dimensions of environmental engineering for design of commercial buildings in india
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DIMENSIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING FOR THE DESIGN OFCOMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
Project Progress Report By
NITIN M. DEODHAR
Roll No. 2008503 Second Year
M.Tech. in Environmental Engineeringunder the guidance of
Dr. P V VIJAYBABU
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PROJECT OBJECTIVE
To research on the Issues affecting
Environment due to Development.
To device a methodology for measurement of
sustainable development.
To identify a major contributor of
Environmental Concern and analyse its
potential for reduction.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
MOST OF THE POLLUTION AGENTSOR ENVIRONMENT DESTABILISERSARE DUE TO HUMAN INTERVENTION.
A MAJORITY OF THESE ARE DUE THENEED FOR INCREASED COMFORT OFHUMANS.
CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY IS AMAJOR FACTOR AFFECTINGENVIRONMENT.
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ENERGY USERS
URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR
FOR INCREASED ENERGY USE.
ENERGY USE OF URBAN POPULATIONIS MAINLY DUE TO:
AUTOMOBILES
URBAN SPACES AIRCONDITIONING
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URBAN SPACES
URBAN SPACES AND ENVIRONMENT
HAS INCREASED USAGE OF AIR
CONDITIONING.
AIR CONDITIONING ACCOUNTS FOR
40% - 60% OF THE BUILDINGS
ENERGY NEEDS.
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ENERGY CONSUMTION
ENERGY CONSUMPTION CAN BE
ANALYSED BASED ON VARIOUS
PARAMETERS VIZ:
CONSTRUCTION
URBANISATION
ECONOMIC GROWTH
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
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CONCEPT OF LCC
LIFE CYCLE COSTING IS AN IMPORTANTTOOL IN ANY BUYING DECISION.
LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION RESULTS
IN LOWERING THE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT. A kilowatt OF ELECTRIC POWERSAVED RESULTS IN APPROX. 2 kW OFSAVING IN FUEL.
INITIAL COSTS COUPLED WITH OPERATINGCOSTS AND REPLACEMENT COSTS NEEDTO BE OPTIMISED THRU A LCC ANALYSIS.
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DYNAMIC METHODS OF LOAD
CALCULATION OF COMMERCIAL
BUILDINGS
PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT OF LOAD AT
THE DESIRED TIME FRAME.
AVOIDS OVER DESIGN.
ALLOWS MATCHING OF LOAD SIDE
DEMAND MANAGEMENT.
PROVIDES OPPORTUNITY FORMANAGING LOADS W.R.T. TIME OF
THE DAY.
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LOGICAL APPROACH TO THE
PROBLEM
A BUBBLE DIAGRAM APPROACH
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
DRINKING
WATER
AVAILABILITY AIR
POLLUTION
FOSSIL
FUEL
LIMITATION
SOIL
CONTAMATION
SOLID
WASTE
MGMT.
AVOID URBANISATION, INSTALL ENERGY EFFICIENT PLANTS & EQUIPMENTS
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING & SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Developmentis thedevelopment that meets the needs of thepresent without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their ownneeds.
Environmental Sustainabilityrequiresthat human activity only uses naturesresources at a rate at which they can bereplenished naturally.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Energy Conversation
Water Conversation
Prevention of Air Pollution
Prevention of Soil Pollution
Ecology Balance
Conservation of Wild Life, Habitat & Flaura &
Fauna Conservation & Prevention in other related
fields
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE
Ozone layer depletion
Global warming
Loss of biodiversity
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Ozone Depletion Process
Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down
by man-made chlorine and bromine compounds.
These compounds are found to be responsible
for most of the ozone layer depletion.
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Chemistry of Ozone Depletion
When ultraviolet light waves (UV) strike CFC*(CFCl3) molecules in the upper atmosphere, a
carbon-chlorine bond breaks, producing a chlorine
(Cl) atom. The chlorine atom then reacts with an
ozone (O3) molecule breaking it apart and sodestroying the ozone.
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Ozone Depletion Counter Measures
International cooperation, agreement (MontrealProtocol) to phase out ozone depletingchemicals since 1974.
Tax imposed for ozone depleting substances.
Ozone friendly substitutes - HCFC (less ozone
depleting potential and shorter life).
Recycle of CFCs and Halons.
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GLOBAL WARMING
The key greenhouse gases (GHG) causingglobal warming is carbon dioxide. CFC's, eventhough they exist in very small quantities, aresignificant contributors to global warming.
Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalentgreenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two
major anthropogenic (human-caused) sources:the combustion of fossil fuels and changes inland use.
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Unit of Measurement of GWP
Often, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions
are presented in units of millions of metric tonsof carbon equivalents (MMTCE), which weights
each gas by its Global Warming Potential or
GWP value.
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Measurement of GHG
Each greenhouse gas differs in its ability toabsorb heat in the atmosphere. HFCs and PFCsare the most heat-absorbent. Methane trapsover 21 times more heat per molecule thancarbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide absorbs 270
times more heat per molecule than carbondioxide.
Conventionally, the GWP of carbon dioxide,measured across all time horizons, is 1. TheGWPs of other greenhouse gases are thenmeasured relative to the GWP of carbon dioxide.
Thus GWP of methane is 21 while GWP ofnitrous oxide is 270.
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Global Warming (Climate Change) Implications
Rise in global temperature
Climate models predict that the global temperature will rise by
about 6 C by the year 2100.
Rise in sea levelThe mean sea level is expected to rise 9 - 88 cm by the year
2100, causing flooding of low lying areas and other damages.
Food shortages and hungerFood security is likely to be threatened and some regions are
likely to experience food shortages and hunger.
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LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity
where each species, no matter how small, all
have an important role to play and that it is inthis combination that enables the ecosystem to
possess the ability to prevent and recover from a
variety of disasters.
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India's Greenhouse Gas Emissions
India has experienced a dramatic growth in fossil fuel
CO2 emissions, with an increase of nearly 5.9 % since1950.
India is rated as the 6th largest contributor of CO2
emissions behind China, the 2nd largest contributor.
However, our per capita CO2 of 0.93 tons per annum iswell below the world average of 3.87 tons per annum.
Fossil fuel emissions in India continue to result largely
from coal burning.
India is highly vulnerable to climate change as itseconomy is heavily reliant on climate sensitive sectors
like agriculture and forestry. The vast low-lying and
densely populated coastline is susceptible to rise in sea
level.
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The Flexible Mechanisms
Emissions trading
Joint implementation
Clean development mechanism
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Emissions Trading
Through trading, installations with low costs for
reductions are stimulated to make reductions and selltheir surplus of emissions allowances to organisations
where reductions are more expensive. Both the selling
and buying company wins on this flexibility.
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Joint implementation
A country that has made a commitment for reducing
greenhouse gases, can offer to, or obtain from another
country, greenhouse gas emissions reductions. These
emissions reductions shall come from projects with the
objectives to reduce anthropogenic emissions fromsources or increase the anthropogenic uptake in sinks.
These reductions can be used to help fulfill their own
reduction commitments at a lower cost than if they hadto do the reductions in their own country.
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Joint implementation
A country that has made a commitment for reducing
greenhouse gases, can offer to, or obtain from another
country, greenhouse gas emissions reductions. These
emissions reductions shall come from projects with the
objectives to reduce anthropogenic emissions fromsources or increase the anthropogenic uptake in sinks.
These reductions can be used to help fulfill their own
reduction commitments at a lower cost than if they hadto do the reductions in their own country.
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Clean Development Mechanism
CDM
With the help of CDM, countries which have setthemselves an emission reduction target under the KyotoProtocol (Annex I countries) can contribute to thefinancing of projects in developing countries (non-Annex
I countries) which do not have a reduction target.
These projects should reduce the emission ofgreenhouse gases while contributing to the sustainabledevelopment of the host country involved. The achievedemission reductions can be purchased by the Annex Icountry in order to meet its reduction target.
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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
What is Sustainable Development?Sustainable development is often defined as'development that meets the needs of thepresent, without compromising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs'.
Sustainable development encompasses threebasic and inter-related objectives: Economic security and prosperity Social development and advancement Environmental sustainability
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Sector wiseEnergy consumption
Year Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation
2007 21.76 18.49 32.77 28.87
2010 21.88 19.01 31.10 27.86
2015 21.87 20.10 32.24 28.662020 22.67 21.46 32.09 29.22
2025 23.31 22.49 32.93 30.32
2030 24.05 23.59 33.87 32.05
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The Way Forward
Buildings will continue to use electricity astheir prime energy source.
The contribution of Buildings is likely to outgrow
the growth rate of energy consumption in othersectors like Transportation, Industry etc.
Thus, energy consumption in the Buildings
segment is bound to increase with increase inurbanisation, number of buildings and having nosubstitute fuels like biomass, bio fuels etc.
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Questions & Answers
Thank You