diglossia
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
LANGUAGES IN CONTACTDIGLOSSIA
Dr. K. Lakehal-AyatMentouri University Constantine
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Language Contact
• The existence of 2 varieties (or 2 languages) side by side in the SAME community raises a number of interesting issues concerning
Their functions
Their relation to each other
Why they are kept separate
Where and how they mix
What results from their mixture
Diglossia
Bilingualism
Code-Switching
Pidgins and Creoles
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Diglossia (Definition)
Diglossia
Variety 1 Functions 1
Variety 2 Functions 2
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
These varieties
Coexist in the whole
community
Not only in one particular group
or class
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Charles Ferguson (1921-1998)
Diglossia is a relatively stable language situation in which, in addition to the primary dialects of the language (which may include a standard or regional standards), there is a very divergent, highly codified (often grammatically more complex) variety, the vehicle of a large and respected body of written literature, either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education and is used for most written and formal spoken purposes, but is not used by any sector of the community for ordinary conversation. (1959:435)
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Diglossia
• Related languages (Arabic & Algerian)
“Extended” diglossia
• Unrelated languages (Alsacian French & French) or Sanskrit and Kannnada
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Examples of Diglossic situations
• Switzerland : Standard German and Swiss German
• Haiti: Standard French and Haitian Creole• Greece: Attic and Demotik • Arab world : Algerian, Morrocan, Tunisian, etc.
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
Varieties in the Arab World• Standard Arabic• Formal speeches, religious sermons,
broadcasting news, and literature.
H (High)
• Spoken form• Conversations, informal contexts (radio
and TV series, folk literature), informal writing L (Low)
Language
Dialect
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
HNot a
mother tongue
Codified variety (taught
at school)
Prestigious
L
Deviation
Without structure
Symbol of national unification
Associated with Islam and the Holy Koran
Perfect , more logical, and more beautiful
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat
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Dr. K. Lakehal-Ayat