Digital WatermarkingDigital Watermarking

SIMG 786 SIMG 786

Advanced Digital Image ProcessingAdvanced Digital Image Processing

Mahdi Nezamabadi, Mahdi Nezamabadi,

Chengmeng Liu, Chengmeng Liu,

Michael SuMichael Su

Different types of Digital Image Different types of Digital Image WatermarkingWatermarking

• Visible: watermark is a secondary translucent overlaid into primary image.

• Invisible-fragile: invisible, any modification of the image will destroy the watermark.

• Invisible robust: watermark is perceptually not noticed and it can be recovered only with appropriate decoding mechanism. It’s robust to friendly or malicious attacks.

Image Watermarking Using Phase Image Watermarking Using Phase Dispersion: EmbeddingDispersion: Embedding

• I’(x,y) Watermarked image• I(x,y) Source image (no watermark)• M(x,y) Message Image, to be embedded,

preferable to use the edge maps of an icon

Image Watermarking Using Phase Image Watermarking Using Phase Dispersion: EmbeddingDispersion: Embedding

• C(x,y) Carrier function. It is generated by

the private key. It has random Fourier phase and non uniform magnitude

• An arbitrary constant α chosen to make the embedded message simultaneously invisible and robust to common processing

• Tiling the original image and embed the same image in each tile independently improves the robustness

Embedding process illustrationEmbedding process illustration

Image Watermarking Using Phase Image Watermarking Using Phase Dispersion: ExtractionDispersion: Extraction

• Extraction function

• M(x,y) can be calculated from M’(x,y)• For a carrier with uniform amplitude

Image Watermarking Using Phase Image Watermarking Using Phase Dispersion: ExtractionDispersion: Extraction

Carrier Function Design Carrier Function Design ConsiderationConsideration

• P(x,y) denotes the autocorrelation function of the carrier function

• In order to improve the extracted image quality, it should be as close to a delta function as possible

• Human visual system falls off rapidly with increasing spatial frequency

Carrier Function DesignCarrier Function Design

• Most of the carrier energy should be concentrated in high frequencies to make invisible

• The phase of the carrier is generated using pseudo-random number generator with a user-specified key

• The magnitude is set to 0 at 0 frequency (DC value)

Carrier Function DesignCarrier Function Design

• Magnitude gradually increased with increasing spatial frequency up to about 1/5 of Nyquist frequency

• For frequencies greater than 1/5 of Nuquist frequency, the carrier envelope is derived from the Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) data

• The CSF provides a measure of sensitivity of the average observer to changes in contrast at a given spatial frequency

Contrast Sensitivity FunctionContrast Sensitivity Function• Reciprocal of the CSF can be used to determine the

carrier magnitude needed at a given frequency to bring the embedded signal just below the threshold of detectability by an average observer

Message Template DesignMessage Template Design

• T(x,y): Message Template Function, the image resulting from placing a positive delta function at every message location

• This is for binary message

Rotation/Scale Detection and Rotation/Scale Detection and CorrectionCorrection

• Moment normalization, set local mean of the watermarked image to 0 and its standard deviation to a target value σd

• Do autocorrelation on the processed image and then process with a high-pass filter

Rotation/Scale Detection and Rotation/Scale Detection and CorrectionCorrection

• The ability to handle rotation and scale is a fundamental requirement of robust data embedded techniques

Thank you,Thank you,

•Questions?