digital textbooks for russian pupils

7/25/2019 Digital Textbooks for Russian Pupils

1/34

Page | 0

TERM PAPER

Digital Textbooks for Russian pupils(grades 6-11)

-Bridging te digital di!ide

DA "#$#% Poli&' tudies

Pillip reiberg

*D +"1#1,1##6

ubitted to Professor .atta /ini0nai'apak P2D2Bangkok Tailand $#1+


2/34

Page | 1

Table of Contents

12 Exe&uti!e uar' 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 $$2 Ba&kground 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,$21 *ntrodu&tion 222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 ,$2$ A need to oderni3e Russian edu&ation444444444444444444444444 5

$2, Moderni3ation efforts 44444444444444444444444444444445$25 Poli&' Proble 4444444444444444444444444444444442226$2+ Poli&' oals and 7b0e&ti!es444444444444444444444444444422 8

, indings fro rele!ant literature44444444444444444444444444222 "

,21 9at is te digital di!ide and o: to figt it; 444444444444444444444",2$ Digital di!ide in Russia 4444444444444444444444444444421#,2, E-books 4444444444444444444444444444444444422 11

,25


3/34

Page | 2

1. Executive summary

Digital di!ide (defined ere as une@ual a&&ess to digital te&nolog') is looing o!er Russian so&iet' andespe&iall' s&ools2 And sin&e &iti3ens of an' nation spend te first 18 'ears of teir life at s&ool-:ate!er appens ere :ill deterine te :a' te' :ill li!e teir li!es later on2

Te ost re&ent Russian Ministr' of edu&ation initiati!e to o!e te edu&ation pro&ess to ne: ori3ons

b' re@uiring all go!ernent appro!ed textbooks to a!e digital e-book !ersions :ill in our !ie: lead todigital ine@ualit' (tat leads to digital di!ide) :ere pupils of :ell off parents a!ing a&&ess to tablets:ill be edu&ated :it intera&ti!e aterials terefore gaining unfair ad!antage o!er pupils :o do nota!e :ealt in te fail' to afford a tablet2

To a!oid su& a situation :ould re@uire distribution of tablets to all (or at least poor &ildren) but :ouldbe a double expense for te state sin&e it :ould still be printing paper books tat re@uire transportationstorage distribution and &utting tress :ile lagging in tie2 Tus pupils :ill be spending too u& tiein front of te expensi!e ele&troni& s&reen and 'et going ba&k to paper books :en it &oes to &lassestat re@uire extensi!e reading (Russian literature &lass for exaple) be&ause sanitar' nors of teRussian ederation2 A state :ide progra pro!iding gadgets to all iddle and ig s&ool &ildren &ouldsol!e te digital ine@ualit' and pre!ent te de!elopent of te digital di!ide2 But su& a progra on a

&ountr' :ise s&ale :ill &ost proibiti!el' ig espe&iall' toda' :en te Russian rubble is so :eak2

Terefore tis poli&' anal'sis tried to deterine :eter tere are an' alternati!es to te &urrent gridlo&ksituation2 Te ain ob0e&ti!e of tis poli&' anal'sis is to propose ost appropriate poli&' for RussianMinistr' of Edu&ation to deal :it te looing digital di!ide :ile ergonoi&all' strealining teedu&ation pro&ess2 Te spe&ifi& ob0e&ti!es :ould be-

1) To exaine te &urrent situation inii3ing digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils$) To exaine te digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes to s&ools

,) To exaine te possibilit' of ergonoi&all' ipro!ing te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness ofRussian s&ool textbook situation2

Tis poli&' anal'sis report is produ&ed using te ost re&ent literature re!ie: on digital di!ide and teintrodu&tion of te digital textbooks in &lassroos a&ross te :orld2 To ake it rele!ant to te Russiansituation re&ent ne:s relating te topi& and :ell as statisti&al inforation about Russia is used2Additionall' Reeds =ollege and ni!ersit' of 9asington =oputer &ien&e C Engineering Departentin A a!e been &onsulted o!er te eail regarding teir experien&e :it e-book readers2

e&ondar' sour&es used in tis :ork &oe fro peer re!ie:ed a&adei& literature and books a!ailable

online2 Taking into &onsideration te fa&t tat tis topi& is ne: and de!eloping autoritati!e ne:s sour&esa!e been used as :ell2 uitable sour&es in Russian :ere translated b' te autor and used trougouttis :ork2 Tis paper uses statisti&al data &olle&ted b' te ost respe&ted Russian so&iologi&al &enters2

After exaining se!eral alternati!es tis stud' proposed te Russian state to pro!ide all pupils frogrades 6-11 :it Aa3on indle readers pa'ing for 6$2+ of te2 Tis alternati!e :as te ost feasibleone finan&iall' and it :ould satisf' oter &onditions i2e2 :ill not urt e'es is !er' ligt and :ill notre@uire book printing :ill not re@uire tree &utting and :ill strealine te textbook distribution pro&ess2*t does not &onne&t to te internet :ell but is enoug to do:nload books for reading2 =oupled :it otere@uipent alread' pur&ased b' te state for te Russians s&ools tis alternati!e sees ost feasible for

tie being2


4/34

Page | 3

2. Background

2.1 Introduction

Tis :ork :ill tou& on a !er' iportant issue for odern Russia F edu&ation2 our undred 'ears agoEnglis pilosoper ran&is Ba&on said% G9o o:ns te inforation - o:ns te :orld2G


5/34

Page | 4

ad!an&ed s&ientifi& a&ie!eents in tis field2 Te potential of edu&ation sould be full' used to&onsolidate te so&iet' preser!e te &oon &ultural spa&e of te &ountr' o!er&oing te etno-nationaltensions and so&ial &onfli&ts on te basis of te priorit' rigts of te indi!idual e@ualit' of national&ultures and different religions so&ial ine@ualit' &onstraints2

Te s&ool - in te broadest sense of te :ord - sould be an iportant fa&tor in te uani3ation ofso&ial and e&onoi& relations te foration of ne: &iti3ens2 De!eloping odern so&iet' needs edu&ated

oral enterprising people :o &an independentl' take responsible de&isions predi&ting situations ableto &ooperate &ara&teri3ed b' obilit' d'nais &onstru&ti!e a!e a strong sense of responsibilit' forte fate of te &ountr'2 Edu&ational poli&' of Russia refle&ting te national interests in edu&ation and

presenting te to te :orld &ounit' takes into a&&ount togeter :it te general trend of :orldde!elopent re@uiring te need for signifi&ant &anges in te edu&ation s'ste2

2.2A need to modernize ussian education

Russia as inerited te o!iet edu&ational s'ste :it its ad!antages and disad!antages alike2 Priar'and se&ondar' edu&ation in Russia is andator' ostl' free and stri&tl' &ontrolled fro top do:n2ollo:ing te &ollapse of te o!iet nion JRussia endured one of te ost draati& and prolongede&onoi& re&essions in odern istor'K M&aul ($##$)2 Te &ollapse of te o!iet nion as brougt

about a0or &anges te tate :as ardl' read' to &ope :it2 Tea&er salaries dropped along :it tenuber of students in &lasses edu&ation lost its prestige2 &ools didnIt a!e te funds ne&essar' to runte progras R :anted te too pre!iousl'2 Te Russian go!ernent ten largel' :itdre: froedu&ation :i& :as for&ed to engage in self-sur!i!al largel' abstra&ted fro te real needs of te&ountr'2 But in odern &onditions edu&ation &an no longer reain in a state of inner isolation and self-suffi&ien&'2 7utdated and o!erloaded &ontents of te s&ool progra does not pro!ide s&ool graduatesfundaental kno:ledge te ost iportant &oponents of te standard of edu&ation of te ne: &entur'2

RussiaIs transition to a post-industrial inforation so&iet' a signifi&ant expansion of te s&ope of &ross-&ultural intera&tion and terefore te parti&ular iportan&e fa&tors of so&iabilit' and toleran&e teeergen&e and gro:t of global probles tat &an be sol!ed onl' b' &o-operation :itin te international&ounit' :i& re@uires te foration of odern tinking in te 'oung generation2

Edu&ational refors in Russia a!e been introdu&ed b' te go!ernent to &obat &orruption and toipro!e an edu&ational s'ste seen as failing2 Refor is designed to at& te standards set b' teBologna A&&ords a treat' tat ais to &reate unified iger edu&ation a&ross Europe2 ournalist Masa>ipan sa's GTe fa&t tat te best and te brigtest go and stud' abroad so:s te ineffi&ien&' of teRussian edu&ational s'ste2G (:::2telegrap2&o2uk)2

Te re!i!al of te Russian so&iet' as outlined abo!e so:s tat a&&ording to international and doesti&experien&e it is ipossible :itout te re!i!al of te Russian iger edu&ation2 Rein!enting edu&ationsould pla' a ke' role in te preser!ation of te nation and its gene pool sustainable and d'nai&de!elopent of Russian so&iet' - a so&iet' :it ig li!ing standards &i!il professional and &onsuer&ulture2 E!er':ere sould ensure e@ual a&&ess of 'oung people to a full @ualit' edu&ation in a&&ordan&e

:it teir interests and in&linations regardless of te aterial :ealt of te fail' pla&e of residen&eetni&it' and ealt2

2.! "odernization efforts

As explained earlier istori&all' so&ieties o!ed fro oral traditions to :ritten texts to edu&ate teirpupils2 J9ate!er teir nature su& texts ad for an' &enturies ser!ed as tea&ing tools andinstru&tional aides alongside teir fun&tion of istori&al &onser!ation or of lea!ing tangible and faitfultra&es of so&ieties and &i!ilisations2K (:::2unes&o2org) More re&entl' te :orld edu&ational leadersstarted o!ing teir edu&ation in te dire&tion inforation so&iet' :as eading i2e2 in&orporatingintera&ti!e e-textbooks and tea&ing students o: to look for inforation and edu&ate tesel!es2

or se!eral 'ears Ele&troni& textbooks :ere tested in $+ regions of Russia - te test so:ed tat tea&adei& perforan&e of pupils as gro:n b' alost ,# per&ent (2rg2ru)2 7ne textbook &an &ontain$##-,## egab'tes and te :ole set for exaple for te fift grade :ill take on about tree gigab'tesof disk spa&e2 Do:nloading te anual is possible e!en on a &ell pone2 Ele&troni& !ersions a!e alread'


6/34

Page | 5

been tested initiated b' te Ministr' of Edu&ation and &ien&e2 Te tablets are likel' to be&opleentar' to traditional - paper benefits2Te &ontent of te textbook in ele&troni& for ust at&te printed !ersion and &opleent te ultiedia and intera&ti!e eleents2

To a&ie!e te go!ernent goals of o!ing te edu&ation into te future in De&eber $#15 Russian

Ministr' of Edu&ation issued dire&ti!e N1++? a&&ording to :i& all te textbooks tat a!e arkedGAppro!edG along :it te paper !ersion ust a!e e-!ersion as :ell as paper2 Te &ontent of ele&troni&aids ust &opl' :it te print !ersion - te sae pi&tures paragraps page nubers2 7n te oterand te ele&troni& !ersion :ill be added - audio and !ideo &lips slideso:s intera&ti!e aps2 Tusstarting epteber 1 of $#1+ Russian s&ools :ould a!e online tutorials in addition to paper textbooks2

But &learl' te Ministr' of Edu&ation in our opinion is underestiating te seriousness of te situation2

As be&ae kno:n after epteber 1 $#1+ total repla&eent of paper books b' ele&troni& &ounterparts isnot possible in Russia sin&e te introdu&tion of ele&troni& edia need signifi&ant in!estents intote&ni&al s&ools said te anaging dire&tor of te publising ouse GEdu&ationG Mikail o3e!niko!2G re@uires an appropriate infrastru&ture in te s&ool and in te regions tat is a substantial in!estent is

in te te&ni&al part - and ensuring te *nternet and &onstant traffi& and personal gadgets and te ser!erand related professionals :o all tis support G-


7/34

Page | 6

2.# $olicy $roblem

As it as been indi&ated digital ine@ualit' aong pupils in!ariabl' leads to digital di!ide :it its&onse@uen&es2 Te situation of digital ine@ualit' arises in Russian s&ools due to , reasons%

12 Russian edu&ation s'ste lags beind in adoption of e-book readersLtablets in &oparison :it

oter nations$2 9ealtier parents &an afford to pur&ase tablets for e-books for teir &ildren,2 Te re&ent Russian e-textbook dire&ti!e b' te Ministr' of Edu&ation :ill foster ore digital

ine@ualit' due to reason N$

Tis paper :ould like to address te abo!e entioned reasons in re!erse order2 Tis poli&' anal'sis :illtr' to deterine :eter tere are an' alternati!es to te &urrent gridlo&k situation and :eter an'alternati!es &ould be produ&ed for te Russian Ministr' of Edu&ation2

Te ost re&ent initiati!e to o!e edu&ation to ne: ori3ons b' re@uiring all go!ernent appro!edtextbooks to a!e digital e-book !ersions :ill in our !ie: lead to digital ine@ualit' (tat leads to digitaldi!ide) :ere pupils of :ell off parents a!ing a&&ess to tablets :ill be edu&ated :it intera&ti!e

aterials terefore gaining unfair ad!antage,

o!er pupils :o do not a!e :ealt in te fail' to afforda tablet2 But Russia as no &lear understanding of te &ost of te transition to e-learning2 *n te forexaple te transition to e-learning &ost about 6-8 BP tousand per pupil2

To a!oid su& a situation :ould re@uire distribution of tablets to all (or at least poor &ildren) but :ouldbe a double expense for te state sin&e it :ould still be printing paper books tat re@uire transportationstorage distribution and &utting tress :ile lagging in tie2 Tus pupils :ill be spending too u& tiein front of te expensi!e ele&troni& s&reen and 'et going ba&k to paper books :en it &oes to &lassestat re@uire extensi!e reading (literature for exaple) be&ause sanitar' nors5of te Russian ederation2

3te a&adei& perforan&e of pupils as gro:n b' alost ,# per&ent

4These requirements are set out in SanPiN "Hygienic requirements for ersona! comuters an the organi#ation of

$or%" &SanPiN 2'2'2' ( 2(4 ( 1340)03*' +or ui!s continuous !ength of em!oyment $ith the comuter shou! not

e,cee- in graes 1)5 th )15 minutes in the 5). th grae ) 20 minutes/ ) th grae ) 25 minutes/ 10)11 th grae )

30 minutes for the rst hour of c!asses an 20 minutes on the secon'


8/34

Page | .

2.% $olicy &oals and 'b(ectives

Te ain goals of tis poli&' anal'sis is to propose ost appropriate poli&' for Russian Ministr' ofEdu&ation to deal :it te looing digital di!ide :ile ergonoi&all' strealining te edu&ation

pro&ess2 Te spe&ifi& ob0e&ti!es :ould be-

1) To inii3e digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils$) To inii3e digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes to s&ools,) To ergonoi&all' ipro!e te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ool textbook situation2

Poli&' goals and &orresponding ob0e&ti!es are suari3ed in te table belo:2

Table1) $olicy &oals and ob(ectives

&oals 'b(ectives

Minii3ing digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils i) Pro!ide all s&ool pupils :it de!i&es toa&&ess e-books at oe and in s&ool

ii) Edu&ate tea&ers o: to use e-resour&esiii) Edu&ate pupils o: to use e-resour&es

Bridging digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter&ountries :en it &oes to s&ools2

i)


9/34

Page |

!. *indings from relevant literature.

!.1+,at is t,e digital divide and ,o- to fig,t it

Te digital di!ide as been a salient issue for information and communication tec,nology /ICT0poli&'akers at bot te national and te global le!els for @uite soe tie2 &olars a&ross a nuber ofa&adei& dis&iplines a!e exained te &opetition bet:een so&ial politi&al and e&onoi& a&tors o!erte preferred definition and interpretation of a topi& issue or e!ent te diffusion of &opeting fraesa&ross poli&' and edia dis&ourse and fraesI influen&e on audien&e understanding of iportant issuesO

*n 1??+ te 22 .ational Tele&ouni&ations and *nforation Adinistration (.T*A) began a series ofstudies &arting Aeri&an *nternet adoption and use2 Te .T*A studies identified a gap bet:een *nternetJa!esK and Ja!e-notsK tat :as soon tered te digital di!ide (.T*A 1??" 1???)2 Tis reportdo&uented s'steati& gaps in te use of &oputer net:orks b' so&ioe&onoi& status edu&ational

ba&kground ra&e gender and geograpi& lo&ation2 Te in!estigation led to a series of reports titledJalling troug te .etK publised during te =linton Adinistration re!eal tat te di!ide bet:eentose :it a&&ess to telepones &oputers and te *nternet still exists and in an' &ases is a&tuall':idening o!er tie2

&olars are telling us tat te :orld is :itnessing a gro:ing gap a ne: for of di!ide graduall'separating tose :o &an deri!e an' benefits fro te inforation so&iet' and tose :o are not ableto2 u& a digital di!ide a&&ording to te &olars anifests itself at international national (a&rossregions) as :ell as so&ietal le!els2 At te so&ietal le!el digital di!ide as gra!e ipli&ations for so&ialde!elopent be&ause it liits so&ial obilit' &reates barriers to eplo'ent and aggra!ates so&ialex&lusion for te lo: in&oe older people and oter disad!antaged groups2 At te so&ietal le!el digitaldi!ide as gra!e ipli&ations for so&ial de!elopent be&ause it liits so&ial obilit' for pupils of lo:-in&oe ouseolds &reates barriers to eplo'ent for tose :o do not kno: o: to use te &oputerand *nternet and aggra!ates so&ial ex&lusion for te lo:-in&oe older people and oter disad!antagedgroups :i& are usuall' on te :rong side of te di!ide2 Additionall' te ipa&t upon pupils in lo:-in&oe ouseolds is ore a&ute if te' are left beind in ters of s&ool perforan&e sipl' be&ausete' do not a!e a&&ess to te *=T :i& a!e be&oe essential for tea&ing and learning toda'2 Tusall of tese a&&ording to te &olars a!e great ipli&ations for te o!erall uan &apital de!elopentof an' so&iet' (9ong $#1#)2

tatisti&s publised in te re!ie: of te =oer&e Departent in $### re!eal te &onse@uen&es ofdigital di!ide2 Te likeliood tat people :it iger edu&ation a!e a oe &oputer " ties igertan te likeliood for a person :it se&ondar' edu&ation2 Te probabilit' of a&&ess to te *nternet in tefirst &ase is 16 ties iger tan in te se&ond2 or urban failies :it ig in&oes likel' to a!e a&&essto te net:ork is $# ties iger tan for a poor fail' li!ing in te &ountr'side2 Te &ild of a :iteAeri&an fail' :it lo: in&oe is , ties ore likel' to a!e *nternet a&&ess tan is &onteporar'

bla&k fail' :it te sae in&oe and 5 ties ore tan if e gre: up in a >atin Aeri&an fail'2 Teproportion of :ealt' Aeri&ans of Asian origin a!e a&&ess to a global net:ork ,5 ties iger tante poor bla&ks2 9ite &ild fro a fail' :it t:o parents is in $ ties ore likel' to a!e *nterneta&&ess tan a &ild fro a broken fail'2 or bla&k failies is te ratio is four to one2 Persons :itdisabilities a!e on a!erage tree ties less likel' to get a&&ess to te 9orld 9ide 9eb tan people:itout p'si&al defe&ts (:::2nk02ru)2

eetko and rasnoboka ($##,) of te ni!ersit' of Asterda point out tat along :it te*nternetIs great potential to ipro!e deo&ra&' epo:er &iti3ens and enable publi& engageent :it

politi&s it also a' be used to :iden existing di!isions of po:er in so&iet' b' &reating ne: gapsbet:een te inforation a!es and a!e-nots a so &alled digital di!ideI2


10/34

Page |

=astells (1??") introdu&es te &on&ept of te&nologi&al aparteidI to refer to tis pro&ess ofdis&onne&ting &oplete &ountries and poor neigboroods fro te :orldIs e&onoi& and so&ial s'stes2A&&ording to .orris ($##1) di!ides o&&ur at tree le!els%

12 a global di!ide bet:een te de!eloped and te unde!eloped :orlds$2 a so&ial di!ide bet:een te inforation ri& and te inforation poor

,2 a deo&rati& di!ide bet:een tose :o do and tose :o do not use te ne: te&nologiesto furter politi&al parti&ipation2

&olars re&oend tat at least instruental and inforational skills a!e to be learned at s&ools2A&&ording to te ipro!ing usage opportunities for all eans aking te ore attra&ti!e to soe

people in te first pla&e aking appli&ations ore attra&ti!e to an' old people :oen and etni&inorities2 &olars old tat sipl' offering &eap boxes :it &oputers and *nternet &onne&tionsakes little sense in tis situation2 *nstead learning digital skills needs to be a strategi& ob0e&ti!e foredu&ational institutions at all le!els (Di0k $##,)2

7ter s&olars so: tat defining te digital di!ide as a proble of a&&ess to *=Ts a' ipl' tat tose:o &an pro!ide or elp subsidi3e te te&nolog' parti&ularl' go!ernent andLor &orporations areresponsible for funding infrastru&ture and in&reasing a&&ess2 Alternati!el' defining te digital di!ide inters of ea& personIs &apa&it' to use inforation te&nolog' effe&ti!el' a' suggest tat responsibilit'lies in te ands of indi!iduals and edu&ational institutions tose :o &ould elp pursue te ne&essar'Jdigital litera&'K (Epstein $#11)2

Altoug o!erall a&&ess to inforation and &ouni&ation te&nologies is in&reasing at a rapid rateparti&ular kinds of ouseolds are gaining a&&ess :ile oters are not2 >o:-in&oe persons andinorities parti&ularl' :en te' reside in inner &ities are aong te groups tat are being left beind2&olars suari3e tat te o!e to:ard an in&reasingl' digital so&iet' as ad e&onoi& and so&ialipa&ts tat treaten to exa&erbate existing ine@ualities2 &olars indi&ate tat altoug a&&ess to *T is not

a pana&ea for te probles fa&ing te urban poor failure to address te te&nolog' gap :ill likel'aggra!ate &urrent le!els of po!ert' and isolation and in&rease te alread' large gaps in edu&ation anda&&ess to opportunit' bet:een istori&all' pri!ileged and istori&all' disenfran&ised groups2 &olarsre&ogni3e tat *T as te potential to pro!ide lo:-in&oe urban residents :it te re@uisite skills to

parti&ipate in te inforation e&ono' ne: opportunities to fa&ilitate te &ouni&ation and net:orkingaong indi!iduals ne&essar' for &ounit' building te eans to ore effe&ti!el' parti&ipate in publi&dis&ourse and data and inforation to understand and atta&k probles te' fa&e (ER/7. $##1)2

&olars infor readers tat be&ause te gro:t in &oputer and internet adoption is belie!ed tosignifi&antl' and dire&tl' ipa&t e&onoi& and eplo'ent benefits as :ell as oter opportunities forup:ard obilit' poli&' anal'sts and resear&ers in tis &ap reason tat te digital di!ide is re&tified b'

pro!iding broader a&&ess to *=T2


11/34

Page | 10

Dr2 Robert nepper !i&e president of =is&oHs &orporate poli&' on te&nolog' :rites tat in $#1# :en&reating te . =oission on te de!elopent of digital te&nolog' it :as de&lared tat te digitaldi!ide &ontinues to gro: and sould be redu&ed as soon as possible2 in&e ten &onsiderable progress:as ade in regard to o!er&oing te digital barriers tanks to te introdu&tion of inforation and&ouni&ation te&nologies (*=T) as te telepone and te *nternet2

B' $#1+ te gap as narro:ed &onsiderabl'% in de!eloped &ountries obile penetration rea&ed 1$1and in de!eloping &ountries - ?$2 And altoug in regard to ig-speed *nternet (obile and stationar')retained a signifi&ant ine@ualit' ig rates of de!elopent of tis te&nolog' in de!eloping &ountries leadto te sae &on&lusion% te :ole *=T de!eloping nations are &at&ing up :it te de!eloped2

A&&ording to te fore&ast =is&o publised in G!isual index of net:ork te&nologiesQ (=is&o /isual.et:orking *ndex =is&o /.*) in $#1+ :e are approa&ing a tipping point% b' $#1? te nuber ofpeople &onne&ted to te *nternet :ill be ,2? billion people tere are ore tan +1 of te population ofour planet2 As for te next fi!e 'ears te *nternet :ill &onne&t ore tan a billion people te net:ork:ill in&lude ore tan 1#2$ billion of ne: de!i&es (sart pones tablets sensors et&2)2 *n te periodfro $#15 to $#1?2 Teir nuber :ill in&rease fro 152$ billion to $525 billion :it 1#2+ billion of

:i& :ill be to &arr' out inter-a&ine &onne&tions2

But su& a ros' pi&ture ides a ne: t'pe of digital di!ide2 *t :ill arise in te next stage of de!elopent ofte *nternet :i& is t'pi&al for te gro:ing nuber of &onne&ted de!i&es of all kinds2 *n $#15 per &apitain .ort Aeri&a ad an a!erage of 621 &onne&ted de!i&es and b' $#1? is expe&ted tis figure :illin&rease to 1126 (a!erage annual gro:t for te period :as 15)2 *n 9estern Europe te sae indi&atorsare as follo:s% 525 &onne&ted de!i&es in $#15 "2$ - in $#1? te a!erage annual gro:t - 1,(:::2&is&o2&o)2

9ile digital di!ide and digital litera&' a!e entered into &oon use digital in&lusion is a u&

broader &ategor' tat addresses te oter t:o2 *portantl' Jdigital in&lusionK as been arti&ulatedspe&ifi&all' to address issues of opportunit' a&&ess kno:ledge and skill at te le!el of poli&'2 *n sortdigital in&lusion is a frae:ork for assessing and &onsidering te readiness of &ounities to pro!idea&&ess to opportunities in a digital age2 Digital in&lusion brings togeter ig-speed internet a&&essinforation te&nologies and digital litera&' in :a's tat proote su&&ess for &ounities andindi!iduals tr'ing to na!igate and parti&ipate in te digital real2 a&tors like &oputer skillsLlitera&' inusing te te&nolog'-enabled ser!i&es and a!ing enoug one' to a&@uire essential de!i&es and pa' forser!i&es not onl' affe&t te degree of a&&ess and usage but also a!e uni@ue ipli&ations for te &apa&it'and potential for ebers to take part in te inforation so&iet'2 (ttp%LLdigitalin&lusion2ud2edu)

!.2 igital divide in ussia

>ebede!a ($#11) a &ief of te *nforation Anal'sis Di!ision of te *nstitute of o&ioe&onoi& tudiesof te Population of te Russian A&ade' of &ien&es presents resear& indi&ating tat alf of studentsin Russia :o did not use te *nternet ad parents :itout a iger edu&ation and as a &onse@uen&een0o'ed a relati!el' lo: per-&apita in&oe on a!erage2 7n te oter and te stud' respondents :o:ere ost ad!an&ed in parti&ipating in te inforation so&iet' ad ore igl' edu&ated parents2

*n Russia as re!ealed b' a poll te sare of te ost a&ti!e users &oing online e!er' da' in Russia asin&reased nine fold - fro + in $##6 to 5+ in $#152 =urrentl' onl' ,$ of respondents do not use te

ser!i&es of a global net:ork (&opared to 86 in $##6)2 Te greatest gro:t o&&urred in !illages andsall to:ns2 At te end of $#1$ obile internet penetration stood at 161 per&ent :it $,# illion peopleusing ser!i&es of te top 8 obile internet pro!iders (reedo of te net $#1,)2 *nterestingl' te Russian*nternet audien&e is &anging fro using te 9eb ainl' in te :orkpla&e to residential usage
http://www.cisco.com/http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http:%2F%2Fdigitalinclusion.umd.edu)http://www.cisco.com/http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/http:%2F%2Fdigitalinclusion.umd.edu)


12/34

Page | 11

additionall' ore and ore people are using :ireless and portable de!i&es to a&&ess te *nternet2A&&ording to te resear& fir *D= tablet sales a!e ore tan doubled in te region for te 'ear of$#1,2 gro:ing te total tablet arket 1#" :it arket !alue in&reasing 662"2 Tis brougt te totaltablet arket !alue to $288 billion in $#1,(blog2gsarena2&o)2

*n august of $#1+ Minister of Edu&ation and &ien&e of te Russian ederation Ditr' >i!ano! ensured

tat all Russian s&ools toda' are &onne&ted to te *nternet2 GTis positi!e de!elopent is tat ore andore s&ools pro!ide ig-speed *nternet toda' it is 8# in urban s&ools $# of s&ools in rural areas(strf2ru)2

A&&ording to anoter stud' Apple reains te se&ond-largest largest supplier of e@uipent to te Russianedu&ation :it te result of $2#" billion rubles2 *n te first pla&e in $#1$ A&er :ent :it a total of $2+$

billion rubles2 Beind Apple arranged >eno!o


13/34

Page | 12

to traditional &ontent deli!er'2 Te 9 =E pilot :as under te dire&tion of Professor Ed >a3o:ska2After &onta&ting Ed >a3o:ska6!ia e-ail tis response as been re&ei!ed fro i%

J*t :as an' 'ears ago and te experien&e doesnHt ne&essaril' generali3e to odern de!i&es2 *n a nutsellitHs a great pleasure-reading de!i&e - in pleasure-reading 'ou start on page 1 and read se@uentiall' trougto te end and 'ou onl' o&&asionall' ark pages as &ontaining soeting interesting or ake notes in

argin or flip ba&k and fort bet:een pages2 But :en reading a textbook 'ou do all of tese tings andte' are &ubersoe on a indle or oter tablets2 ou a!e 'our fingers olding 'our pla&e on ultiplepages 'ouHre flipping ba&k and fort 'ouHre aking notes in te argin 'ouHre going to te index to findadditional inforation on a topi&2o not so su&&essful2

Anoter stud' indi&ates tat te &urrent generation of students uses &oputers tablets dedi&ated e-readers and sart pones ore tan an' pre!ious student group2


14/34


15/34

Page | 14

*n Russia Rospotrebnad3or8estiated optial :eigt s&oolbags2 GAs an indi&ati!e test to !erif'&oplian&e :it :eigt ba&kpa&k :it textbooks and note-books regulator' re@uireents using&al&ulation of te ratio of :eigt-to-:eigt bab' ba&kpa&k2 Te optiu ratio is 1%1# G- said on its:ebsite2 Also te inistr' naed te optial :eigt of textbooks2 or eleentar' s&ool students itsould not ex&eed ,## gras and for ig s&ool students - 6## gras2 (lenta2ru) =oission for teMinistr' of Edu&ation reports tat textbooks for grades 1-5 :eig ,## g +-6 grade book :ill :eig 5##g textbook for 8-? grades :ill in&rease in :eigt up to alf a kilogra and for 1#t and 11t grades - 6##

g 2( :::2ga3eta2ru)Te ele&troni& de!i&e is te si3e of a seet of paper :eigs onl' se!eral undredgras and &an repla&e 1# kilogras of textbooks2 Tis eans no s&oliosis2

!.#.2 Eyesig,t

But :ile elping &ildren to es&ape te dangers of s&oliosis ele&troni& de!i&es pose anoter ealt risk2Tis tie to te e'es2 Tis resear& reports tat Extensi!e !ie:ing of te &oputer s&reen &an lead to e'edis&ofort fatigue blurred !ision and eada&es dr' e'es and oter s'ptos of e'estrain2 Teses'ptos a' be &aused b' poor ligting glare an iproper :ork station set-up !ision probles of:i& te person :as not pre!iousl' a:are or a &obination of tese fa&tors2 =ildren &an experien&ean' of te sae s'ptos related to &oputer use as adults2


16/34

Page | 15

Te ne:spaper &on&ludes te arti&le :it te :ords of eoffre' let&er te deput' exe&uti!e dire&tor atte tate Edu&ational Te&nolog' Dire&tors Asso&iation% G*f 'ou :ant te de!i&es to onl' look at anele&troni& textbookqa indle at 1## is fine2 But tatHs a read-onl' de!i&e2 TereHs no input no data2G

#. 'b(ective5 4co6e5 and "et,odology

#.1 'b(ective

Te ain ob(ectiveof tis poli&' anal'sis is to propose ost appropriate poli&' for Russian Ministr' ofEdu&ation to deal :it te looing digital di!ide :ile ergonoi&all' strealining te edu&ation

pro&ess2 Te spe&ifi& ob0e&ti!es :ould be-

To exaine te &urrent situation leading digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils

To exaine te &urrent situation leading digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries:en it &oes to s&ools

To exaine te &urrent situation :en it &oes @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ooltextbook situation toug te lens of strealine effi&ien&' and ergonoi&s perspe&ti!es2

#.2 4co6e

Te s&ope of tis poli&' anal'sis is &onfined to Russian pupils grades 6-11 issue tat attend Russians&ools and use state appro!ed textbooks2 Terefore it does not relate to pupils oter tan tese2

#.! "et,odology

Tis poli&' anal'sis report is produ&ed using te ost re&ent literature re!ie: on digital di!ide and teintrodu&tion of te digital textbooks in &lassroos a&ross te :orld2 To ake it rele!ant to te Russiansituation re&ent ne:s relating te topi& and :ell as statisti&al inforation about Russia is used2

Additionall' Reeds =ollege in Aas been &onsulted o!er te eail regarding teir experien&e :ite-book readers2 Des&ripti!e statisti&s a!e also been used to a!e a general idea of &oparison :erene&essar' and sould be &onsidered as approxiate ones for te purpose of a!ing a general idea of tesituation &on&erned2 9ile tis stud' :ill rel' on a des&ripti!e approa& to te digital di!ide te@ualitati!e etod :ill be augented b' @uantitati!e anal'sis2

e&ondar' sour&es used in tis :ork &oe fro peer re!ie:ed a&adei& literature and books a!ailableonline2 Taking into &onsideration te fa&t tat tis topi& is ne: and de!eloping autoritati!e ne:s sour&esa!e been used as :ell2 uitable sour&es in Russian :ere translated b' te autor and used trougouttis :ork2

Tis paper uses statisti&al data &olle&ted b' te ost respe&ted Russian so&iologi&al &enters ne!erteless

te data often !aried fro &enter to &enter and tese differen&es &ertainl' &an be interpreted sub0e&ti!el'2


17/34

Page | 16

#.# Evaluation criteriaTis :ork relies on &ost-effe&ti!eness"poli&' anal'sis t'pe sin&e &ost-benefit anal'sis alone &an not beused :en e!aluating te usefulness of te alternati!es2 Terefore as iportant as &ost of te gadget is tote poli&'akers oter &riteria are e!aluated as :ell i2e2 ipa&t on ealt te&ni&al &ara&teristi&s andipa&t on te en!ironent2

#.% ata analysis met,ods

All &al&ulations used in tis stud' use D sin&e Russian Rouble is &anging its !alue relati!e to oter&urren&ies and also due to te fa&t tat te Alternati!es $-5 are pur&ased using D2%. ata Collection

Te issues of digital di!ide and e-textbooks a!e been extensi!el' dis&ussed in te 9estern 0ournals2Mu& data as been a&&uulated b' 9estern s&olars2 Te issue is @uite ne: to Russia terefore soe ofte data and findings :ill be applied to tat &ountr'2 Te stud' :ill use te ost re&ent poll data &olle&ted

b' te RussiaIs leading statisti&al &enters- >e!ada und Publi& 7pinionI as :ell as te Russia Publi&7pinion Resear& =enter (9=*7M)2 Poll results publised in Russian :ere translated b' te autor oftis :ork2 .e:s agen&ies around te :ord a!e been &onsulted to get te ost up-to-date inforation one-textbook in&lusion in te edu&ational pro&ess2

7. ata analysis

7.1 8umber of sc,ool 6u6ils in ussia

To propose an' poli&' alternati!e for Russian s&ools it is ne&essar' to first deterine te nuber ofpupils in tereof2 *f :e take te nuber of pupils in grades 6-11 :e get te nuber of first-gradersin&reased b' 15# tousand and as rea&ed 126 illion2 Te total nuber of students aounted to oretan 15 illion and in te &oing 'ears tis figure :ill onl' in&rease2 Te uni!ersities :ill +26 illionne: students2 A&&ording to deograpi& pro0e&tions te nuber of s&ool pupils in Russia b' $#$+ :illin&rease b' ,26 illion2 To ensure teir training te go!ernent as proised to de!elop a progra of

building ne: s&ools a&&ording to R*A .o!osti2 Tis 'ear te nuber of s&ools :illing to a&&eptstudents in&reased fro 5,28 tousand to 55 tousands 29e are talking about te fa&t tat as a result offa!orable deograpi& trends in&rease te birt rate of &ourse in&reases te nuber of s&ool-age&ildren2 *n te $#1?-$#$# a&adei& 'ear :e :ill a!e $2+ illion s&ool-age pupils ore tan toda'2Toda' :e a!e 1,2+ illion &ildren2 And is respe&ti!el' 16 illion in te nearest future2

Terefore :e &an sa' tat tere :ill be 16 illion pupils distributed o!er 11 grades or 1 illion 5+5tousand pupils per grade (or te& &ollege)2 o Russia :ould need " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (for 6grades)to &o!er te need iediatel'2 Tis nuber :ill in&rease sin&e te gadgets :ould need to berepla&ed e!er' $ 'ears2 Tus e!er' $ 'ears state :ill need to pro!ide " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (for6 grades) respe&ti!el'2

7.2 ussian education crisis

A&&ording to a report of te 7rgani3ation for E&onoi& =o-operation and De!elopent F Russia rankedfirst in te :orld for te per&entage of population tat as &opleted iger edu&ation2 As a &onse@uen&efift'-four per&ent of Russians in te $+F65 age range old uni!ersit' degrees (rbt2&o)2 Russianedu&ation s'ste ranks $#tin te :orld in te re&ent ranking publised b' te E&onoist2 or referen&e -ran&e ranks $+ and te ranks 18(sputnikne:s2&o)2 *n te 'ears $###-$#1, publi& spending on

ost)eecti7eness ana!ysis is one of a num8er of techniques of economic e7a!uation/ $here the choice of

technique eens on the nature of the 8enets secie' ost)eecti7eness ana!ysis has 8een ene 8y theNationa! 9nstitute for Hea!th an !inica! :,ce!!ence &N9:* as an economic stuy esign in $hich consequences of

ierent inter7entions are measure using a sing!e outcome

htt-(($$$'meicine'o,'ac'u%(8ano!ier(ainres(o$n!oa($hatis(ost)eect'f
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/Cost-effect.pdfhttp://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/painres/download/whatis/Cost-effect.pdf


18/34

Page | 1.

iger edu&ation in&reased b' $1 ties2


19/34

Page | 1

$) training anuals issued b' organi3ations in&luded in te list of organi3ations engaged in teprodu&tion of tea&ing aids :i& are peritted for use in te ipleentation of state-a&&reditededu&ational progras of priar' general basi& general se&ondar' general edu&ation2

tudents of s&ools Gare free of &arge for use at te tie of edu&ational textbooks and anuals as :ellas edu&ational aterials training tools and edu&ationG (Arti&le ,+ of te ederal Edu&ation A&t)2

GPro!ision of textbooks and anuals as :ell as tea&ing aterials tea&ing aids and edu&ation is &arriedout :itin te federal budget te budgets of sub0e&ts of te Russian ederation and lo&al budgetsG(paragrap $ of Art2 ,+ of te ederal Edu&ation A&t)2

7.# $a6er textbook cost management in ussia

Te expenditure on edu&ation in a&&ordan&e :it te budget &lassifi&ation in&ludes expenditure ongeneral edu&ation edu&ation of pupils and adoles&ents &ultural and edu&ational :ork training2

Te federal budget re&ei!es about 5 of its &osts and about $# of te &osts - fro te budgets of teederation2 Te total expenditure on edu&ation &osts of kindergartens are approxiatel' 1+ andse&ondar' edu&ation - 51 boarding s&ools - " spe&iali3ed se&ondar' edu&ation - 1# igeredu&ation - 1$2 GTe lionHsG sare of expenses as before is upon te parentsI soulders it is ne&essar'for te pur&ase of s&ool unifors sports:ear and soe repla&eent% tis 'ear tis aount is GandledGo!er se!en tousand (81?1 rubles) :ile in $#15 aounted to 58#? rubles2 Te se&ond pla&e in teranking is taken b' &ost textbooks and note-books - tis 'ear is fore&ast to parents of s&ool&ildren te':ill &ost an a!erage of ,#88 rubles ($#15 - 1""1)2 Te top , ost expensi!e ites entered as s&ool bag L

ba&kpa&k ($"++ rubles in $#1+ against 1?5# rubles in $#15) (:::2ne:sru2&o)2 Bags need to be beg tobe able to old an' books2

Te situation :it pro!iding students :it te ne&essar' textbooks is not so ros'2 Tus in ara&a'-=erkessia Gabsolutel'G onl' pro!ided :it textbooks students of &lasses 1-8 and eigt-graders in part2Tese parents need to pur&ase textbooks tea&ing aids (:orkbooks) :i& depending on te e@uipentare fro 126 tousand to $2$ tousand rubles2 *n te Pen3a region free textbooks are pro!ided b' testudents of 1-+ grades2 *n te Astrakan region of te textbooks do not a!e to pa' te parents of pupilsof 1-6-D and 1#-11 &lasses 8t &lasses are e@uipped :it edu&ational literature of +# "t &lass - ,#2

7.% "arket of ebooks in ussia

Te Russian arket of ele&troni& books (up to 6# tousand s&ools and se!eral illions of oe&oputers) is di!ided bet:een te four large distributors :i& is in fa&t are a onopol'2 *n Russia ineleentar' s&ool tere ad been a transfer to a ne: federal state edu&ational standard of te lessons torun on laptops (:::2rg2ru)2 But 7ne tird of Russians against te ne: te&nolog' in s&ools Alost a

tird of our fello: &iti3ens belie!e tat te&nolog' interfere :it teir studies2 Tat is te &on&lusionrea&ed b' experts


20/34

Page | 1

Male!a in Te Middle =lasses in Russia% E&onoi& and o&ial trategies ($##") used tefollo:ing &riteria to define te iddle &lass%

A2 E&onoi& se&urit' in&luding &urrent in&oe sa!ings o!able and real properties faringassets- $12$ per&ent of ouseolds @ualified2

B2 o&io-professional &riterion (iger edu&ation regular eplo'ent non-p'si&al laboranagerial positions in&luding sall-si3ed entrepreneurs and ex&luding exe&uti!es of iddle-

si3ed and large &opanies) - $12? per&ent of respondents @ualified2=2 elf-identifi&ation &riterion F a!erage for different s&ales of so&ial identifi&ation for ouseolds

and indi!iduals- ,?2+ per&ent of ouseolds @ualified*n $### $# per&ent of te Russian population :as referred to as te iddle &lass b' at&ing at least t:oof te abo!eentioned &riteria :it 62? per&ent at&ing all tree &riteria2

Elena A!raao!a ($##$) of te *nstitute for o&ial and E&onoi& Probles of te Population of teRussian A&ade' of &ien&es defined te iddle &lass as a!ing% Je&onoi& se&urit' professional&apa&it' adaptabilit' and a&&ess to and use of te&nolog' politi&al in!ol!eent lifest'le and self-identifi&ation2K *n studies &ondu&ted after $##+ A!raao!a ($##") refers to te iddle &lass as e!er'fourt fail' in Russia ($+ per&ent)2 At te sae tie a $#1# 0oint stud' b' te =enter for trategi&Resear& and te Russian Presidential A&ade' of .ational E&ono' and Publi& Adinistration

(Belano!sk' $#11) defined $? per&ent of te population as te iddle &lass2

Residents of Mos&o: en0o'ed greater e&onoi& re:ards during te Bre3ne! era as :ell as te Putintenure tan te rest of te &ountr'2 As a &onse@uen&e ore failies in Mos&o: &an be attributed to teiddle &lass2 Te a!ailabilit' of disposable in&oe as also allo:ed people to pur&ase te&nologi&algadgets su& as &ell pones satellite dises and &oputers as :ell as to &onne&t to te *nternet2

Terefore it sees feasible to subsidi3e +# of gadgets at 1## $+ at +# and te lea!e reaining$+ of gadgetsI &ost as a burden on parents :o represent te Russian iddle &lass2 (i2e2 state :ill spend6$2+ on de!i&es)

7.: Ebooks in libraries

*t :ould ake sense for te s&ool &it' and state libraries to a!e digital books a!ailable to te pupilso:ners of e-reading de!i&es to ake better use of te2


21/34

Page | 20

tose :itout2 Eigteen per&ent of 1)111s&ools reported a draati& in&rease in deand !ersus , oftose :itout a 1%1 progra2 Maintaining bot print and digital &olle&tions on a t'pi&al s&ool librar'

budget is a !er' big &allenge2 As a result te report a!e found tat s&oolsqespe&iall' eleentar's&oolsqa!e be&oe &reati!e in seeking alternate t'pes of funding for teir e-book initiati!es2 9e arealso seeing &ontinued dissatisfa&tion :it !endors and publisers2 Aong publi& libraries dissatisfa&tion:it pur&asing ters reains ig2

*n anoter $#15 report &ool >ibrar' ournal reported tat in&e >ibrar' ournal laun&ed an annualsur!e' of e-reading trends in $#1# te' a!e seen e-books gain tra&tion bot aong te general publi&and in publi& libraries2Ba&k in $#1# 0ust before :e laun&ed our first sur!e' Apple introdu&ed te iPad and initial re!ie:s:ere ixed parti&ularl' in te &ontext of e-books2 At te tie te Aa3on indleqte bla&k-and-:iterefle&ti!e E *nk !ersionqdoinated and experts felt tat e-book reading publi& :ould not a&&ept a returnto a ba&klit displa'2 After all te refle&ti!e Jele&troni& paperK displa's of te first generation e-readersq:i& also in&luded te on' Reader Barnes C .oble .77 obo e-Reader and otersq:ere said toeulate paper2

As tat 'earIs sur!e' found ruors of printIs deat a!e been greatl' exaggerated to &oin a prase2>ibraries still need to offer print &olle&tions as an' patrons &ontinue to prefer print2 Ane&dotal responsesto tis sur!e' indi&ate tat for soe librar' users e-books :ere an experient tat didnIt pan out andafter an initial trial period users :ent ba&k to print2 Tis unders&ores te fa&t tat libraries to alienatingsoe users2 Managing tis :it te t'pi&al librar' budget is not :itout its &allenges te report&on&ludes2

7.; ETextbooks and t,e environment

A&&ording to te report publised on E&olibris te aount of paper &onsued annuall' for books in te22 is 126 illion etri& tons ($##6 figures)2 After &al&ulations and it &oes to ,# illion trees &ut ona!erage to print tose books2 Te report also infors te readers tat globall' 8# per &ent of te ,,+

illion tons of paper te :orld uses ea& 'ear &oes fro natural un-fared sour&es2 *n =anada teHs biggest sour&e of pulp ?# per &ent of its output &oes dire&tl' fro its an&ient forests2

*n anoter report Epublisers:eekl' :rites tat 0ust o!er tree 'ears (ul' 5 $##6 to August 5 $##?)ore tan $## illion free e-books :ere do:nloaded fro t:o :ebsites% Pro0e&t utenberg (P) andte 9orld Publi& >ibrar'Hs annual e!ent te 9orld eBook air (9E)2


22/34

Page | 21

Terefore it is &lear tat s:it&ing grades 6-11 of Russian s&ools to e-textbooks :ill sa!ebet:een 6? and1,? tousand trees annuall'

Table) Trees saved if t,ey are not cut to 6rint textbooks for ussian 6u6ils grades 711

:. *indings

:.1Analysis of Alternatives

$olicy alternatives

Alternati!e 1-status @uo (paper book and a!ailable e-!ersion read' for do:nloads)Alternnati!e$- distribute to pupils of grades 6-11 de!i&e oogle nexus ?Alternati!e , - distribute to pupils of grades 6-11 de!i&e A Transforer Book T1##TAAlternati!e 5- distribute to pupils of grades 6-11 de!i&e indle 6G lare-ree Tou& s&reen

Table 2) escri6tion of $olicy Alternatives

Poli&' alternati!e Des&ription

Alternati!e 1-status @uo (paper text and e-textbook file) All appro!ed texts :ill a!e e-book a!ailable fordo:nload on , platfors2 *t is up to indi!iduals andL ors&ools to pur&ase de!i&es2

Alternnati!e$ -oogle nexus ? Pro!ide gadgets to pupils grades 6-112 Repla&e , tiese!er'$ 'ears2 ell old $ties at 1# s&rap !alue2ubsidi3e +# of gadgets at 1## $+ at +# andreaining $+ of gadgetsI burden lea!e on parents2 (i2e2spend 6$2+)

Alternati!e ,- A Transforer Book T1##TA Pro!ide gadgets to pupils grades 6-112 Repla&e , tiese!er'$ 'ears2 ell old $ties at 1# s&rap !alue2ubsidi3e +# of gadgets at 1## $+ at +# andreaining $+ of gadgetsI burden lea!e on parents2 (i2e2

spend 6$2+)Alternati!e 5- indle 6G lare-ree Tou& s&reen Pro!ide gadgets to pupils grades 6-112 Repla&e , ties

e!er'$ 'ears2 ell old $ties at 1# s&rap !alue2


23/34

Page | 22

ubsidi3e +# of gadgets at 1## $+ at +# andreaining $+ of gadgetsI burden lea!e on parents2 (i2e2spend 6$2+)

Table ! ) com6arison tec,nical s6ecifications of t,e gadgets for t,e ! 6olicy alternatives.

Displa' i3e 9eigt torage Batter' 9i-i 'ste oundoogle

,?? D:itout tax

"2? in&es(8,2+s&reen-to-bod' ratio)1+,6 x $#5"pixels ($"1ppi pixeldensit')

$$"2$ x 1+,28x " ("2?"x 62#+ x #2,1in)

5$+ g (9i-i) L 5,6 g(,L>TE)(152?? o3)

16 B (9i-i)L ,$ B(>TE) $ BRAM

.on-reo!able>i-Po 68## Abatter' p to8$# (,) p to? ,# in(ultiedia)(,)

9i-i "#$211aLbLgLnLa& dual-band 9i-iDire&t D>.Aotspot

Android 7!+2#(>ollipop)upgradable to!+2121(>ollipop)

es :itstereo speakers


24/34

Page | 23

ATransforerBook T1##TA

5+1 D:itout tax

1#21G 16%? *P


25/34

Page | 24

As seen fro te data anal'sis Russian s&ools :ould needs " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (in 6 grades)to &o!er te need iediatel'2 But tis is nilin alternati!e one2

&oal 2)Tis goal ais at bridging digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes tos&ools and pupils2 Tere are t:o aspe&ts to tis% &onne&t Russian s&ools to te internet and pro!ide

pupils :it gadgets tat &an a&&ess te internet &ontent tat te state sould ake a!ailable online2 rote pre!ious se&tions :e &an see tat e!en toug s&ools are &onne&ted to te internet often ties

pro!in&ial s&ools do not a!e 1 &ild per &oputer tus Russia is beind :en it &oes to bridgingdigital di!ide in &oparison :it oter &ountries2 B7D poli&'1$sould be ipleented but it is nilinalternati!e 12

&oal !)Tis goal ais at ergonoi&all' ipro!ing te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ooltextbook situation2 Te present situation :en e-books are a!ailable onl' to tose pupils :ose parents&an afford to pur&ase ade@uate de!i&es (not artpone) or to te s&ools tat a!e 1 P= per &ild-Russian s&ools :ill &ontinue experien&ing digital di!ide :ile stu&k in infe&ti!e :a' of distributing oldand outdated paper books tat re@uire state funds for printing distribution transportation and storage2Trees :ill &ontinue being &ut2 Textbooks are ea!' to &arr' in s&oolbags but te' are good for e'es2Tus it is alost nilin under status @uo2

Alternative 2) $roviding ussian 6u6ils -it, &oogle nexus = -it, 17 gb

&oal 1)Tis goal is aied a!oiding digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils2Tis de!i&e :ill let pupils read digitals texts and a&&ess te internet2 As seen fro te data anal'sisRussia needs " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (for 6 grades) to &o!er te need iediatel'2 At ,?? D

per pie&e tis :ould re@uire , billion 5"$ illion dollars iediatel'-a giganti& aount state &ouldardl' spend2 E!er' $ 'ears te expenditure :ould need to be repeated2 i!en te &urrent :eakness of teRussian national &urren&' relati!e to D tis alternati!e is ,ig,ly unlikelye!en &onsidering te fa&ttat te state :ould spend onl' 6$2+2

&oal 2)Tis goal ais at bridging digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes tos&ools and pupils2 ro te pre!ious se&tions :e &an see tat e!en toug s&ools are &onne&ted to teinternet often ties pro!in&ial s&ools do not a!e 1 &ild per &oputer tus Russia is beind :en it&oes to bridging digital di!ide in &aparison :it oter &ountries2 B7D poli&' sould be ipleented2Tis de!i&e :ould sol!e te di!ide bet:een Russian s&ools and teir foreign &ounterparts but :ouldstill re@uire edu&ation of te edu&ators of o: to use it2 Tis de!i&e altoug ligt in :eigt does nota!e a ke'board tus :ould liit te nuber of edu&ational tasks a pupil &ould perfor2 Tis de!i&efulfills te goal 6artially2

&oal !)Tis goal ais at ergonoi&all' ipro!ing te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ooltextbook situation2 Tis di!ide &ould sol!e te proble pro!ided aterials are a!ailable for do:nloadand tea&ers &an elp2 Trees :ill not be &ut2 &oolbags :ill be ligt but e'es :ill be urt2 Terefore te

goal is satisfied 6artially2

Alternative ! A4>4 Transformer $rime T*2?1B1& Eee $ad 1?.1Inc, !2&B

&oal 1)Tis goal is aied a!oiding digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils2Tis de!i&e :ill let pupils read digitals texts and a&&ess te internet2As seen fro te data anal'sis Russia needs " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (to &o!er 6 grades)to &o!erte need iediatel' At 5+1D per tablet and ke'board tis :ould re@uire , billion ?,+ illion "88

12Bring 'our o:n de!i&e (B7D)qalso &alled bring 'our o:n te&nolog' (B7T) bring 'our o:n pone (B7P) and bring 'our o:n

P= (B7P=)qrefers to te poli&' of peritting eplo'ees to bring personall' o:ned obile de!i&es (laptops tablets and sart pones) toteir :orkpla&e and to use tose de!i&es to a&&ess pri!ileged &opan' inforation and appli&ations2 1B7D usage is priaril' dri!en b'per&ei!ed en0o'ent2$Te penoenon is &oonl' referred to as *T &onsueri3ation2,Te ter is also used to des&ribe te sae pra&ti&eapplied to students using personall' o:ned de!i&es in edu&ation settings for use in progras su& as aoot2 9ikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-Buettner2015f-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-Buettner2015f-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoot!https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-Buettner2015f-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bring_your_own_device#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahoot!


26/34

Page | 25

tousand dollars- iediatel'-a giganti& aount state &ould ardl' spend2 E!er' $ 'ears te expenditure:ould need to be repeated2 i!en te &urrent :eakness of te Russian national &urren&' relati!e to Dtis alternati!e is ,ig,ly unlikelye!en &onsidering te fa&t tat te state :ould spend onl' 6$2+2

&oal 2)Tis goal ais at bridging digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes tos&ools and pupils2 ro te pre!ious se&tions :e &an see tat e!en toug s&ools are &onne&ted to teinternet often ties pro!in&ial s&ools do not a!e 1 &ild per &oputer tus Russia is beind :en it

&oes to bridging digital di!ide in &aparison :it oter &ountries2 B7D poli&' sould be ipleented2Tis de!i&e :ould sol!e te di!ide bet:een Russian s&ools and teir foreign &ounterparts but :ouldstill re@uire edu&ation of te edu&ators of o: to use it2 Tis de!i&e altoug not too ligt in :eigt doesa!e a ke'board tus :ould liit te nuber of edu&ational tasks a pupil &ould perfor2 Tis de!i&efulfills te goal fully2

&oal !% Tis goal ais at ergonoi&all' ipro!ing te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ooltextbook situation2 Tis di!ide &ould sol!e te proble pro!ided aterials are a!ailable for do:nload andtea&ers &an elp2 Trees :ill not be &ut2 &oolbags :ill be ligt but e'es :ill be urt2 Terefore te goalis satisfied 6artially2

Alternative # @indle5 7 &lare*ree Touc, screen is6lay5 +i*i

&oal 1)Tis goal is aied a!oiding digital di!ide aong Russian s&ool pupils2Tis de!i&e :ould let pupils read digital texts2As seen fro te data anal'sis Russia needs " illion 8$8 tousand gadgets (to &o!er 6 grades)to &o!erte need iediatel' At 5?D per tablet tis :ould re@uire 5,6 illion,+# tousand dollars2 Aanageable su2 Additionall' parents &ould be asked to sare te bourdon of tis oderate &ost2 Tustis de!i&e is te most feasiblealternati!e2

&oal 2)Tis goal ais at bridging digital di!ide bet:een Russia and oter &ountries :en it &oes tos&ools and pupils2 ro te pre!ious se&tions :e &an see tat e!en toug s&ools are &onne&ted to te

internet often ties pro!in&ial s&ools do not a!e 1 &ild per &oputer tus Russia is beind :en it&oes to bridging digital di!ide in &aparison :it oter &ountries2 B7D poli&' sould be ipleented2Tis de!i&e :ould sol!e te di!ide bet:een Russian s&ools and teir foreign &ounterparts but :ouldstill re@uire edu&ation of te edu&ators of o: to use it2 Tis de!i&e altoug too ligt in :eigt doesa!e s&reen diffi&ulties :en &onne&ted to te internet2 Tis de!i&e fulfills te goal 6artially2

&oal !)Tis goal ais at ergonoi&all' ipro!ing te @ualit' and effe&ti!eness of Russian s&ooltextbook situation2 Trees :ill not be &ut2 &oolbags :ill be ligter (kindle -$1, g2 !s +## g2 per 1 papertextbook) and e'es :ill not be urt as u& sin&e it is e-paper1,2 Tis de!i&e &ould &onne&t to teinternet !ia 9i-i to do:nload books in indle forat152 Te de!i&e is able to old &arge for :eeks2Terefore te goal is satisfied fully2

13:!ectronic aer/ e)aer an e!ectronic in% are is!ay techno!ogiesthat mimic the aearance oforinary in%on aer';n!i%e con7entiona!8ac%!it


27/34

Page | 26

:.2 Ex6ected Conse4


28/34

Page | 2.

Table %) ecision matrix com6arison for t,e ! 6olicy alternatives

&oals 'b(ectives Criteriameasures Alternatives

1 2 ! #

"inimizing

digital divide

among ussian

sc,ool 6u6ils

1 Pro!ide all s&ool &ildren :it de!i&es to a&&ess e-books at oe and in s&ool

of pupils :it de!i&es # #2$+ #2$+ 1

$ Edu&ate Tea&ers o: to use e-resour&es of tea&ers :o took te &lass 1 1 1 1

, Edu&ate pupils o: to use e-resour&es of pupils :o took te &lass 1 1 1 1

Bridging

digital divide

bet-een ussia

and ot,er

countries5

-,en it comes

to sc,ools.

1


29/34

Page | 2

As te Russian go!ernent is tr'ing to odernise it edu&ational s'ste it as inerited fro te R itis fa&ing an' probles R did not e!en drea of2 Toda' tere is a looing proble of digital di!idein te Russian so&iet' tat is parti&ularl' poignant in Russian s&ools2 Digital ine@ualit' bet:een :ealt'

pupils and poor ones :ill in!ariabl' lead to digital di!ide and an arra' of its side effe&ts if not &orre&tedproptl'2

Resent initiati!e b' te Russian Ministr' of edu&ation to suppleent all s&ool textbooks :it digital!ersions of tat textbook is a good intended step tat in our !ie: :ill lead te &ountr' to:ards a digitaldi!ide2 Tis ne: edi&t :ill ake e-textbooks a!ailable to tose pupils :ose parents &an afford a tabletand ake it an unrea&able drea to tose pupils &oing fro poorer failies2 Tus onl' a state :ide

progra pro!iding gadgets to all iddle and ig s&ool &ildren &ould sol!e te digital ine@ualit' andpre!ent te de!elopent of te digital di!ide2

But su& a progra on a &ountr' :ise s&ale :ill &ost proibiti!el' ig espe&iall' toda' :en teRussian rubble is so :eak2 Terefore after exaining se!eral alternati!es tis stud' proposes te state to

pro!ide all pupils fro grades 6-11 :it Aa3on indle readers pa'ing for 6$2+ of te2 Tis first step:ould put te Russian s&ools on a pat of paperless edu&ation2*pleentation of tis poli&' :ould

fa&ilitate produ&tion and distribution of ne:s textbooks at te sae tie sa!ing one' on printingdistribution transportation and storage of te p'si&al textbooks2 As te&nolog' gets &eaper &ountr' :illbe able to sa!e ore one'2

Additionall'

As :it all ne: poli&ies te ipleentation sould be gradual at pilot s&ools and regions forfurter testing prior to &ountr' :ide rollout2

*t is our re&oendation tat te &ountr' sould ask Aa3on for a dis&ount on te large order2&ool &it' and state libraries sould :ork :it Aa3on to pla&e re@uired reading in

do:nloadable for2

Russian &opanies sould de!elop 'our o:n tablet :it $ s&reens (&olor and e-ink)qsiilar tote Russian o:n prodig' otaPone1+2

157n 1$ De&eber $#1$ ota De!i&es announ&ed te first GotaPoneGprotot'pea uni@ue double-displa'sartpone2*t as an 52,-in&=Ddispla' on te front and ane-inkdispla' on te ba&k2 Te protot'pe runs !ersion 52$ of te Androidoperating s'ste2ota De!i&esreleased ore inforation at teMobile 9orld =ongressinBar&elonain ebruar' $#1,29ikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Inkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Inkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelonahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototypehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_Inkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_World_Congresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona


30/34

Page | 2

Bibliogra6,y

A!raao!a E2M2 et al2 rednie klass' ! Rossii% ekonoi&eskie i sotsialn'e strategii2 T2 Male!a (editor)2Mos&o: =arnegie =enter2 M2 endalf $##,2

A!raao!a E2M2 oriro!anie srednego klassa ! Rossii% opredelenie etodologia koli&es!enn'eotsenki2 *n% 7bs&est!enn'e nauki i so!reennost2 $##$ .o2 12

A!raao!a E2M2 redni' klass epoki Putina2 *n% 7bs&est!enn'e nauki i so!reennost2 $##" .o2 12

Alroos Peter onna iber wuarterl' /olue $1 *ssue $ $#1$ $5?Te e-Reader q an Edu&ationalor an Entertainent Tool; e-Readers in an A&adei& etting

Asunka tepen 7pen >earning $#1, /ol2 $" .o2 1 ,6F+# Te !iabilit' of e-textbooks in de!eloping&ountries% anaian uni!ersit' studentsI per&eptions

Belano!sk' ergei M2 D2 ($#11)2 Socio-Economic cahnge and political transformation in Russia.Mos&o:% =enter for trategi& Resear& 2

Belano!sk' 2A2 Ditrie! M2E2 Misikina 22 redni' klass ! rentoorientiro!annoi ekonoike%po&eu Mosk!a perestala b't Rossiei; *n% PER72 otsialna'a politika% eksperti3arekoendatsii ob3or'2 $#1#2 .o 1,2

Brannon ian C u3anne ears ($#15) Textbooks 9eiging 'ou Do:n; =e&k out our E-ReadersTe&ni&al er!i&es wuarterl' ,1%, $,8-$58

=astells M2 (1??") The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Part

=astells M2 (1???)2 Te inforational &it' is a dual &it'% =an it be re!ersed; *n D2 A2 &n B2 an'alC 92 2 Mit&ell (Eds2)igh technology and lo!-income communities: Prospects for the positi"euse of ad"anced information technology (pp2 $+F 51)2 =abridge MA% M*T Press2

De:an an0ee! rederi&k 2 Riggins ($##+) T D*/*DE% =RRE.T A.D TREREEAR=< D*RE=T*7. ournal of te Asso&iation for *nforation 'stes /ol2 6% *ss2 1$ $#-85

Epstein Ditr' Erik =2 .isbet C Tarleton illespie ($#11) 9oHs Responsible for te Digital Di!ide;Publi& Per&eptions and Poli&' *pli&ations Te *nforationo&iet' $8%$ "$-1#5

an !an Di0k C ennet ibraries Publi& >ibrar' wuarterl' ,1%1 1-$#2

!asn' >'nette C Mark eil ($##6) Te &allenges of redressing te digital di!ide% a tale of t:o &ities *nforation 'stes ournal 16 $,F+,2

>ebede!a E2 /2 ($#11)2 oung people in te inforation so&iet'2Russian Social Science Re"ie!, #$(5) 5-?2

.E*> E>9. ($##5) Re&onsidering politi&al and popular understandings of te digital di!ide .e:

Media C o&iet' /ol6(,)%,,1F,6$2.T*A 1??? yyalling troug te net% defining te digital di!ideHH .ational Tele&ouni&ationsand *nforation Adinistration Departent of =oer&e a!ailable at :::2ntia2do&2go!L


31/34

Page | 30

ntiaoeLfttn?? (a&&essed epteber $#1+)2

.T*A $### yyAd!an&ed tele&ouni&ations in rural Aeri&aHH .ational Tele&ouni&ations and*nforation Adinistration Departent of =oer&e Departent of Agri&ultureRural De!elopent and Rural tilities er!i&e a!ailable at :::2ntia2do&2go!LreportsLruralbb5$6##2pdf (a&&essed epteber $#1+)2

.orris P2 ($##1)%igital di"ide: ci"ic engagement, information po"erty, and the Internet !orld!ide 2 .e:ork%=abridge ni!ersit' Press2 A&&ording to .orris ($##1) di!ides o&&ur

.orris D raeer 1??6 yyMainfrae and P= &oputing in Aeri&an &ities% 'ts andrealitiesHH Publi& Adinistration Re!ie: +6 +6" z +86

eetko *A 2 C MAR>A 2 .E>7. ($##1) =ounit' Te&nolog' =enters% .arro:ing teDigital Di!ide in >o:@*n&oe rban =ounities 7R.A> 7 RBA. AA*R $, ,-5 $6?F$?#2

Re'nolds Rob Pub Res w ($#11) $8%,$1F,$6 Te =allenges of a: on at =u ung C /in&ent 9an Ping >ee ($#1#) Digital di!ideand so&ial in&lusion% poli&' &allenge for so&ial de!elopent in a: =onspe&tus% ournal of =ouni&ations >a: and Poli&'1?($)% 5$,-58?2

o3eis.


32/34

Page | 31

Pub Res w ($#11) $8%18"F1"8Trends *nfluen&ing te ro:t of Digital Textbooks in 2 udko! oung people in Russia2 Mos&:o s&ool of politi&al resear&2

]_jj j _[m |2 G___W hW_j Z ] W_j\G ($#11 m2 X- GY]mYZ *nstitute of o&iolog' of te Russian A&ade' of &ien&es2 KRussian o&iet' as it isKI $#11.o!ii e!ada =enter2>e!ada =enter as dra:n aportarit of te parti&ipants of a protest on te akaro! A!enue 2

WZXZ-W]jY2 ($#11 1$ 1$) e2 j`XZ }_ `]ZOj ]_j X[^ Wm _c[\`Oj ]jWY]Wj2Retrie!ed #, #, $#1$ fro WZXZ-W]jY% ttp%LL:::2le!ada2ruL$1-1$-$#11Lotkuda-osk!i&i-u3na'ut-no!osti-i-dl'a-&ego-ispol3u'ut-internet>e!ada =enter2 9ere te Mus&o!ites get teirne:s2

WZXZ-W]jY2 ($#1$ #$ #1)2 __^]W W_j]_j cYWX 2 Retrie!ed #, #, $#1$fro WZXZ-W]jY% ttp%LL:::2le!ada2ruL#1-#$-$#1$Lrossi'ane-o-&estnosti-prosedsik-!'boro!-i-aktsi'ak-protesta>e!ada =enter2 Russian about te onest' of te past ele&tions2

~|| Q2 ($#11)2 F $#112 Mos&o:% || |2 >e!ada =enter2 Publi& 7pininion-$112 Anal'ti&al =enet of uri'>e!ada2

WZXZ-W]jY2 __^]W Z^ cYjW_jZ cYWX YZ2 ($#11 1$ $") b2 Retrie!ed #,#, $#1$ fro WZXZ-W]jY% ttp%LL:::2le!ada2ruL$"-1$-$#11Lrossi'ane-ob-aktsi'ak-

protesta-i-prosedsik-!'borak >e!ada =enter2Russians about te protests and past ele&tions2

V]X GhW_jW]]W }]W]WG2 ($#11 #, 16)2 YW__-YW[2 Retrie!ed #, #, $#1$ fro Z XZ]]V% ttp%LLbd2fo2ruLreportL&atLsiLsiintLpressr1,#611 und Publi& 7ppinionI Pressrelease2

V]X GhW_jW]]W }]W]WG2 ($#11 #6 1+)2 YW__-YW[ 2 Retrie!ed #, #, $#1$ fro ZXZ]] V% ttp%LLbd2fo2ruLreportL&atLsiLsiintLpressr1+#611 und Publi& 7ppinionIPress release2
http://www.levada.ru/26-12-2011/levada-tsentr-sostavil-portret-uchastnikov-mitinga-na-prospekte-sakharovahttp://www.levada.ru/26-12-2011/levada-tsentr-sostavil-portret-uchastnikov-mitinga-na-prospekte-sakharovahttp://www.levada.ru/21-12-2011/otkuda-moskvichi-uznayut-novosti-i-dlya-chego-ispolzuyut-internethttp://www.levada.ru/21-12-2011/otkuda-moskvichi-uznayut-novosti-i-dlya-chego-ispolzuyut-internethttp://www.levada.ru/01-02-2012/rossiyane-o-chestnosti-proshedshikh-vyborov-i-aktsiyakh-protestahttp://www.levada.ru/01-02-2012/rossiyane-o-chestnosti-proshedshikh-vyborov-i-aktsiyakh-protestahttp://www.levada.ru/28-12-2011/rossiyane-ob-aktsiyakh-protesta-i-proshedshikh-vyborakhhttp://www.levada.ru/28-12-2011/rossiyane-ob-aktsiyakh-protesta-i-proshedshikh-vyborakhhttp://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/smi/smi_int/pressr_130611http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/smi/smi_int/pressr_150611http://www.levada.ru/26-12-2011/levada-tsentr-sostavil-portret-uchastnikov-mitinga-na-prospekte-sakharovahttp://www.levada.ru/26-12-2011/levada-tsentr-sostavil-portret-uchastnikov-mitinga-na-prospekte-sakharovahttp://www.levada.ru/21-12-2011/otkuda-moskvichi-uznayut-novosti-i-dlya-chego-ispolzuyut-internethttp://www.levada.ru/21-12-2011/otkuda-moskvichi-uznayut-novosti-i-dlya-chego-ispolzuyut-internethttp://www.levada.ru/01-02-2012/rossiyane-o-chestnosti-proshedshikh-vyborov-i-aktsiyakh-protestahttp://www.levada.ru/01-02-2012/rossiyane-o-chestnosti-proshedshikh-vyborov-i-aktsiyakh-protestahttp://www.levada.ru/28-12-2011/rossiyane-ob-aktsiyakh-protesta-i-proshedshikh-vyborakhhttp://www.levada.ru/28-12-2011/rossiyane-ob-aktsiyakh-protesta-i-proshedshikh-vyborakhhttp://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/smi/smi_int/pressr_130611http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/smi/smi_int/pressr_150611


33/34

Page | 32

V]X hW_jW]]W ]W]W2 ($#11 1# $1)2 ]jWY]Wj `Xj X}2 Retrie!ed #, #, $#1$ froYWj V]XZ hW_jW]]W ]W]W% ttp%LLrunet2fo2ruLPronikno!enie-*nternetaL1#$18und Publi& 7ppinionI *nternet lea!es for oe2

ttp%LL:::2broadband&oission2orgLDo&uentsLpubli&ationsLReport12pdf a&&essed on De&eber1$#1+

ttp%LL:::2telegrap2&o2ukLsponsoredLrbtLso&iet'L8?88,,?L=an-edu&ation-in-Russia-be-refored2tla&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2unes&o2orgLedu&ationLpdfL++162pdf a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL2rg2ruL$#1+L#,L$5Lplanseti2tl a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+ttp%LLria2ruLso&iet'L$#1+1#$?L1,1#1#+++,2tlNix33,sDPSREa&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2nk02ruLar&i!eLarti&lesL6#+,L (&ien&e and >ife Gte digital di!ideG) a&&essed on De&eber1$#1+ttp%LL:::2&is&o2&oL:ebLRLne:sLreleasesLtxtL$#1+L1#L1+b2tla&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLblog2gsarena2&oLrussia-sees-double-gro:t-in-tablet-arketL a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLstrf2ruLaterial2aspx;=atalog*d$$1Cdno1#,5?#N2/l/bPkr=ga&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2a&digger2ruLa&allLkop'uter'-apple-poter'ali-liderst!o-!-rossi0skix-skolax2tla&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLlifene:s2ruLne:sL"$8#6a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLria2ruLratingsanal'ti&sL$#1$#?11L85868??"$2tlNix33,sD,9x* a&&essed on De&eber1

$#1+ttp%LLrbt2&oLarti&lesL$#1$L#?L$6Lte:orldsostedu&ated&ountr'la&ks@ualit'edu&ation1"+"12

tl a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLsputnikne:s2&oL!oi&eofrussiaL$#1$11$"LTe-E&onoist-ranks-Russian-edu&ation-as-:orld-.-$#La&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2rb&2ruLe&onoi&sL1,L#+L$#1+L+++,566f?a8?58+f&f,da5a#a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttps%LL:::2tiesigeredu&ation2&oLne:sLde&line-in-population-its-@ualit'-of-russian-undergraduatesL$#+#562arti&le a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2rb&2ruLe&onoi&sL1,L#+L$#1+L+++,566f?a8?58+f&f,da5a#a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LL:::2ne:sru2&oLrussiaL$"aug$#1+Ls&ool2tla&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttp%LLdigitalin&lusion2ud2eduLsitesLdefaultLfilesLDigital*n&lusionBrief$#1+2pdfa&&essed on De&eber1$#1+

ttp%LL:::2rg2ruL$#1,L#?L,#Lu&ebniki-site2tl a&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+

ttps%LL:::2reed2eduL&isLaboutLkindlepilotLReedindlereport2pdfa&&essed on De&eber1 $#1+
http://runet.fom.ru/Proniknovenie-Interneta/10217http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/society/7977339/Can-education-in-Russia-be-reformed.htmlhttp://ria.ru/society/20151029/1310105553.html#ixzz3sDPGXREKhttp://www.cisco.com/web/RU/news/releases/txt/2015/10/15b.htmlhttp://strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=221&d_no=103490#.VlVhbPkrKCghttp://www.macdigger.ru/macall/kompyutery-apple-poteryali-liderstvo-v-rossijskix-shkolax.htmlhttp://lifenews.ru/news/82706http://ria.ru/ratings_analytics/20120911/747679982.html#ixzz3sUD3WmxIhttp://rbth.com/articles/2012/09/26/the_worlds_most_educated_country_lacks_quality_education_18581.htmlhttp://rbth.com/articles/2012/09/26/the_worlds_most_educated_country_lacks_quality_education_18581.htmlhttp://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2012_11_28/The-Economist-ranks-Russian-education-as-world-N-20/http://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2012_11_28/The-Economist-ranks-Russian-education-as-world-N-20/http://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/05/2015/5553466f9a79475fcf3da4a0https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/decline-in-population-hits-quality-of-russian-undergraduates/205046.articlehttps://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/decline-in-population-hits-quality-of-russian-undergraduates/205046.articlehttp://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/05/2015/5553466f9a79475fcf3da4a0http://www.newsru.com/russia/28aug2015/school.htmlhttp://digitalinclusion.umd.edu/sites/default/files/DigitalInclusionBrief2015.pdfhttp://www.rg.ru/2013/09/30/uchebniki-site.htmlhttps://www.reed.edu/cis/about/kindle_pilot/Reed_Kindle_report.pdfhttp://runet.fom.ru/Proniknovenie-Interneta/10217http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/rbth/society/7977339/Can-education-in-Russia-be-reformed.htmlhttp://ria.ru/society/20151029/1310105553.html#ixzz3sDPGXREKhttp://www.cisco.com/web/RU/news/releases/txt/2015/10/15b.htmlhttp://strf.ru/material.aspx?CatalogId=221&d_no=103490#.VlVhbPkrKCghttp://www.macdigger.ru/macall/kompyutery-apple-poteryali-liderstvo-v-rossijskix-shkolax.htmlhttp://lifenews.ru/news/82706http://ria.ru/ratings_analytics/20120911/747679982.html#ixzz3sUD3WmxIhttp://rbth.com/articles/2012/09/26/the_worlds_most_educated_country_lacks_quality_education_18581.htmlhttp://rbth.com/articles/2012/09/26/the_worlds_most_educated_country_lacks_quality_education_18581.htmlhttp://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2012_11_28/The-Economist-ranks-Russian-education-as-world-N-20/http://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2012_11_28/The-Economist-ranks-Russian-education-as-world-N-20/http://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/05/2015/5553466f9a79475fcf3da4a0https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/decline-in-population-hits-quality-of-russian-undergraduates/205046.articlehttps://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/decline-in-population-hits-quality-of-russian-undergraduates/205046.articlehttp://www.rbc.ru/economics/13/05/2015/5553466f9a79475fcf3da4a0http://www.newsru.com/russia/28aug2015/school.htmlhttp://digitalinclusion.umd.edu/sites/default/files/DigitalInclusionBrief2015.pdfhttp://www.rg.ru/2013/09/30/uchebniki-site.htmlhttps://www.reed.edu/cis/about/kindle_pilot/Reed_Kindle_report.pdf


34/34

Page | 33

ttp%LLab&ne:s2go2&oL

digital textbooks for russian pupils

Documents