH

CPE

WPE

CDMA

T

ROI

PN

NCC

Multi Map Orbit Hopping


Watennarking and Partial Encryption

Code Division Multiple Access

Threshold

Region of Interest

Pseudo Number

Nonnalized Cross Correlation

XVID

Publication Extracted from the Thesis

Publication Extracted from the Thesis

1 Mohamed S. El-Mahallawy, Esam A. Hagras, Ahmed Zein

Eldin, and Mohamed Waleed Fakhr. 2011. " Robust Blind

and Secure Biometric Watermarking Based on Partial

Multi-Map Chaotic Encryption " New Technologies ,

Mobility and Security (NTMS), 4th IFIP International

Conference

2 Mohamed S. El-Mahallawy, Esam A. Hagras, Ahmed Zein

Eldin, and Mohamed Waleed Fakhr. 2011. " Selective

Image Encryption Based on Multi-Level 2D-DWT and

Multi-Map Chaotic Partial Encryption", The Malaysian

Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, June 2011, Vol. 2(1)

3 Esam A. Hagras, Mohamed S. El-Mahallawy, Ahmed Zein

Eldin, and Mohamed Waleed Fakhr. 2011. " DWT-DCT

based Robust Secure and Blind Commutative

Watermarking And Partial Multi Map Chaotic Encryption

", The International journal of Multimedia & Its

Applications, (IJMA), November, 2011, Vol 3(3)

171

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181

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digital image watermarking protection based on chaotic...

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