direct support for rural water service delivery
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Direct support for
rural water service
delivery
London 31st December 2011
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Support for service delivery is often the most neglected area of cost and effort
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Why support rural water services?
• Most rural communities cannot manage all of the tasks all of the time
• Shift from ‘volunteerism’ towards more professionalised service provision
• Increasing requirement for oversight and monitoring
• New mandates for local government as ‘service authority’
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What do we mean by institutional support?
Direct support to communities
‘Post-construction support’
• Data collection
• Monitoring and oversight
• Technical advice
• Administrative and organisational support
• Conflict resolution – the neutral voice
• (re-) training
• Information and links to resources
Indirect support to service authorities (local government)
• Data collation
• Monitoring and oversight
• Specialist technical advice and equipment
• Capacity building and training
• Quality control, norms and standards
• Planning and resource allocation
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Indirect capacity support to local government
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• Most commonly central ministry or national agency via deconcentrated offices:
• Uganda - Technical Support Units
• South Africa - Dept. Water Affairs
• Ghana - CWSA regional offices
• Associations of local government – Latin America ‘mancomunidades’
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Arrangements for providing direct support
Arrangement for support
agent
Examples
Direct support by local govt.
Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique and Uganda
Central govt. or parastatal
• Honduras - national utility SANAA circuit rider programme • Colombia – unit within national ministry
Associations of community providers
• Honduras – AHJASA; Colombia - AQUACOL • Brazil - Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural (SISAR) • USA – RCAP and NRWA; membership organisations
Sub-contracted companies or individuals
• South Africa - Support Services Agency (SSA), which can be a private company or NGO . • Uganda, Malawi - pump mechanics or area-based mechanics • Chile - regional private utilities contracted by Ministry
NGOs • Many on-going implementation programmes – ad hoc basis • El Salvador - Asociación Salvadoreña de Servicios de Agua
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Técnico en OyM (TOM) model from Honduras
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Technical Division Manager
Manager/coordinator Rural Water systems
Senior accountant
North 1 engineer
South 1 engineer
West 1 engineer
Central West
1 engineer
Central East
1 engineer
Atlantic 1 engineer
North 14 TOMS
South 7 TOMS
West 18 TOMS
C. West 18 TOMS
E. West 18 TOMS
Atlantic 6 TOMS
Regular support and back-up to: • Village committees Water boards • Water system operators Municipalities
CENTRAL
LEVEL
REGIONAL
LEVEL
LOCAL
LEVEL
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Scope of TOM model from Honduras
• Support to over 4,000 rural communities = 2 m of 3.2 m rural pop.
• Each técnico has ~50 communities with average of 2 visits per year
• Data collection for SIAR – Rural Water Information System
• Established in 1995 by SANAA with financing support from USAID - sustainability?
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What does direct support cost?
Source: A. Meleg (2011)
Costs of BBA SISAR based in Quixada, Ceará, Brazil
Integrated System for Rural Sanitation 12 staff members: •3 technical staff, • 7 administrative/ commercial •1 social science background •1 responsible for general services
Financing: User tariff, based on metered connections and collection of bills
Coverage: 25 and 112 systems each, representing between 15,000 and 72,000 users.
Direct Support ~ US$3.60 per person per year
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Emerging lessons on cost of direct support
• Costs of direct support are significant – accounting for ~ 20 - 25% of all long-term expenditure
• In (lower) middle income countries ~ US$2 – 3 person/year appears to be sufficient order of magnitude
• < US$1 person/year appears too low to be effective
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Planning for direct support in programming
• Who coordinates and provides long-term support to WASH service delivery?
• How is this currently financed and what are the gaps?
• Is it possible for us to contribute to such support structures?
• Can we make linkages with (local) authorities so that the projects we deliver are supported?
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Further information
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‘Arrangements and cost of providing support to rural water service providers’; IRC, 2011
www.waterservicesthatlast.org