The Influence of The Influence of Land Uses allocation Land Uses allocation

in City's circulatory flows.in City's circulatory flows.

J. TSOUDEROS, PROFESSOR N.T.U.ATHENS, GREECE.

D. DIMELLI , ADJACENT LECTURER IN DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY.

Each Urban system

shapes its ecological status

with attributes that are characterized by its abilitythat are characterized by its ability

to minimise energy’s consumption energy’s consumption and and pollutants emission. pollutants emission.

•achieve high degree’achieve high degree’ss accessibility accessibility

without without •the corresponding mobility the corresponding mobility increase,increase,

This is achieved by configurating Urban formsconfigurating Urban forms that:

• cover the ground insufficiency for city’s needs in its centres,

This is achieved by configurating Urban formsconfigurating Urban forms that:

continuously continuously

recompose land usesrecompose land uses

for the achievement of for the achievement of

local and centrallocal and central services services

aiming to aiming to

city’s journeys city’s journeys

minimisation.minimisation.

This is achieved by configurating Urban formsconfigurating Urban forms that:

The evolution and extension of Attica has began since Athens municipality was nominated as Greece’s capital in 1833.

Historic facts (wars, 1,3 million refuges arrival) have attracted a huge number of new residents who were allocated round the existing city, creating extension rings that were corrupted only in areas where land characteristics (mountain, sea) didn’t allow residents allocation.

Today, Attica’s basin has big air pollution problems that are mainly caused by the intensive and increasing use of vehicles.

Our research uses the circulatory flows that were recorded in Our research uses the circulatory flows that were recorded in 1991, concern the number of cars that cross each street during 1991, concern the number of cars that cross each street during every typical day. Regarding the area where these flows were every typical day. Regarding the area where these flows were recorded, this is Attica’s basin that is composed by 56 recorded, this is Attica’s basin that is composed by 56 municipalities and is divided in 343 areas with different zip municipalities and is divided in 343 areas with different zip codes that constitute the areal units of our investigation. codes that constitute the areal units of our investigation.

From the recorded circulatory flows we realize that according to From the recorded circulatory flows we realize that according to the crossing vehiclesthe crossing vehicles, , the road axes are distinguished in three the road axes are distinguished in three categories.categories.

First category: Roads that are daily crossed by more than 50.000 vehicles. The higher crossed by more than 50.000 vehicles. The higher flows are recorded in the municipality of Athens in flows are recorded in the municipality of Athens in which the majority of population and employees is which the majority of population and employees is assembled. Intense flows are also recorded in axes assembled. Intense flows are also recorded in axes that depart from Athens municipality centre, extend that depart from Athens municipality centre, extend actinically in the urban web and "cross" other actinically in the urban web and "cross" other municipalities, connecting them with the centre. In municipalities, connecting them with the centre. In these axes, traffic problems, result as consequence these axes, traffic problems, result as consequence from the intense flows, especially in the hours of from the intense flows, especially in the hours of shops and services function.shops and services function.

Second category: roads that are daily crossed by 30.000-50.000 vehicles. crossed by 30.000-50.000 vehicles.

These roads These roads a) Depart from Athens centre and function a) Depart from Athens centre and function

supplementary with the axes of the First category. supplementary with the axes of the First category. b) Connect regions that are not in contiguity with b) Connect regions that are not in contiguity with

Athens municipalityAthens municipalityc) Connect the first category axes between them c) Connect the first category axes between them

additionally in other points except the central additionally in other points except the central departure point.departure point.

Third category: roads that are daily roads that are daily crossed by 10.000-30.000 vehicles and serve local crossed by 10.000-30.000 vehicles and serve local journeys. journeys.

THE REVEAL OF ATTICA’S BASIN FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE.

• The correlation of circulatory flows with land uses that create them, will result from the application of the following method:

– Initially we reveal city’s Functional Structure, composed by Initially we reveal city’s Functional Structure, composed by the “Components” that show economic activities groups as the “Components” that show economic activities groups as they arealy co-exist , and they arealy co-exist , and

– Then we investigate the Components allocation in relation Then we investigate the Components allocation in relation with the road axes in order to find which economic with the road axes in order to find which economic activities attract intense circulatory flowsactivities attract intense circulatory flows..

• Attica’s basin functional Structure results by Principal Components Analysis a method that seeks the linear combination of variables, which in our research are economic activities.

a)a) Functional Centers and Light Functional Centers and Light ManufactureManufacture 21 economic activities are included in this category 21 economic activities are included in this category

that has arised from the provided freedom in land that has arised from the provided freedom in land uses allocation, thus until 1988 there has not uses allocation, thus until 1988 there has not been the legislation to predefine the kind of the been the legislation to predefine the kind of the allowed land uses and their allocation in urban allowed land uses and their allocation in urban tissue. This category represents 44,70% of tissue. This category represents 44,70% of models explained variance, so it represents a big models explained variance, so it represents a big amount of city’s real status.amount of city’s real status.

The economic activities that are included areThe economic activities that are included areConsuming Consuming Goods Goods production from small production from small

enterprises that can co-exist with enterprises that can co-exist with residence,residence,

Activities, that trade the above products,Activities, that trade the above products,Retail trade that sells these products,Retail trade that sells these products,Services that facilitate Services that facilitate

a) the above transactions and a) the above transactions and b) these areas residents needs, b) these areas residents needs, as residenceas residence, , citycity’’s inactive mass, is s inactive mass, is

recorded in cityrecorded in city’’s total with differents total with different intensities.intensities.

b) Industrial and b) Industrial and Supplementary Supplementary

Land UsesLand Uses..This category includesThis category includes

● Industries and StoragesIndustries and Storages● Machines Production and Machines Production and

TradeTrade ● Basic Metallurgic Basic Metallurgic

IndustriesIndustries..These activities coThese activities co--exist arealy keeping off the rest exist arealy keeping off the rest

activities and residenceactivities and residence, , because of their because of their functionfunction’’s that degrades urban environments that degrades urban environment..

c) Central Business c) Central Business ActivitiesActivities..

This category includesThis category includes citycity’’s central functionss central functions that that are allocated with the criteria of the optimal are allocated with the criteria of the optimal accessibility and approachability.accessibility and approachability.

AREAL RELATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND AREAL RELATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND CIRCULATORY FLOWS.CIRCULATORY FLOWS.

The relation of

economic activities allocation economic activities allocation withwith

circulatory flowscirculatory flows will result fromwill result from

the investigation of

• the extractedthe extracted components allocationallocation in relation in relation

•with road axes.with road axes.

Functional Functional CentersCenters andand Light Light Manufacture Manufacture are intensively allocated at both sides of 3rd category roads, that are daily crossed by 10.000-30.000 vehicles.

Exception to this conclusion constitute some condensations on the 1st and 2nd road categories that however lie on peripherical municipalities.

Industrial Industrial andand Supplementary Supplementary Land UsesLand Uses

are allocated in zoning form from north-eastern to south-western in the harbour and are served by 2nd category’s axes that are daily crossed by 30.000-50.000 vehicles. This zone area constitutes Attica’s west industrial zone.

Central Business Central Business Districts Districts activitiesactivities

present the supplementary picture of Industrial and Supplementary Land Uses. They are also allocated in a zoning form and are mainly served by 3rd category’s road axes (more than

50.000 vehicle daily).

It is obvious that Functional and Circulatory Structure of Attica’s basin is shaped in three linear zones.

3.The first in West is the Industrial,

5.The second in centre is Central Business Districts, and

7.The third in east (limited by Imittos) mountain is the residence zone.

These zones create and are served by road axes by road axes

that cross the basinthat cross the basin, from north to the sea, with fluctuated circulatory intense,

depending on the group of activities they serve .

The lack of oblique axes of high circulatory intensity is obvious, fact that causes city’s traffic status city’s traffic status

problemsproblems in Attica’s basin, and this because these oblique flows these oblique flows

are servedare served (due to urban tissue deficiency) by low intensity local by low intensity local

road axesroad axes..