digital integrated circuits revolution
TRANSCRIPT
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Introduction
Digital Integrated Circuit Design: The past, the present and the future
» What made Digital IC design what it is today» Why is designing digital Ics different today than
it was before?» Will it change in the future?
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The First Computer
The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)
25,000 partscost: £17,470
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)
Balistic calculator (Used during 2° World War)
18000 valves1500 relais30 tons200 KW
$ 486.804,22 (1946)
During 10 years of opeating life 19000 valves had to be replaced
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The transistor revolution
First transistor
Shockley, Brattain,Bardeen
Bell Labs, 1948
Same Functionality of vacuum tubes but less power and compact, reliable and fast.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The first Integrted Circuit
Improvement on technology process :
» Planar Transistors (BJT)
Phase shift oscillator – Jack Kilby (1958)
Integration of many transistors on the same semiconductor substrate
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
The first integrated circuit
ECL 3-input GateTechnology: bipolarMotorola 1966
Noyce –Fairchil Co-Founder
Idea: Planar transistor Process in a single shot
several transistor Manufactoring steps
Doping Oxidation Lithografy Etching Deposition EtcBeginning of the IC REVOLUTION!!!
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Transistor – Transistor Logic
TTL is a class of digital circuits built from bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and resistors.
Became very popular after 1963 (Texas) 7400 and 5400 series
Main issue:» Speed» Power
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
MOS transistor
Patented : 1935 (IGFET)...Reinvented in late ‘60.First working device : ‘70
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971)2300 transistors3x4mm10um process PMOS<1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Microprocessors
Intel 4004 (1971)2300 transistors3x4mm10um process PMOS<1 MHz operation
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Intel Core 2 Microprocessor
Intel Core 2 (2006), 291M transistors,65CMOS, 143mm²3GHz
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Intel SRAM Prototype Chip (2009)
22nm 364MB SRAM > 2.9B transistor 3rd generation High-K + Metal Gate
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Moore’s Law In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled
every 18 to 24 months He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its
effectiveness every 18 months
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Electronics, April 19, 1965.
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Cost per Transistor
0.0000001
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.11
1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
cost: ¢-per-transistor
Fabrication capital cost per transistor (Moore’s law)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Scaling
Transistor count is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity.
» Intel's 10-core XeonWestmere-EX 2.5 Billion» Xilinx currently holds the "world-record" for
an FPGA containing 6.8 Billion transistors.
More integration due transistor scaling:» More compact devices» faster» Less power hungry
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
65nm CMOS Technology
8 Metal Layers for local/global interconnects
PMOS (gate 65nm)
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Frequency
P6
Pentium ® proc486
38628680868085
8080
80084004
0.1
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10000
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
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qu
ency
(M
hz)
Lead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 yearsLead Microprocessors frequency doubles every 2 years
Doubles every2 years
Courtesy, Intel
Now it’s over!
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Power density
40048008
80808085
8086
286386
486Pentium® proc
P6
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/cm
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Hot Plate
Nuclear
Reactor
Rocket
Nozzle
Power density too high to keep junctions at low tempPower density too high to keep junctions at low temp
Courtesy, Intel
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Why Scaling?
Technology shrinks by 0.7/generation With every generation can integrate 2x more functions per chip; chip cost
does not increase significantly Cost of a function decreases by 2x But …
» How to design chips with more and more functions?» Design engineering population does not double every two years…
Hence, a need for more efficient design methods» Exploit different levels of abstraction
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Design Abstraction Levels
n+n+S
GD
+
DEVICE
CIRCUIT
GATE
MODULE
SYSTEM
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
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Not Only Microprocessors (cell phone…)
Analog Baseband
Digital Baseband
(DSP + MCU)
PowerManagemen
t
Small Signal RF
PowerRF
Elettronica T A.A. 2015-2016 Introduction
Challenges in Digital Design
“Microscopic Problems”• Ultra-high speed design Interconnect• Noise, Crosstalk• Reliability, Manufacturability• Power Dissipation• Clock distribution.
Everything Looks a Little Different
“Macroscopic Issues”• Time-to-Market• Millions of Gates• High-Level Abstractions• Reuse & IP: Portability• Predictability• Verification
…and There’s a Lot of Them!
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