diploma in civil engineering · sy civil fourth sem sanjay ghodawat polytechnic, atigre 1 key...

SY CIVIL Fourth Sem

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1

Key Points to Remember:

Second Year

Diploma in Civil Engineering

Fourth Semester

C h a p t e r w i s e N o t e s

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

SY CIVIL Fourth Sem



Subject Title : Transportation Engineering Subject Code : 17418

Topic 1. Overview of Transportation Engineering (04 Marks)

Contents:

• Role of transportation in the development of nation • Modes of transportation system -

roads, railway, airways, waterways, Importance of each mode, comparison and their

relative merits and demerits. • Necessity of Cross drainage works for railways.

Que.1 State the role of transportation in the development of nation.

Ans:- Role of transformation is in the movement of people and goods

within the nation and transformation of both people and given us

feasible by land, water and air. The transport by land is feasible

through roadways and railways. Both these modes are easy and

economical, they play an important role in the economic and

social and commercial development of a country.

Transportation plays a very important role in development of India

in the following ways.

1. Easy and quick transportation of men, machines, animals,

material, and goals can be made.

2. Transportation system increases the social awareness among

people.

3. Transportation is essential for strategic movement in emergency

for defense of the country and to maintain better law and order.

4. Transportation Network creates job opportunities for millions of

people.

5. Transportation through air ways plays an important role of

communication to the people staying in remote area and also

helps the people in difficulties during floods

Que.2 State two merits and two demerits of Roadways.

Ans. Merits of Roadways:

1. A number of smaller units like scooter, rickshaws, cars, etc. are

available for personalized transport.

2. They provide door to door service.

3. It is ideal for non-bulk cargo especially passenger and freight.

4. They transport men and material from one part to other speedily

and easily.

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5. Starting and destination points need not be necessarily defined

unlike in other modes of transport.

6. In hilly or mountainous region roads are the only means of

conveyance.

7. Help to provide medical aid to remote places.

8. Safety of goods is assured as the responsibility rest with the driver.

Demerits of Roadways:

1. Suitable for short distance only.

2. Rate of accidents are very high as compared to other modes of

transportation.

3. Tractive resistance of wheels to the roads is more therefore more

power is required.

4. Speed restriction is there in this mode of transport.

Que.3 State the factors affecting the choice of transport

Ans: Factors affecting the choice of transport are:

If business firm can deliver goods and satisfactory services to

customers, it can earn goodwill. Nature of goods, needs of

customers, cost, time for delivery (speed), reliability, capacity,

access, security etc. should be considered while selecting means of

transport.

Selection of the means of transport affects the whole physical

distribution system. So proper means of transport should be

selected keeping all these factors in mind.

1. Cost : Water transport is the cheapest means for transporting raw

materials or finished goods. Road transport is relatively costly and

airway transport is the costliest.

2. Speed: The time taken by the means of transport in transporting

goods is called speed. The means of high speed takes shorter time

to transport goods or people to the destination, but the means of

slow speed takes longer time. Airway transport is fastest means

whereas human and animals are the slowest means. Water

transport system is cheap means but it is very slow.

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/modes-of-transportation.html

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/merits-and-demerits-of-water-transport.html

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/merits-and-demerits-of-air-transport.html

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/merits-and-demerits-of-air-transport.html

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3. Accessibility Or Availability: All means of transport have no same

accessibility. There is neither accessibility nor availability of pipeline and

water ways/sea route in some countries. So, road transport is the best

among available means.

4. Capacity: Railways and water ways are the best means in carrying

capacity. They can transport huge and heavy loads. The means of rad

transport are medium whereas airways can carry only limited loads and

are the costliest means.

5. Reliability: The task of carrying goods to destination at right time

regularly is called reliability. Pipeline transport system is the best reliable

means whereas road transport, railway, human and animals are

supposed to be good or reliable means of transport.

In short following factors are affecting choice of selection of transport.

1. Quantity of material to be transport.

2. Weight of the material to be transported.

3. Distance of transport.

4. Time available for transportation.

5. Locations of places of transport

Que.4 Compare demerits of roadways and railways.

Ans: Comparison of demerits of roadways and railways.

S. No. Demerits of Roadways Demerits of Railways

1 Roadways are not suitable

for bulk cargo movement

Railways are suitable for

bulk cargo movement

2 More width of right-of way. Less Width of right-of way.

3 High tractive resistance Less tractive resistance

4 Low employment potential High employment potential

5 More traffic effort is required Traffic effort of railway route is less.

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/merits-of-road-transport.html

http://marketinglord.blogspot.com/2012/06/merits-and-demerits-of-railway.html

SY CIVIL Fourth Sem



Que.5 State the important of cross drainage works for railway.

Ans: Important of cross drainage works for railways are:

i) To pass the rain water safely across the track

ii) To allow the communication or movement of people goods etc.

traffic across the track.

Que.6 Enlist necessity of cross drainage works.

Ans: Necessity of cross drainage works is given below:

1. Excess Moisture content causes reduction in bearing strength of

base course bed materials.

2. Excess moisture content in layers of road way causes permanent

failure.

3. Due to poor drainage, waves and corrugations are formed in

flexible pavements.

4. At places where temperature often reaches to freezing point

frost action of water entering the pavements structure may cause

the damage.

Que.7 Enlist different modes of transportation and explain any one.

Ans: There are various means to carry products from one place to

another. Land transport, water transport, air transport and pipeline

transport are the major means of transportation. Each of them has

its own features, merits and demerits. Proper means of

transportation should be selected according to necessity, the

nature of goods, cost, time for transportation, reliability, capacity,

access, security etc. We can classify and describe the different

modes of transportation in the following ways mentioned below:

1. Land Transport System

i. Road Transport

Road transport is being used from ancient time and it is very useful and

important. The means of road transport are: a). men and labors, b). animals

such as mule, horse, sheep, goat, camel etc. c). cart, lorry etc. d). the

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modern automobile such as motor, bus, truck, tractor, tempo, trolley bus,

jeep etc are also used to transport people and goods. People, cloths, paper

materials, books, machines and machinery, animals, fresh fruits and other

goods are transported from one place to another.

Labors or porters are used to carry goods to remote places where

modern means of transport have not reached. In some places horse, mule,

sheep, goat, camels etc. are used to transport goods. Rickshaw, cycle, cart,

lorry etc are also used in transporting goods and people. But the means of

transport like bus, truck, tractor, motor, etc. have become very popular

means of transporting goods and people. Nowadays, motor, truck, bus, jeep

etc. have become synonyms of road transport.

ii. Railway Transport

The other important means of land transport is railway. It is used to

transport goods and people from one place to another. Development of railway

transport helps much to develop industry, commerce and whole economy of

any country. It is very useful in transporting big and heavy goods and materials.

Mostly railway is used in transporting big and heavy materials such as big

machines, coal, food grain, chemicals, automobiles, iron , steel etc.

2. Water Transport System

Water transport is taken as an ancient means of transport, It was

developed and used to transport goods and people from one country to

another before the development of air transport. It is also operated to transport

goods from one part to another of any country through big canals, rivers or sea.

Water transport is a system of transporting goods and people from one place to

another by ship, boat, steamer, motorboat etc. through canals, rivers, lake, sea,

ocean etc. Water transport is suitable to transport petroleum products,

chemicals, iron, machines, tools, heavy equipment, coal and several heavy

goods.

3. Air Transport System

Air transport is the fastest modern means of transport. Air transport was

started after First World War, especially after 1918. In the beginning until 1960,

only passengers, mails, perishable goods and costly light goods were

SY CIVIL Fourth Sem



transported by air transport. But nowadays, air transport system has also become

suitable for other industrial and commercial products. According to the research

carried out by Air Canada on air fair market, air transport system has been

proved cost effective and practical means for transporting industrial and

business goods.

The importance of air transport has gradually growing. This is the fastest

speed means for transporting passengers and goods to different parts within a

country and different countries of the world. Mostly, flowers of different species,

perishable edibles, technical goods, emergency parts and parcels, equipment,

mails and other valuable goods are transported by air transport system.

4. Pipeline Transport System

Pipeline is another important means of transport. Raw oil, Petroleum products,

processed coal, drinking water, natural gas etc. are transported from one place

to another place. Pipeline transport may be constructed underground or

underwater. This means of transport is very useful for quick transportation of liquid

materials even through high hills or plane land. This is regular and reliable means

of transport.

It needs less manpower. It does not need packaging service and cost

and it can be operated 24 hours. It becomes long lasting in the condition of

proper repair. But construction of pipeline system take huge investment and

it can transport only liquid materials.

5. Rope-way Transport System

Rope-way is the another means of transport. It can transport people and goods.

It can be operated in the places where road construction is impractical and

costly. Certain limit of goods or people can be transported with the help of

electricity. In the hilly remote countries, rope-way transport system may be

suitable means.

SY CIVIL Fourth Sem



Topic 2. Railway Engineering (32 Marks)

Contents:

2.1 Alignment and Gauges and Permanent ways………….12

• Classification of Indian Railways, zones of Indian Railway. Alignment- Factors governing

rail alignment. Rail Gauges – types, factors affecting selection of gauge. Rail track cross

sections – standard cross section of BG and M.G Single and double line in cutting and

embankment.

• Permanent ways - Ideal requirement, component parts. Rails - function and its types.

Rail Joints - requirements, types, Creep of rail, causes and prevention of creep. Sleepers -

functions and Requirement, types - wooden, metal, concrete sleepers and their

suitability, sleeper density Ballast - function and different types with their properties,

relative merits and demerits. Rail fixtures and

fastenings – fish plate, bearing plates, spikes, bolts, keys, anchors and anti creepers.

2.2 Railway Track Geometrics and Branching of Tracks…….14

• Coning of wheels, tilting of rails, Gradient and its types, Super elevation limits of Super

elevation on curves, cant deficiency negative cant, grade compensation on curves •

Branching of Tracks

Definition of point and crossing, a simple split switch turnout consisting of points and

crossing lines. Sketch showing different components, their functions and working. Line

sketches of track junctions-crossovers, scissor cross over, diamond crossing, triangle.

Inspection of points and crossings.

2.3 Station and Yards and Track Maintenance………………..06

• Site selection for railway stations, Requirements of railway station, Types of stations

(way side, crossing, junction and terminal) Station yards , types of station yard, Passenger

yards, good yard Locomotive yard – its requirements, water column , Marshalling yard –

its types. .

• Track Maintenance - Necessity, types, Tools required and their function, orgnisation,

duties of permanent way inspector, gang mate key man.

Que.1 State factors affecting selection of site for railway station.

Ans: The following factors affect selection of site for railway station:

1. It should have fairly level ground.

2. It should be closed to town.

3. It should provide good drainage facility.

4. It should not be in low lying area otherwise water well be filled in the

yards.

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5 It should be preferred if roads already exists at the site connecting towns

and villages.

6 Sufficient vast area should be available for future development of the

station.

Que.2 State Factors affecting selection of site for railway station.

Ans: The following factors affect selection of site for railway station:

1. It should have fairly level ground.

2. It should be closed to town.

3. It should provide good drainage facility.

4. It should not be in low lying area otherwise water well be filled in

the yards.

5 It should be preferred if roads already exists at the site connecting

towns and villages.

6 Sufficient vast area should be available for future development of

the station.

Que.3 State requirements of railway station.

Ans: Railway station should satisfy the following requirements;

1. Public requirements:

i. Booking office for issuing tickets to the passengers.

ii. Arrangement for the booking of goods.

iii. Passenger and goods platform with or without sheds.

iv. Name board of the station.

v. Waiting rooms and relaxing rooms.

vi. Drinking water arrangements.

vii. Bathrooms with sanitary arrangements.

viii. Inquiry office.

ix. Provision of big boards for schedule of trains.

x. Microphones to announce the arrival and departure of trains.

xi. Other facilities like public telephone, refreshment staff, telegraph

office, police stations, etc.

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2. Traffic staff and Police requirements:

Staffroom, retiring room and residential quarters for railway staff such as

station master, ticket collector, night operator, engine drivers, etc. and for

police should be provided.

3. Train requirements:

i. Provision for arrangements for controlling the movement of trains by

means of signals.

ii. Sufficient number of slidings for receiving, sorting, storing and departing

of trains.

iii. Sufficient number of platforms for handling passengers and goods

trains.

iv. Arrangements for control and record of train movements.

4. Requirement of locomotives:

i. Proper arrangements for supply of fuel and water to locomotives such

as coal, lifting cranes, water columns, etc.

ii. Arrangements for cleaning, examining, inspecting and maintaining the

locomotives such as ash pits, inspection pits, hydraulic jacks, etc.

iii. Turn table for changing the direction of engine.

5. Requirements for development of railways:

i. Easy and comfortable approach roads connecting the nearby town or

village to the station without causing congestions.

ii. Availability of coolies on the station platform.

iii. Clocks to show correct time, guide map of the city, separate boards

for arrival and departure of trains with platform numbers.

Que.4 Explain hydrological investigation of railway.

Ans: The hydrological investigation of railway include following

information:

i. The intensity and frequency of rainfall in the area.

ii. The ground water table which affects the construction of railway

track.

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iii. The size, shape and surface characteristic of catchment area of

river on which Railway Bridge is to be provided.

iv. The maximum depth of scour with corresponding level or any

other special causes responsible for the scour has to be

investigated.

Que.5 State the factors of governing rail alignment

Ans: Following are the factors govern the rail alignment:

1. Connecting tread centres.

2. Strategic consideration.

3. Shortening existing routes.

4. Connecting port with the interior of the country.

5. Lying of branch line

Que.6 State the type of gauges in railway. Explain any one in details.

Ans: Gauge: The clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of

the two rails forming a track is known as gauge.

Following are the type of gauges.

1. Broad gauge (B.G)

2. Meter gauge (M.G.)

3. Narrow gauge (N.G.)

Broad Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner

faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1676mm the gauge is called

Broad Gauge (B.G)

This gauge is also known as standard gauge of India and is the broadest

gauge of the world.

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The Other countries using the Broad Gauge are Pakistan, Bangladesh,

SriLanka, Brazil, Argentine, etc.50% India‘s railway tracks have been laid to

this gauge.

Suitability: - Broad gauge is suitable under the following Conditions:-

1. When sufficient funds are available for the railway project.

2. When the prospects of revenue are very bright.

3. This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in plain areas which are

densely populated i.e. for routes of maximum traffic, intensities and at

places which are centers of industry and commerce.

Metre Gauge: - When the clear horizontal distance between the inner

faces of two parallel rails forming a track is 1000mm, the gauge is known

as Metre Gauge (M.G) The other countries using Metre gauge are France,

Switzerland, Argentine, etc. 40% of India‘s railway tracks have been laid

to this gauge.

Suitability:- Metre Gauge is suitable under the following

conditions:-

1. When the funds available for the railway project are

inadequate.

2. When the prospects of revenue are not very bright.

3. This gauge is, therefore, used for tracks in under-developed

areas and in interior areas, where traffic intensity is small and

prospects for future development are not very bright.

Narrow Gauge:- When the clear horizontal distance between the inner

faces of two parallel rails forming a track is either 762mm or 610mm, the

gauge is known as Narrow gauge (N.G) The other countries using narrow

gauge are Britain, South Africa, etc. 10% of India‘s railway tracks have

been laid to this gauge.

Suitability: - Narrow gauge is suitable under the following conditions:-

1. When the construction of a track with wider gauge is prohibited

due to the provision of sharp curves, steep gradients, narrow bridges and

tunnels etc.

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2. When the prospects of revenue are not very bright. This gauge is,

therefore, used in hilly and very thinly populated areas. The feeder gauge

is commonly used for feeding raw materials to big government

manufacturing concerns as well as to private factories such as steel

plants, oil refineries, sugar factories, etc.

Que.7 State factors govern the choice for the selection of gauge.

Ans: 1. Cost of construction:

i. The cost of earthwork, ballast, sleepers, rails, etc. would increase

with increase in gauge width.

ii. There is little increase in the acquisition of land for permanent

track with increase in gauge.

2. Volume and nature of traffic:

It is evident with greater traffic volume and greater load carrying

capacity; the trains should be run by a better traction technique.

3. Development of the area:

Narrow gauge can be used to develop the thinly populated areas

by joining them with developed or urban areas.

4. Physical features of the country:

Use of narrow gauge is warranted in hilly regions where broad and

metre gauge are not possible due to steep gradients and sharps.

5. Speed of the movement:

The speed of train is almost proportional to the gauge. Speed is the

function of diameter of wheel, which in turn is limited by the gauge.

The wheel diameter is generally 0.75 times that of gauge. Lower speed

discourages the customers and so for maintaining high speeds, broad

gauges are preferred.

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Que.8 List various component parts of Permanent Way.

Ans: Following are the component parts of permanent way:

1. Rails 2. Ballast 3. Sleepers

4. Fixtures and fastening 5. Formation or sub

grade

Que.9 State Ideal requirements of permanent way.

Ans: Ideal requirements of permanent way

i. The gauge of the permanent way should be uniform, correct and

it should not get altered.

ii. Both the rails should be at the same level on tangent (straight)

portion of the track.

iii. Proper amount of superelevation should be provided to the

outer rail above the inner rail on curved portion of the track.

iv. The permanent way should be sufficiently strong against lateral

forces.

v. The curves, provided in the track, should be properly designed.

vi. An even and uniform gradient should be provided through out

the length of the track.

vii. The tractive resistance of the track should be minimum.

viii. The design of the permanent way should be such that the load

of the train is uniformly distributed on both the rails so as to prevent

unequal settlement of the track.

ix. It Should provide adequate elasticity in order to prevent the

harshness of impacts between the rails and the moving wheel loads

of a train.

x. It should be free from excessive rail joints and all the joining

should be properly designed and constructed.

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xi. All the components parts such as rails, sleepers, ballast, fixtures

and fastenings, etc. should satisfy the design requirements.

xii. All the fixtures and fastenings such as chairs, bearing plates, fish

plates, fish bolts, spikes etc. should be strong enough to withstand

the stresses occurring in the track.

xiii. All the *points and crossings, laid in the permanent way, should

be properly designed and carefully constructed.

xiv. It should be provided with fence near level crossings and also in

urban areas.

xv. It should be provided with proper drainage facilities so as to

drain off the rain water quickly away from the track.

xvi. It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in

the alignment of the track.

xvii. It should be provided with safe and strong bridges coming in

the alignment of the track.

xviii. It should be so constructed that repairs and renewals of any of

its portion can be carried out without any difficulty.

Que.10 State functions of Rails.

Ans: Rails are rolled steel sections laid end to end in two parallel lines

over the sleepers to form a railway track is called as rail.

The functions of Rails are:

i) To provide a hard, strong surface for movement of trains.

ii) To provide smooth surface for movement of trains with minimum

tractive resistance.

iii) To bear the stresses developed in the track due to heavy wheel

loads, lateral and braking forces and also due to variation of

temperature

iv)To transmit the axle loads of the trains to sleepers.

v)To reduce the pressure on ballast and formation

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For Details contact:

Mr. V.S. kumbhar

HOD

Civil Department,

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.

Mob. No.: 7798306363

Ph. No.: 0230 -246312

Email ID: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

diploma in civil engineering · sy civil fourth sem sanjay ghodawat polytechnic, atigre 1 key...

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