directionality in translation: processes and practices

7/30/2019 Directionality in Translation: Processes and Practices

1/25

Lermd|ejn`ke|uen \r`ntk`|ejnVrjdmttmt`nlVr`d|edmt

@. Tjvbe` T. H`rh`relj}

MniketbLmv`r|hmn|+ ]neqmrte|uja@|bmnt

@ot|r`d|7 En |bet `r|edkm `n `||mhv| et h`lm |j tut|mh`|ed`kku `vvrj`db lermd|ejn`ke|u en |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt `nl vr`d|edmt arjh ` djine|eqm vjen| jaqemy.

Ye|ben |bm ar`hmyjrc jadjine|eqm tmh`n|edt+ e| et `ri}ml |b`| |r`ntk`|ejn et n

ent|`ndm jadjndmv|}`k hm|`vbjr+ ybmrmou djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm |`rim|

k`ni}ìm `rm h`vvml jn|j |bm tj}rdm |m|en jrlmr|j h`cm e|}nlmrt|jjlou |bm

\K rm`lmr. \bm rmkmq`ndm ja|bet vjte|ejn ajr |bm t|}lu ja|r`ntk`|ejn omdjhmt

joqej}t ybmn djntelmrml ìènt| met|eni vr`d|edmt en vrjamttejn`k `nlnjn

vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|eni. \b}t+ |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh |`rim| |j tj}rdm et

mvmrehmn|`kku tbjyn |j djrrmk`|m ye|b `nj|bmr |uvm jalermd|ejn`ke|u+ n`hmku+

|r`ntk`|eni arjh jren|j jnm)t hj|bmr |jni}m+ `nld`n mvkèn jotmrqòkm a`d|t

en |bm vmrajrh`ndm ja|r`ntk`|ejn |`tct.

_t}h7 Dm| r|edkm vrjvjtm }nm |}lm l} d`r`d|rm lermd|ejnnmk l} vrjdmtt}tlm k` |r`l}d|ejn mnqetìl)}n vjen| lm q}m djine|ea Mn |mrhmt lm th`n|ep}m

djine|eqm+ k` |r`l}d|ejn `vv`r`| djhhm }nm h|`vbjrm djndmv|}mkkm+ d.((l.

}nm vrjgmd|ejn lm t|r}d|}rmt djndmv|}mkkmt lm k` k`ni}m(deokm t}r km |m|m(

tj}rdm mn q}m lm k` djhvrbmntejn lm dm lmrnemrv`r km kmd|m}rl} |m|m(deokm.

K` lermd|ejn p}e q` lm k` deokm k` tj}rdm mt| mn djrrk`|ejn `qmd }n `}|rm |uvm

lm lermd|ejn+ k` |r`l}d|ejn lm j} qmrt k` k`ni}m h`|mrnmkkm lm k)`}|m}r. Dm||m

djrrk`|ejn rmnl djhv|m lm dmr|ènt vr`|ep}mt |r`l}d|eqmt.

6. En|rjl}d|ejn

Ye|ben |bm ar`hmyjrc jad}rrmn| |bmjrm|ed`k qemyt jn |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt`nl vr`d|edmt+ e| et |bm èh ja|bet `r|edkm |j m`henm |bm ett}m jalermd|ejn`ke|uen |r`ntk`|ejn en |bm keib| jarmdmn| |rmnlt en djine|eqm keni}et|edt. @ljv|enitjhm o`ted |mnm|t jadjine|eqm tmh`n|edt+ `t `lqjd`|ml ou Gjbntjn "055?%+K`cjaa "0529% `nl Aekkhjrm "052= `nl 0599%+ n ||mhv| yekk om h`lm |j tbjy

\ rim| 270 "0551%+


2/25

=6 @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

|b`| |r`ntk`|ejn et |bm |m|}`k rm`kew`|ejn ja |bm djndmv|}`k hmdb`neth jahm|`vbjr ybedb b`t tj a`r ommn tbjyn |j om m|rmhmku a}nd|ejn`k en |bmmvrmttejn ja keni}et|ed hm`neni "tmm K`cjaa 055?+ K`cjaa 0529+ `nl K`cjaa`nl Gjbntjn 0526% `nl en |bm db`r`d|mrew`|ejn ja q`rej}t letdj}rtm |uvmt "tmmH`rh`relj} 0550 `nl 055


3/25

LE_MD\EJN@KE\U EN \_@NTK@\EJN V_JDMTTMT @NL V_@D\EDMT =0

p}`ke|`|eqmku t}vmrejr |j |bjtm en|j |bm ajrmein k`ni}ìm+ `nl |b`| vrjamttejn`kt tmmheniku vmrajrh om||mr |b`n t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jrt. \bm }tm ja mq`k}`|eqm|mrht |j lmtdreom |r`ntk`|ejn vrjl}d|t }t}`kku ehvkemt |bm mhvkjuhmn| jadmr|èn dre|mre` en |mrht ja ybedb ` |r`ntk`|ejn et `ttmttml. \bm letd}ttejn jat}db dre|mre` a`kkt j}|telm |bm tdjvm ja |bm vrmtmn| yjrc `nl bmndm |bmdb`r`d|mrew`|ejn ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn j}|djhm en |bet `r|edkm b`t ` kjjtm+ vrm(|bmjrm|ed`k irj}nleni en ` td`km ja djhh}ned`|eqm mvrmtteqe|u7 |bm hjrm `|`rim| |m| `vvrjeh`|mt |bm mvrmtteqm vj|mn|e`k ja ` djrrmtvjnleni tj}rdm|m| "bjymqmr |bet vj|mn|e`k hù om elmn|eaeml+ `n`kutml+ jr hm`t}rml%+ |bm

om||mr e| et djntelmrml |j om `t ` |r`ntk`|ejn vrjl}d|.

0. \bmjrm|ed`k Ar`hmyjrc

\bm `ttjde`|ejn om|ymmn |r`ntk`|ejn `nl djine|eqm keni}et|edt+ ybedb b`trmdmn|ku rmdmeqml ` kj| ja `||mn|ejn "m.i. Tnmkk(Bjrnou 0522+ \ò`cjytc`0554+ `nl C}tth`}k 055


4/25

=? @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

eni `nl mqjcml ou tdmnmt ja mvmremndm `ttjde`|ml ye|b |bmh `nl |bm tun|`d|ed v`||mrnt |bmtm mvrmttejnt "jr yjrlt% mn|mr. Ajr m`hvkm+ |bm Mniketb yjrl_ETC mqjcmt ` tdmnm ajd}teni jn |bm t}ogmd| `t qed|eh en /r}n ` retc/+ybmrm`t en /|`cm ` retc/ |bm ajd}t et jn |bm t}ogmd| `t `d|jr "tmm Aekkhjrm `nl@|cent 055?%.

E omkemqm |b`| |bm djntmp}mndmt ja qemyeni |bm qjd`o}k`ru `nl tun|` ja` k`ni}`im en |bet keib| `rm qmru teineaed`n| ajr ` |bmjru ja |r`ntk`|ejn. \bet b`t`krm`lu omdjhm dkm`r arjh |bm yjrct ja Q`nnmrmh `nl Tnmkk(Bjrnou "0521%+Qmrhmmr `nl Ye||m "0556%+ `nl C}tth`}k "055


5/25


@t `krm`lu hmn|ejnml+ en djine|eqm tmh`n|edt k`ni}ìm et qemyml `t v`r|ja imnmr`k b}h`n djine|ejn. Jn |bmtm irj}nlt e| et vjtteokm |j `tt}hm |b`| eahm|`vbjred`k vrjdmttmt `rm en imnmr`k jvmr`|eqm en b}h`n djine|ejn `nl àamd|keni}et|ed mvrmttejn `nl letdj}rtm rm`kew`|ejn+ |bmu vjtteoku `ktj àamd| |bm|r`ntamr ja |m|}`k hm`neni arjh jnm keni}et|ed hmle}h |j `nj|bmr+ e.m. |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt. Ieqmn |b`| |bm q`rej}t `tvmd|t ja |m|}`k hm`neni `rm keni}et|ed`kku rm`kewml en |bm tj}rdm |m|+ `nl ieqmn |b`| t}db rm`kew`|ejnt `rmk`ni}ìm tvmdeaed+ `ddmtt |j |m|}`k hm`neni et jnku vjtteokm ajr tvm`cmrt*rm`lmrt ja |bm v`r|ed}k`r k`ni}ìm. Ajr |bm njn(tvm`cmrt*rm`lmrt ja |b`| k`n

i}ìm |m|}`k hm`neni d`nnj| om }nlmrt|jjl. Bmndm+ |j |bmtm rm`lmrt+ |bm |m|et `n òt|r`d|ejn+ e.m. tjhm|beni |b`| b`t |j om aekkml en |brj}ib tjhm hm`nt+ enjrlmr ajr e| |j omdjhm hm`nenia}k en |bmer jyn k`ni}ìm `nl jo|èn djndmv|}`k t}ot|`ndm. \bm |r`ntk`|jr et |bmn d`kkml }vjn |j vrjqelm t}db hm`nt `nlt}ot|`ndm `nl h`cm |bm djndmv|}`kew`|ejn ja |bm tj}rdm |m| vjtteokm ajr |bmajrmein rm`lmr. E| et `| |bet vjen| |b`| |bm vrjdmtt ja |r`ntamr jr+ en hu |mrht+|m|}`k hm|`vbjr mhmrimt `t ` djndmv|}`k hmdb`neth àamd|eni |bm vrjdmtt ja }nlmrt|`nleni.

En yb`| ajkkjyt E tb`kk |ru |j mvkèn bjy E mnqetìm |bm jvmr`|ejn ja |bet

hmdb`neth+ `nl oremaku mvkjrm |bm djntmp}mndmt e| yj}kl b`qm ajr |bm t|}luja |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt `nl vr`d|edmt. E| tmmht |b`| en |bm t`hm yù |b`| j}rhm|`vbjred`k vrjdmttmt hmle`|m tj |b`| jnm ljhèn ja mvmremndm et }nlmrt|jjl en |mrht ja `nj|bmr+ jr+ `k|mrn`|eqmku+ |b`| |bm òt|r`d| et }nlmrt|jjl en|mrht ja |bm djndrm|m+ |bm |r`ntk`|jr hmle`|mt tj |b`| `n }ncnjyn ljhèn jamvmremndm t}db `t |bm tj}rdm |m| et }nlmrt|jjl en |mrht ja `nj|bmr+ e.m. |bm|r`ntk`|ejn jr |`rim| |m|. \bet ehvkemt |b`| |bmrm et ` h`vveni om|ymmn |bm |yjljhènt t}db |b`| |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja|bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm `rm h`vvmljn|j |bm tj}rdm |m|+ kmnleni ajrh |j e|t t}ot|`ndm `nl omeni keni}et|ed`kku

rm`kewml en |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm+ tj `t |j h`cm |bm tj}rdm |m| }nlmrt|jjl ou |bm|`rim| k`ni}ìm rm`lmr. @ a}r|bmr ehvked`|ejn ja |bet vjte|ejn et |b`|+ mqmn|bj}ib |mhvjr`kku+ |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt t|`r|t j}| ye|b ` tj}rdm |m| `nlmnlt ye|b |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjl}d|+ djine|eqmku |bet vrjdmtt b`t |bm rmqmrtmlermd|ejn`ke|u. \bet |uvm ja lermd|ejn`ke|u+ ybedb et jnm ja |bm djntmp}mndmt jaqemyeni |r`ntk`|ejn `t `n ent|`ndm ja djndmv|}`k hm|`vbjr+ et a}r|bmr t}vvjr|ml ou \j}ru)t "05267 09% m`rkemr ajrh}k`|ejn djndmrneni |r`ntk`|ejnt `t/a}nd|ejnt ybedb h`v |`rim| hmttìmt+ `kjni ye|b |bmer vjte|ejn en |bm|`rim|)t rmkmq`n| vreh`ru `nl tmdjnl ru hjlmkkeni tut|mht . . . jn tj}rdm

hmttìmt+ `kjni ye|b |bmer kecmyetm vjte|ejn/.


6/25

=< @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

Ieqmn |bet |uvm ja lermd|ejn`ke|u+ e| omdjhmt nmdmtt`ru |j enqmt|ei`|m |bmrmk`|ejntbev om|ymmn |bm |r`ntk`|jr+ `t ` hmle`|eni henl+ `nl |bm k`ni}ìm ja|bm |`rim| |m|. V}| leaamrmn|ku+ |bm p}mt|ejn `retmt ybm|bmr |bm |r`ntk`|jr d`na}nd|ejn en |mrht ja |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm `nl |jyb`| m|mn|+ tj |b`| bm jr tbm d`n h`v |bmh jn|j |bm tj}rdm |m| en jrlmr |jh`cm e| }nlmrt|jjl |j |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm rm`lmrt.

\j a}nd|ejn en |mrht ja |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja ` k`ni}ìm ehvkemt|bm `qèkòeke|u ja t}db t|r}d|}rmt en |bm henl+ |bmer `}|jh`|ed `d|eq`|ejn `nl `djntmp}mn| djhvm|mndm en |b`| k`ni}ìm. Mqmn |bj}ib+ elm`kku+ |bm |r`ntk`|jr

et djhvm|mn| en oj|b k`ni}ìmt enqjkqml en |bm |r`ntk`|ejn |`tc+ en vr`d|edm betjr bmr djhvm|mndm en |bm |yj k`ni}ìmt }t}`kku q`remt. E| et imnmr`kku bmkl |b`|djhvm|mndm en |bm hj|bmr |jni}m et beibmr |b`n en |bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm. ? En|bet d`tm e| d`n om hèn|ènml |b`| |bm |r`ntk`|jr vreh`reku a}nd|ejnt en |mrhtja |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja bet jr bmr hj|bmr |jni}m `nl d`|mijrewmt |bmyjrkl `ddjrleni |j t}db t|r}d|}rmt. \bm k`||mr hù ymkk leaamr arjh |bjtm ja|bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm. Djine|ejn enqjkqmt |bm t|r}d|}r`k d`|mijrew`|ejn ja |bmyjrkl "tmm _jtdb 0599% `nl et |bmrmajrm t|r}d|}rml leaamrmn|ku ou tvm`cmrt jaleaamrmn| k`ni}ìmt. @t Mncqet| "052


7/25

LE_MD\EJN@KE\U EN \_@NTK@\EJN V_JDMTTMT @NL V_@D\EDMT ==

djntmp}mndmt ajr |bm j}|djhm ja |bm |`tc. Aen`kku+ |bmtm |uvmt ja lermd|ejn`ke|u+ ke||km djntelmrml jr letd}ttml en |bm rmkmq`n| ke|mr`|}rm+ yekk om rmk`|ml |j`d|}`k |r`ntk`|ejn vr`d|edmt.

?. Lermd|ejn`ke|u en \r`ntk`|ejn

?.0 \uvmtjaLermd|ejn`ke|u

Lermd|ejn`ke|u b`t nj| en e|tmka aei}rml `t `n ett}m ja enqmt|ei`|ejn en |r`ntk`|ejn t|}lemt. _`|bmr+ e| b`t ommn `tt}hml |j met| `t `n `tvmd| ja |r`ntamrrenitj}rdm k`ni}ìm mkmhmn|t |j |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm l}reni |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt. Bjymqmr+ en djn|r`t|eqm |m| `n`kutet+ ybmrm lermd|ejn`ke|u b`t ommn`ttjde`|ml ye|b |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt+ e| b`t rmdmeqml hjrm `||mn|ejn. Ajrm`hvkm+ en djn|r`t|eni v`r`kkmk |m|t en |yj k`ni}ìmt+ Wul`|ett "052?% |remt|j elmn|eau |bm t|r`|miemt db`r`d|mreweni |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt enqjkqml en|bmer lmreq`|ejn ye|b ` qemy |j mq`k}`|eni |bm j}|djhm ja |bm vrjdmtt. Bet`vvrj`db et nmdmtt`reku djndmrnml ye|b |bm ett}m ja lermd|ejn`ke|u en |bm

lmreq`|ejn ja |bmtm |m|t `nl `ktj kmnlt e|tmka |j |bm ajrh}k`|ejn ja vmlìjied`kehvked`|ejnt en |bm `rm` ja |r`ntk`|ejn. En |bet t|}lu+ lermd|ejn`ke|u rmk`|mt |j|bm |r`ntamr ja ` tj}rdm |m| |j |bm |`rim| hmle}h. Hjrmjqmr+ ybmn Ymewh`n"0521% vrjvjtmt ` djn|r`t|eqm t|}lu ja letdj}rtm njrht en |bm |yj k`ni}ìmtenqjkqml+ ybedb et o`tml jn |bm let|end|ejn om|ymmn |m|}`k `nl hm|`(|m|}`kletdj}rtm+ tbm dkèht |b`| t}db ` v`r`leih tbj}kl `ddj}n| ajr |r`ntk`|ejntqemyml `t dbjedmt om|ymmn |r`ntamr ja tj}rdm k`ni}ìm njrht `nl |bmer`ddjhhjl`|ejn |j |`rim| k`ni}ìm njrht. Mqelmn|ku+ en |bet yjrc+ |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh tj}rdm |j |`rim| `vvm`rt |j om ieqmn `nl |j rmakmd| |bm |mhvjr`k

tmp}mndm rmk`|eni tj}rdm |m| `nl |`rim| |m|.Ybmn |bm ajd}t ja `||mn|ejn et |bm elmn|eaed`|ejn ja k`ni}ìm nm}|r`k

tmh`n|ed `nl vrìh`|ed v`r`hm|mrt ja hm`neni en djn|r`t|eqm |m| `n`kutet+|bm lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh tj}rdm |j |`rim| tmmht |j om tjhmyb`| nm}|r`kewml. Enbmr tm`rdb ajr letdj}rtm tvmdeaed v`r`hm|mrt ja hm`neni |b`| hù djnt|e|}|m|bm o`tet ja djhv`reni v`r`kkmk |m|t+ H`rh`relj} "0529% let|eni}etbmt |bm|mhvjr`k `tvmd| ja |bm vrjl}d|ejn ja |bm |yj mp}eq`kmn| |m|t enqjkqml en |bm`n`kutet arjh |bm vrjdmtt ja |bmer vrjl}d|ejn. \b}t+ mqmn |bj}ib tbm `tt}hmt|b`| |bm |r`ntk`|ejn |`tc t|`r|t ye|b |bm m`hen`|ejn ja |bm tj}rdm |m|+ tbm

dkèht |b`| |bm |`rim| |m| yekk mhmrim arjh |bm `vvrjvre`|m rm`kew`|ejn ja


8/25


tjhm cenl ja letdj}rtm }neqmrt`kt ybedb `rm |reiimrml ou |bm tj}rdm |m|+r`|bmr |b`n arjh |bm lermd| |r`ntamr ja tj}rdm |m| mkmhmn|t |j |bm |`rim| |m|.

A}r|bmrhjrm+ |bmrm `rm |r`ntk`|ejn t|}lemt en ybedb |bmrm `rm enled`|ejntja |r`ntamr ja mkmhmn|t arjh |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm |j |bm tj}rdm |m|+ mqmn|bj}ib |bm yre|mrt |bmhtmkqmt lj nj| `dcnjykmlim |bet `t ` tmv`r`|m ett}m en|bmer `n`kutmt. Ajr m`hvkm+ ybmn \j}ru "05217 20% letd}ttmt |m| tmihmn|`|ejn `t mqelmndm ajr letdj}rtm |r`ntamr en |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt+ bm jotmrqmt|b`| /en `nu |r`ntamr djn|m|+ ` k`ni}ìm }tmr `d|eq`|mt |yj ja |bm k`ni}ìmt|b`| bm b`t `| bet letvjt`k teh}k|`nmj}tku/. Bm |bmn ijmt jn |j m`henm tj}rdm

k`ni}ìm |m| tmihmn|`|ejn en rmk`|ejn |j letdj}rtm |r`ntamr. Ieqmn |bm ajd}tja bet t|}lu jn |r`ntamr en |r`ntk`|eni+ ` }ne(lermd|ejn`k qemy ja |r`ntk`|ejnarjh tj}rdm k`ni}ìm |j |`rim| k`ni}ìm et jnku |j om mvmd|ml. Bjymqmr+ en|bm rmt| ja \j}ru)t v`vmr |bmrm `rm ent|`ndmt ybmrm |bm `}|bjr ye|nmttmt |bmrmqmrtm lermd|ejn`ke|u+ e.m. arjh |`rim| |j tj}rdm. \b}t+ e| et hmn|ejnml |b`| |bm|r`ntk`|jr |}rnt o`dc |j |bm tj}rdm k`ni}ìm }||mr`ndm /|j rmtmihmn| ` dmr|èntmihmn|+ jr |j ij jn tmihmn|eni |bm }||mr`ndm/ "\j}ru 05217 24%. \bmlermd|ejn`ke|u ja |bet tmihmn|`|ejn+ |bmn+ ybedb tmmht |j t|mh arjh ` hetae|om|ymmn |`rim| k`ni}ìm njrht `nl tj}rdm k`ni}ìm |m|+ hù om kjjcml `| `t

` cenl ja h`vveni ja |`rim| k`ni}ìm mkmhmn|t jn |bm tj}rdm |m| `t v`r| ja |bm|r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt.\bm t`hm |uvm ja lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh |`rim| |j tj}rdm et `ktj rmakmd|ml en

q`n lmn Orjmdc)t 0521 t|}lu ja tbea|t en |r`ntk`|ml |m|t. Q`n lmn Orjmdcnj|mt |bm vrmljhen`ndm ja |`rim| k`ni}ìm a}nd|ejn`k t|ukm jqmr |bm t|ukm ja|bm tj}rdm |m|+ `nl dkèht |b`| |bm |r`ntk`|jrt) djndmrn et |j rmvrjl}dm /`|`rim| |m| |b`| vrmtmn|t `n jv|eh}h lmirmm ja `ddmv|òeke|u en |bm bjhm|m|}`k tut|mh `nl d}k|}rm+ ybedb orenit òj}| lmqe`|ejnt arjh |bm tj}rdmkeni}et|ed `nl |m|}`k t|r}d|}rmt/ "q`n lmn Orjmdc 05217


9/25


10/25


`t }ne(lermd|ejn`k+ e.m. `t enqjkqeni |bm |r`ntamr ja mkmhmn|t arjh |bm tj}rdm|m| |j |bm |`rim| |m|.

?.? \r`ntk`|ejn Vr`d|edmt`nl|bm \r`ntk`|jr

@ irm`| h`nu |r`ntk`|ejn t|}lemt b`qm ommn o`tml jn mvmrehmn|t ybjtmt}ogmd|t `rm hjt|ku |r`ntk`|ejn t|}lmn|t "m.i. Tbrmqm m| `k. 0554+ Imrkjaa 0521+Cjvdwuntce 052


11/25


vjen|t ou |bm |m`dbmr jr |rènmr. \bm vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jr+ ou djn|r`t|+ hùom hjrm djndmrnml òj}| |bm vrjl}d| e|tmka `t ` aenetbml vemdm ja yjrc |b`|yekk om mq`k}`|ml en |mrht ja |bm k`ni}ìm en ybedb e| et yre||mn `kjnm+ ye|bj}|rmtjr| |j |bm tj}rdm |m|. En a`d|+ |bmu èh `| yb`| Bj}tm "0521% d`kkt `/djqmr|/ |r`ntk`|ejn+ e.m. ` |r`ntk`|ejn ybedb et nj| h`rcml `t ` |r`ntk`|ejn+ o}|et ` |`rim| k`ni}ìm vrjl}d| en ybedb |bm djhh}ned`|eqm a}nd|ejn ja |bmjreien`k |m| h}t| om bmkl djnt|`n|. Hjrmjqmr+ ybmrm`t ` vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jr et }t}`kku `tcml |j+ `nl vrmamrt |j |r`ntk`|m en|j bet jr bmr hj|bmr |jni}m+t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jrt `rm h`lm |j |r`ntk`|m oj|b en|j `nl j}| ja |bmer hj|bmr

|jni}m+ ye|b nj rmi`rl ajr |bmer vrmamrmndm. E| ajkkjyt |b`| ybmn |r`ntk`|ejntmrqmt ` djhh}ned`|eqm v}rvjtm+ ` vrjamttejn`k et d`kkml }vjn `nl |bm tj}rdm|m| et ja|mn |r`ntk`|ml en|j |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m. Ybmn ` lel`d|edèh jr `n mvmrehmn|+ ajr |b`| h`||mr et tm|+ |bm t|}lmn| njrh`kku|r`ntk`|mt en oj|b lermd|ejnt7 en|j `nl j}| ja bet jr bmr hj|bmr |jni}m.

@kk |bm òjqm jotmrq`|ejnt òj}| |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vr`d|edmt ja t|}lmn|t `nlvrjamttejn`kt tmmh |j om rmk`|ml |j `nl t}vvjr|ml ou tjhm tdbjk`rt) mvmrehmn|`k yjrc. Ajr m`hvkm+ mqmn |bj}ib |bmrm et /nj oen`ru jvvjte|ejn om|ymmn )`h`|m}retbnmtt) `nl )vrjamttejn`keth) en |r`ntk`|ejn/ "\j}ru 05217

95% `t a`r `t lmqmkjvhmn|`k ett}mt `rm djndmrnml+ |bmrm et tjhm mqelmndm |b`||r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt hù leaamr ye|b rmtvmd| |j |bm |uvm ja enleqel}`k enqjkqml en |bm |r`ntk`|ejn |`tc. Kjrtdbmr)t "055


12/25

16 @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

rm`leni v}oked }nlmrt|`nlt `nl `vvrmde`|mt |bm |r`ntk`|ml |m| `nl d`n a}nd|ejn en |mrht jae|+ |bmn |bm |r`ntk`|ejn b`t `dbemqml e|t èh. ]nkecm |bm yjrc ja` t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jr+ |bm yjrc ja ` vrjamttejn`k et tmkljh `ttmttml ou `nj|bmrvrjamttejn`k à|mr e| b`t ommn rmkm`tml+ }nkmtt+ ajr m`hvkm+ en |bm d`tm ja|r`ntk`|ml ke|mr`ru |m|t+ ybmrm |bm yjrc et `ktj mq`k}`|ml ajr djhv`ròkmke|mr`ru hmre|.

En qemy ja |bm òjqm+ e| et ehvjr|`n| |j rm`kewm |b`| |r`ntk`|ejn vr`d|edmt`rm enmqe|òku rmk`|ml |j |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmttmt. Tendm |r`ntk`|ejn vr`d|edmt+mtvmde`kku |bjtm javrjamttejn`kt+ dkm`rku `nl dr}de`kku h`cm rmamrmndm |j |bm|r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m+ e|t teineaed`ndm en |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt et omujnl lj}o|.

?.4 \bm\r`ntk`|jr)tHj|bmr\jni}m`nlLermd|ejn`ke|u

@t `krm`lu hmn|ejnml+ |bm let|end|ejn om|ymmn |r`ntk`|ejnt j}| ja `nl en|j |bm|r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m b`t nj| rmdmeqml `||mn|ejn+ njr b`t |bet let|end|ejnommn rmk`|ml |j |bm èht ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn |`tc e|tmka. Ajr m`hvkm+ enCjvdwubtce)t "052


13/25

LE_MD\EJN@KE\U EN \_@NTK@\EJN V_JDMTTMT @NL V_@D\EDMT 10

|ejn`ke|u ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt arjh |`rim| jn|j tj}rdm et djhv`|eokm ye|bimnmr`k keni}et|ed vrjdmtteni hmdb`netht.

E| b`t `krm`lu ommn nj|ml |b`| vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jrt `rm }t}`kku `tcml|j |r`ntk`|m en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m+ e.m. |bm |m| vrjl}d| et en |bm |r`ntk`|jr)thj|bmr |jni}m. Omd`}tm |bm o`ted èh ja vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|eni et |j h`cm `|m| `ddmtteokm |j tvm`cmrt ja ` k`ni}ìm ybj b`qm nj keni}et|ed `ddmtt |j |bmjreien`k |m|+ `nl ieqmn |bm rmp}ermhmn| ja |bm djhh}ned`|eqm a}nd|ejn ja |bm|m| vrjl}d|+ e| et vrjoòku djntelmrml hjrm `vvrjvre`|m ajr |bm |m| vrjl}d| |jom en |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m+ jn |bm `tt}hv|ejn |b`| en |bet d`tm |bmrm

et nj hj|bmr |jni}m en|mramrmndm+ `nl+ imnmr`kku+ |b`| jnm)t keni}et|ed vmrajrh`ndm et beibmr en jnm)t hj|bmr |jni}m |b`n en ` tmdjnl k`ni}ìm. Djndmrneni t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jrt+ e| et ymkk cnjyn |b`| |bmer |rèneni vr`d|edmt enqjkqm|r`ntk`|eni oj|b arjh `nl en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m+ o}| |bm djrrmtvjnlenivrjdmttmt `nl j}|v}|t b`qm nj| ommn djhv`rml jr djrrmk`|ml tj a`r. En |bmkeib| ja |bm òjqm+ e| heib| nj| om }nrm`tjnòkm |j `tt}hm |b`| en |bet rmtvmd||bmu `rm nj leaamrmn| arjh vrjamttejn`kt.

Bjymqmr |bet h`||mr t|`nlt+ |bm `tt}hv|ejn òj}| k`dc ja en|mramrmndmd`nnj| `lmp}`|mku mvkèn ybu |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j |bm hj|bmr |jni}m "ybm|bmr

ou vrjamttejn`kt jr t|}lmn|t% `rm p}`ke|`|eqmku om||mr. @a|mr `kk+ mqmn |bj}ib|bmrm d`nnj| om hj|bmr |jni}m en|mramrmndm en vrjl}deni ` |r`ntk`|ejn en|j |bmhj|bmr |jni}m+ |bmrm et t|ekk |bm vjtteoeke|u ja hj|bmr |jni}m en|mramrmndm en}nlmrt|`nleni |bm tj}rdm |m| en |bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm. \bmrm et nj rm`tjn |j`tt}hm+ njr b`t e| ommn mt|òketbml en drjtt(keni}et|ed t|}lemt+ |b`| en|mramrmndm jdd}rt en vrjl}deni |m|t r`|bmr |b`n en }nlmrt|`nleni |bmh. Bmndm+ ye|brmtvmd| |j |bm òjqm qemy+ e| dj}kl om dj}n|mr(`ri}ml |b`| |r`ntk`|eni j}| jajnm)t hj|bmr |jni}m dj}kl uemkl om||mr |m|t omd`}tm |bm }nlmrt|`nleni ja |bmtj}rdm |m| en |bm hj|bmr |jni}m yj}kl om armm ja `nu en|mramrmndm arjh |bm

tmdjnl k`ni}ìm `nl yj}kl dmr|ènku om t}vmrejr `nl hjrm djhvrmbmnteqm|b`n |bm }nlmrt|`nleni ja ` tmdjnl k`ni}ìm |m|. Bjymqmr+ |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j|bm hj|bmr |jni}m `rm t|ekk hjrm t}ddmtta}k |b`n |bjtm j}| ja e|+ rmi`rlkmtt jat}db `ri}hmn|t. \bet km`lt |j |bm rm`kew`|ejn |b`| |bm rjkm ja|bmhj|bmr |jni}men |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt et nj| m`d|ku v`r`kkmk |j e|t rjkm en tehvku }teni `tmdjnl k`ni}ìm. @vv`rmn|ku+ |bm }tm ja |r`ntk`|eni en|j ` tmdjnl k`ni}ìm `t` tmdjnl k`ni}ìm |m`dbeni |mdbnep}m b`t vrjoòku t}vvjr|ml |bm omkema |b`||r`ntk`|ejn `nl tmdjnl(k`ni}ìm km`rneni `rm `khjt| elmn|ed`k vrjdmttmt+ `nlb`t `ktj enajrhml tmqmr`k mvmrehmn|`k t|}lemt en oj|b aemklt. Hjrmjqmr+ mqmn

|bj}ib e| et joqej}t |b`| |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bm hj|bmr |jni}m ljmt nj| mp}`k


14/25

1? @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_MLJ]

tehvku }teni e|+ |bm rjkm ja |bm hj|bmr |jni}m en |bet vrjdmtt b`t nj| ommnvrjvmrku `llrmttml.

En |bet djn|m|+ `nl( omd`}tm |r`ntamr et ` djndjhe|`n| ja |r`ntk`|ejn`khjt| ou lmaene|ejn "tmm \j}ru 0521%+ r`|bmr |b`n `ddmv|eni jr rmgmd|eni |bm`tt}hv|ejn òj}| |bm t}vmrejre|u ja ` |r`ntk`|jr)t vmrajrh`ndm en |bm hj|bmr|jni}m `t nmdmtt`reku `nl tjkmku rmk`|eni |j k`dc ja en|mramrmndm+ e| heib| omhjrm vrjae|òkm |j djntelmr |bm cenlt ja |r`ntamr |b`| hù jdd}r.

\bmrm `rm |yj vjtteoeke|emt ja |r`ntamr ybmn |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bm hj|bmr|jni}m. Jnm rmamrt |j tj}rdm |m| mkmhmn|t omeni enamkede|j}tku |r`ntamrrml |j

|bm |`rim| |m|+ e.m. |bm |m| en |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m. Ea |bm |r`ntk`|jr`lbmrmt |j |bm tj}rdm k`ni}ìm |m| `nl |r`ntamrt e|t mkmhmn|t |j |bm |`rim|k`ni}ìm+ |bet ja|mn km`lt |j ` |r`ntk`|ejn |b`| heib| om ir`hh`|ed`kku jrt|uket|ed`kku en`lmp}`|m en djhh}ned`|eni |bm hmttìmt ja |bm tj}rdm |m|.=

T}db en`lmp}`du et ja|mn lm|md|ml ou |bm |r`ntk`|ejn rm`lmr ybj hù aenl |bm}tm ja bet jr bmr n`|eqm k`ni}ìm en`vvrjvre`|m+ mqmn |bj}ib bm jr tbm jadj}rtm b`t nj `ddmtt |j |bm tj}rdm |m|. En a`d|+ Krtdbmr "055


15/25


|}rmt d`n om a}kku `nl lermd|ku `d|eq`|ml l}reni |bm |`tc `nl armmku jvmr`|m jn|bm djndmv|}`k t}ot|`ndm ja |bm tj}rdm |m|+ m.i. rmjri`newm e|+ mkòjr`|m jn e|+m|d. `nl h`cm e| ae| |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm. Ea |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m et jnmj|bmr |b`n |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm+ `nl+ hjrm tvmdeaed`kku+ ea e| et |bm k`ni}ìm ja|bm tj}rdm |m|+ |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm d`nnj| oma}kku jr lermd|ku `d|eq`|ml. En |bet d`tm e| et vjtteokm |b`| |bm enmqe|òkm`d|eq`|ejn ja |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm tj}rdm |m| en |bm henl ja |bm|r`ntk`|jr heib| km`l |j ` keni}et|ed rm`kew`|ejn en |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm |b`| ljmtnj| `lmp}`|mku mvrmtt |bm en|mnlml djndmv|}`k t}ot|`ndm.

En |bmtm |mrht+ r`|bmr |b`n hèn|èneni |b`| |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t vmrajrh`ndmet om||mr en bet jr bmr hj|bmr |jni}m "ybedb e| et+ o}| tj et bet jr bmr}nlmrt|`nleni ja |m|t en |bm hj|bmr |jni}m%+ e| yj}kl om hjrm `dd}r`|m |j`dcnjykmlim |bm ljhen`ndm ja |bm |r`ntk`|jr)t hj|bmr |jni}m en |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt `nl mvkèn |bm vrjl}d|ejn ja om||mr |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j bet jr bmrhj|bmr |jni}m en |mrht ja |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt arjh|`rim| jn|j tj}rdm. \bm `d|eq`|ejn ja |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm hj|bmr|jni}m d`n om djntelmrml `n `}|jh`|ed imnmr`k keni}et|ed vrjdmtt. \j |bmm|mn| |b`| |bet imnmr`k keni}et|ed vrjdmtt et djhv`|eokm ye|b |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u

ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt arjh |`rim| jn|j tj}rdm+ |bm j}|djhm ja |bm |r`ntk`|ejn |`tc et t}ddmtta}k. Bjymqmr+ e| et vjtteokm |b`| endjhvkm|m }nlmrt|`nlenija |bm tj}rdm |m| hù km`l |j }nt}ddmtta}k h`vveni ja djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmtja |bm hj|bmr |jni}m jn|j e|. En |bet d`tm |bm |`rim| |m| hù om kmtt t}ddmtta}k"m.i. t|uket|ed`kku vjjr+ en`dd}r`|m+ m|d.% `| mvrmtteni |bm hm`nenit ja |bmtj}rdm |m|.

\bm qemy ja lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh |`rim| |j tj}rdm+ ybedb rmt}k|t arjh |bmdjnt|r}`k ja |r`ntk`|ejn `t djndmv|}`k hm|`vbjr+ `t vrmtmn|ml òjqm+ d`nmvkèn \j}ru)t "0521% jotmrq`|ejnt+ o}| tmmht |j om vrjokmh`|ed en rmtvmd|

ja Krtdbmr)t "055


16/25

1< @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

jremn|ml |r`ntk`|ejnt+ ybekm vrjamttejn`kt |mnlml |j vrjl}dm tmntm(jremn|mljnmt. \bet t|`|m ja àa ert lel nj| tmmh |j om leaamrmn|e`|ml ybmn t}ogmd|t me|bmr t|}lmn|t jr vrjamttejn`kt |r`ntk`|ml en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m+ jr j}|jae|. En a`d|+ Krtdbmr jotmrqml |b`| |bm t|}lmn|t |bmhtmkqmt jn jnm jdd`tejnb`l `lhe||ml |b`| |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m rmnlmreni ja ` ajrmein k`ni}ìm |m|y`t t|uket|ed`kku vjjr `nl dmr|ènku enamrejr |j ` |m| |bmu dj}kl b`qm vrjl}dmlenlmvmnlmn|ku en |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m. Ea j}r buvj|bmtet òj}| |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u arjh |`rim| k`ni}ìm jn|j tj}rdm |m| ymrm reib|+ |bmn jnm heib| mvmd||b`| ybmn Krtdbmr)t t|}lmn|t ymrm |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m `nl

bmndm |r`ntamrreni djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt jn|j |bm tj}rdm e.m. |bm tmdjnlk`ni}ìm |m| |bm |r`ntk`|ejnt yj}kl `dp}erm ` beibmr kmqmk ja tmntm(jremn|`|ejn+ tendm+ `t hmn|ejnml m`rkemr+ djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt `rm rmtvjnteokmajr |bm hm`neni+ jr tmntm+ ja ` |m|. Hjrmjqmr+ Krtdbmr jotmrqmt |b`| vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|ejnt ymrm nj| mdk}teqmku tmntm(jremn|ml+ njr ymrm t|}lmn||r`ntk`|ejnt mdk}teqmku tein(jremn|ml. En qemy ja |bm òjqm+ `nl ye|ben |bmar`hmyjrc ja enqmt|ei`|eni lermd|ejn`ke|u en |r`ntk`|ejn+ e| y`t lmdelml |jd`rru j}| `n mvmrehmn| |j enqmt|ei`|m lmirmmt ja q`reòeke|u en tein jremn|`|ejn ja t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|ejnt ybmn |r`ntk`|eni arjh `nl en|j |bmer hj|bmr

|jni}m+ `nl |j `ttmtt |bm lmirmm |j ybedb t|}lmn|t) |r`ntk`|ejnt `vvrjeh`|mvrjamttejn`kt) |r`ntk`|ejnt en |mrht ja tmntm jremn|`|ejn+ jn |bm `tt}hv|ejn|b`| t}db q`reòeke|u met|t.

4. @n Mvmrehmn| ja Lermd|ejn`ke|u en \r`ntk`|ejn

\bm k`ni}ìmt enqjkqml en |bm mvmrehmn| ymrm Mniketb `nl Irmmc. \yjnjqmkt ymrm dbjtmn+ D`cmt `nl @km ou Tjhmrtm| H`}ib`h `nl O`}} q`Cq` H` e ou C. Hj}` + `nl |bmer v}oketbml |r`ntk |ejnt en|jIrmmc `nl Mniketb+ rmtvmd|eqmku. \bmtm njqmkt ymrm tmkmd|ml jn |bm irj}nlt

|b`| oj|b |bm jreien`kt `nl |bmer |r`ntk`|ejnt b`l ommn v}oketbml ou h`gjr

v}oketbeni bj}tmt `nl tmkk ymkk en Irmmdm+ `nl jn |bm djntmp}mn| `tt}hv|ejn

|b`| |bmu rmakmd| |bm v}oked)t en|mrmt|t+ `mt|bm|ed q`k}mt `nl nmmlt+ `nl `rm

|bmrmajrm t}ddmtta}k ojjct. Oj|b |r`ntk`|ejnt ymrm yre||mn ou n`|eqm tvm`cmrt

ja |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìmt+ `nl hù om d`kkml vrjamttejn`k nj| jnku omd`}tm |bmu

ymrm vrjl}dml ou vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jrt+ o}| vreh`reku jn |bm irj}nlt |b`|

v}oked rmtvjntm |j |bmh y`t a`qj}ròkm.1 Ajkkjyeni |bm dbjedm ja |m|t+ |yj

jnm(vìm m|r`d|t ymrm tmkmd|ml arjh |bm jreien`k njqmkt+ ybedb ymrm |bmn


17/25

LE_MD\EJN@KE\U EN \_@NTK@\EJN V_JDMTTMT @NL V_@D\EDMT 1=

ieqmn |j 44 |berl(um`r t|}lmn|t ja|bm Mniketb Lmv`r|hmn| ja |bm ]neqmrte|u ja@|bmnt+ `kk ja |bmh n`|eqm tvm`cmrt ja Irmmc ye|b ` qmru ijjl djhh`nl ja|bm Mniketb k`ni}ìm. \bm t|}lmn|t ymrm `tcml |j |r`ntk`|m |bm |yj jreien`kv`ttìmt en|j Irmmc `nl Mniketb rmtvmd|eqmku. Nj| `kk ja|bm t|}lmn|t b`l rm`l|bm jreien`k njqmkt+ o}| tjhm b`l. \bet v`r`hm|mr y`t nj| enqmt|ei`|ml a}r|bmrnjr |`cmn en|j djntelmr`|ejn. \bm v`ttìmt ymrm r`nljhku dbjtmn. ]tm jaoekeni}`k jr hjnjkeni}`k led|ejn`remt y`t nj| `kkjyml.9

En |bm maajr| |j enqmt|ei`|m lmirmmt ja vjtteokm q`reòeke|u en tein jremn|`|ejn ja |bm t|}lmn|t) |r`ntk`|ejnt ybmn |r`ntk`|eni arjh `nl en|j |bmer hj|bmr

|jni}m+ |bm nmml `rjtm |j vrjqelm `n en|mrvrm|`|ejn ja |bm nj|ejn ja tein(jremn|`|ejn. En Krtdbmr)t |mrht+ /tein(jremn|ml |r`ntk`|eni et db`r`d|mrewml ou` rmd`kk arjh hmhjru `nl ` qmro`kew`|ejn ja |`rim| k`ni}ìm ajrht ybedbdjrrmtvjnl |j |bm rmtvmd|eqm tj}rdm k`ni}ìm ajrht. Tein(jremn|ml |r`ntk`|ejnt . . . mhvkju `n enqmn|jru ja t|jrml t}ra`dm t|r}d|}rm mp}`|ejnt jakmmhmt/ "Krtdbmr 055


18/25


om|ymmn |bm kmedjn ja ` k`ni}ìm `nl e|t tun|`d|ed t|r}d|}rm. _`|bmr+ |bethjlmk jaamrt |bm vjtteoeke|u ja qemyeni ir`hh`|ed`k t|r}d|}rm `nl qjdò}k`ru`t en|mrrmk`|ml nj| jnku en |bm ar`hmyjrc ja `n`kutet ja jnm k`ni}ìm+ o}| `ktjdrjtt(keni}et|ed`kku. Hjrm tvmdeaed`kku+ |bet hjlmk `kkjyt }t |j jotmrqm drjtt(keni}et|ed djrrmtvjnlmndmt `| |bm kmed`k `nl tun|`d|ed kmqmk teh}k|`nmj}tku`nl `ktj |j vrjdmml |j ` hjrm ikjo`k `ttmtthmn| ja leaamrmndmt om|ymmn |m|t.@| |bm t`hm |ehm+ en d`tmt ja }n`ddmv|òeke|u en ` |r`ntk`|ejn+ }teni |bet hjlmkh`cmt e| m`temr |j |`kc en |mrht ja qjdò}k`ru(jremn|ml lmqe`|ejnt*enamkede|emt"ybmn |bm tdmnmt mqjcml ou |bm v`r|ed}k`r yjrlt en |bm |yj k`ni}ìmt lj nj|

djrrmtvjnl |j m`db j|bmr ye|b `nu lmirmm ja `vvrjeh`|ejn% jr djnt|r}d|ejn(jremn|ml lmqe`|ejnt*enamkede|emt "ybmn |bm t|r}d|}r`k ar`hm mqjcml ou ` v`r|ed}k`r tdmnm et nj| `vvrjvre`|m en |bm k`ni}ìm en ybedb |bm tdmnm et rm`kewml%.

En |bmtm |mrht+ tein(jremn|`|ejn hù om qemyml `t ` |mnlmndu |j vrmtmrqmar`hm djnt|r}d|ejnt "ybedb+ en |bet hjlmk+ `rm nj| }nrmk`|ml |j tmntm tendm|bmu `rm h}|}`kku mqjdòkm% drjtt(keni}et|ed`kku+ ybmrm`t tmntm(jremn|`|ejnrmamrt |j |bm djhv`|eoeke|u ja tdmnmt `nl |bmer d}k|}r`k irj}nleni `t rmakmd|mlen |bm ar`hmt ja |bm |yj k`ni}ìmt enqjkqml.

Ieqmn |bet ar`hmyjrc+ `nl omd`}tm |bm èh ja |bm mvmrehmn| y`t nj| |j

`ttmtt |r`ntk`|ejn mrrjrt o}| r`|bmr |j djhv`rm t|}lmn|t) |r`ntk`|ejnt arjh `nlen|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m+ aert| |bm |yj cenlt ja |r`ntk`|ejnt ymrm tdrmmnml enjrlmr |j elmn|eau ent|`ndmt ja tein(jremn|`|ejn. E| y`t aj}nl |b`| tein(jremn|`|ejn+ b`rlku mqmr |j|`kku etjhjrvbed+ tjhm|ehmt uemklml t}ddmtta}k |r`ntk`|ejnvrjl}d|t `nl tjhm|ehmt r`|bmr vjjr jnmt+ `t tbjyn en |bm ajkkjyeni m`hvkmt7

"0% R r m \n% jP | `ddmv|ml(4rl t. |bm a`|m bmr

tbm `ddmv|ml bmr a`|m

"?% p*ejm q { | qd komi`n(4rl t. |j bmr djhobm omi`n |j djho bmr "e.m. bm omi`n |j djho bmr bèr%

En "?% tein(jremn|`|ejn km`lt |j `n en`vvrjvre`|m djnt|r}d|ejn. \bm tdmnm ja|mnewj en Irmmc enqjkqmt |bm vmrtjn`k /jynmr/ ja |bm jogmd| ja djhoeni `nlbmndm djrrmtvjnlt |j ` djnt|r}d|ejn ye|b |bm qmro ajkkjyml ou ` vmrtjn`klermd| jogmd|. En Mniketb djho mqjcmt |bm jogmd| ja |bm `d|ejn ybedb `ktjaei}rmt en |bm djnt|r}d|ejn `t |bm ajd`k vjen|+ ybmrm`t |bm vmrtjn`k /jynmr/ ja|bet jogmd| `vvm`rt en |bm p}`keaueni vjttmtteqm `lgmd|eqm.


19/25


Ajr |bm v}rvjtmt ja |bm mvmrehmn| e| y`t lmdelml |j letrmi`rl ent|`ndmtja tein(jremn|`|ejn ybmn e| kml |j t}ddmtta}k |r`ntk`|ejn+ jn |bm `tt}hv|ejn|b`| en t}db d`tmt t}ddmtt et nj| jnku l}m |j |bm t|}lmn|t) tein(jremn|`|ejn ybedb en a`d| heib| |bmn om tuhv|jh`|ed o}| `ktj lmvmnlt jn ` n}homr jaj|bmr v`r`hm|mrt+ endk}leni v`r`kkmk tmntm(jremn|`|ejn+ ajr m`hvkm. Jn |bmdjn|r`ru+ ent|`ndmt ja tein(jremn|`|ejn km`leni |j en`vvrjvre`|mnmtt ja mvrmttejn en |bm |r`ntk`|ejn ymrm elmn|eaeml `nl dj}n|ml en oj|b |uvmt ja t|}lmn|t)|r`ntk`|ejnt+ e.m. arjh `nl en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m. E| y`t aj}nl |b`| |bm`qmrìm ja t}db ent|`ndmt en |r`ntk`|ejnt arjh |bm hj|bmr |jni}m r`|ml 4.=

ent|`ndmt vmr |r`ntk`|ejn+ ybekm en |bjtm en|j |bm hj|bmr |jni}m+ |bm r`|m y`t6.< vmr |r`ntk`|ejn. E| et ehhmle`|mku joqej}t |b`| |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j |bm tmdjnlk`ni}ìm `rm |j ` h}db k`rimr m|mn| enamkede|j}tku tein(jremn|ml |b`n |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j |bm hj|bmr |jni}m.

Ybmn |bm djrrmtvjnleni |m| vemdm y`t m`henml en |bm vrjamttejn`k+v}oketbml Irmmc |r`ntk`|ejn ja |bm Mniketb njqmk+ nj ent|`ndmt ja tein(jremn|`|ejn ymrm aj}nl ybedb kml |j `n enamkede|j}t j}|djhm. Bjymqmr+ |bm m`hen`|ejn ja ` r`nljh 44 |r`ntk`|ml vìmt ja |bm ojjc enled`|ml ` r`|m ja 6.0< jatein(jremn|`|ejn km`leni |j en`vvrjvre`|mnmtt en |bm |m|+ `t en |bm ajkkjyeni

m`hvkm7"4% _ju |jkl hm bjy bm heml ` t`k`l

j Vj} jq mg|m M j|j \PJ J `q` |mqm|bm _ju hm |jkl(4rl t. ye|b yb`| yù t|errml(4rl t.| X ` r|bm t`k`l

\bm led|ejn`ru |r`ntk`|ejn jaher et `n`c`|mqj en Irmmc. Bjymqmr+ |bm tdmnm

`ttjde`|ml `nl mqjcml ou |bm ar`hm `n`c`|mqj en |bet djn|m| yj}kl jnku

rmamr |j yb`| jnm ljmt à|mr heeni `nl tm`tjneni ` t`k`l+ e.m. t|erreni ye|btvjjnt tj |b`| |bm tm`tjneni ijmt `kk jqmr. Bjymqmr+ en |bm Mniketb |m| _ju

y`t `d|}`kku rmamrreni |j |bm ybjkm vrjdmtt ja vrmv`reni ` t`k`l "en |bm imnmred

r`|bmr |b`n |bm tvmdeaed tmntm% `nl nj| |j |bm aen`k jr mqmn vjt|(aen`k t|ìm ja

|bm vrjdmtt. \bet vjen| |bmn et hettml en |bm Irmmc |r`ntk`|ejn.

\bm m`hen`|ejn ja ` r`nljh 44 vìmt ja |bm vrjamttejn`k+ v}oketbml

Mniketb |r`ntk`|ejn ja |bm Irmmc njqmk "endk}leni |bm vìm |r`ntk`|ml ou

t|}lmn|t% lel nj| uemkl `nu ent|`ndmt ja tein(jremn|`|ejn km`leni |j enamkede|j}t

rmt}k|t. Omd`}tm |bet a`d| y`t r`|bmr t|receni+ e| y`t lmdelml |j rmqemy |bmtm 44

vìmt ja |r`ntk`|ejn ajr tein(jremn|`|ejn km`leni |j vjte|eqm rmt}k|t. \bm j}|(


20/25


djhm ja |bet tm`rdb y`t mqmn hjrm t|receni en |b`|+ ìèn+ |bmrm ymrm njent|`ndmt ja tein(jremn|`|ejn ja |bet cenl me|bmr+ en |bm tmntm |b`| |bet |mrh b`tommn en|mrvrm|ml en |bm vrmtmn| t|}lu.2

\bm òjqm jotmrq`|ejnt km`l |j ` n}homr ja djndk}tejnt. E| tmmht |b`|mqmn |bj}ib t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|ejnt `rm tein(jremn|ml+ |bm lmirmm ja tein(jremn|`|ejn et h`rcmlku beibmr ybmn |bm t|}lmn|t `rm |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bm ajrmeink`ni}ìm. Hjrmjqmr+ |bm lmirmm ja `vvrjeh`|ejn ja t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|ejnt |jvrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|ejnt et ìèn beibmr en |mrht ja tein(jremn|`|ejn ybmnt|}lmn|t `rm |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m ybedb et yb`| |bm vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jr `ktj lel en |bet d`tm.

Jotmrqeni+ `kjni ye|b Krtdbmr+ |b`| t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|ejnt `rm dkm`rku nj|mdk}teqmku tein(jremn|ml+ njr vrjamttejn`kt) |r`ntk`|ejnt v}rmku tmntm(jremn|ml+ e| et `ktj vjtteokm |j hèn|èn |b`|+ en a`d|+ tein(jremn|`|ejn `nl tmntm(jremn|`|ejn djnt|e|}|m |bm |yj vjkmt ja ` djn|en}}h+ ye|b t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jrt|r`ntk`|eni en|j ` ajrmein k`ni}ìm |mnleni |j |bm jnm `nl vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jrt |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m |j |bm j|bmr. Jn |bmtm irj}nlt e| hù`ktj om `tt}hml |b`| tmntm(jremn|`|ejn vrmqèkt en ` |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt |j |bmm|mn| |b`| tein(jremn|`|ejn et cmv| |j ` heneh}h. Jn |bet `tt}hv|ejn+ t|}lmn|

|r`ntk`|ejnt en |bm mvmrehmn| `rm `ktj tmntm(jremn|ml+ `nl dmr|ènku h}dbhjrm tj ybmn |bmu `rm |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m. En |bet rmtvmd|+|jj+ |bmer |r`ntk`|ejnt dkjtmku `vvrjeh`|m |bjtm ja vrjamttejn`kt.

En qemy ja |bm jotmrq`|ejnt `nl |bm djndk}tejnt lr`yn òjqm+ |bm buvj|bmtet òj}| |bm lermd|ejn`ke|u ja |r`ntk`|ejn vrjdmtt en rmk`|ejn |jKrtdbmr)t djndk}tejnt hù om rm(m`henml en ` nmy keib|. \bm mvmrehmn|tbjyml |b`| t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|ejnt ymrm oj|b tein(jremn|ml `nl tmntm(jremn|ml.Ybmn |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m+ tein(jremn|`|ejn y`t qmru kjy.\bet d`n om mvkènml ou |bm a`d| |b`| |bm t|}lmn|t ymrm `d|eq`|eni `nl

|r`ntamrreni djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt arjh |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m `nl h`vveni|bmh jn|j |bm tj}rdm |m|+ |b}t vrjl}deni k`rimku tmntm(jremn|ml |m|t+ tendmdjndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt+ rm`leku `qèkòkm en |bm t|}lmn|t) hj|bmr |jni}m+ `rmhènku rmtvjnteokm ajr hm`neni. Ybmn |r`ntk`|eni en|j |bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm+tmntm(jremn|`|ejn et hjrm leaaed}k| |j hèn|èn+ omd`}tm t|}lmn|t yj}kl b`qm|j h`v djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm jn|j |bm |m| en |bmerhj|bmr |jni}m. Bjymqmr+ |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm ybedb et nj| |bmer hj|bmr |jni}m `rm nj| `kyùt a}kku jr lermd|ku `d|eq`|ml.Ent|m`l+ |bm djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt ja |bm tj}rdm |m| `rm `d|eq`|ml en |bm

|r`ntk`|jrt) henlt `kjni ye|b |bm djrrmtvjnleni ar`hmt jr teint+ enKrtdbmr)t |mrht. En |bm jdd`tejn`k òtmndm ja `d|eq`|ml djndmv|}`k t|r}d|}rmt


21/25


ja |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm+ t|}lmn| |r`ntk`|jrt rmtjr| |j ` tehvkm |r`ntamr ja ar`hmt jr teint arjh |bm tj}rdm |m| en|j |bm |`rim| k`ni}ìm+ ieqmn+ ja dj}rtm+|bmer |rèneni `nl |bmer ent|e|}|ejn`k rjkm. Bmndm+ |bmer |r`ntk`|ejnt en|j |bmtmdjnl k`ni}ìm vrmtmn| ` beibmr kmqmk ja tein(jremn|`|ejn.


22/25


Nj|mt

0. En|mrmt|eniku+ |bm yjrlt /hm|`vbjr/ `nl /|r`ntamr/ b qm ` djhhjn tmh`n|ed jreien. \bmajrhmr et |bm Irmmc(jreienml+ `nl |bm k`||mr et |bm K`|en(jreienml+ mp}eq`kmn|t ja |bm yjrl/|r`ntamr/ en Mniketb+ ybedb djqmrt oj|b |bm qmro `nl |bm nj}n d`|mijremt. \b}t+ |bmIrmmc(jreienml yjrl y`t rmtmrqml ajr |bm nj}n teineaueni |bm t|uket|ed lmqedm en Mniketb.En Irmmc+ oj|b tmntmt `rm mvrmttml ou |bm yjrl /} | jp / `nl leaamrmn|e`|ml oudjn|m|.

?. Mqmn en d`tmt ja tj(d kkml dj(jrlen`|m oekeni}`kt+ djhvm|mndm en |bm |yj k`ni}ìmt q`remten rmtvmd| ja ` n}homr ja v`r`hm|mrt ja ` tjde`k jr vtudbjkjied`k n`|}rm. @ktj+ |bm |mrht/hj|bmr |jni}m/ `nl /tmdjnl k`ni}ìm/ `rm }tml en |bmer hjt| vrj|j|uved`k rmnlmrenit.

Ajr m`hvkm+ |bmu lj nj| db`r`d|mrewm ent|`ndmt ybmrmou+ à|mr keqeni en ` ajrmein dj}n|ruajr h`nu um`rt+ ` tvm`cmr)t djhvm|mndm en |bm tmdjnl k`ni}ìm et beibmr |b`n |b`| en |bmk`ni}ìm t*bm aert| tvjcm "e.m. bet*bmr hj|bmr |jni}m%.

4. \bm tehek`re|emt `nl leaamrmndmt en |bm vmrajrh`ndm ja t|}lmn| `nl vrjamttejn`k |r`ntk`|jrt b`qm ommn yelmku lmtdreoml `nl letd}ttml+ `t en Gtcmkenmn "0525% `nl "0556%+\erccjnmn(Djnle| "0525%+ Gtcmkenmn `nl \erccjnmn(Djnle| "0550%+ `hjni j|bmrt.


23/25


_mamrmndmt

\m|t

H`}ib`h+ Y. Tjhmrtm|. 0546. D`cmt `nl @km. Kjnljn(Nmy Ujrc7 Vmni}en.HdLê Tjempjm. 0554. \je `| g}`rd}jjde`. Hml pÌ\7 Jjoq` Cjqe4ur.

@Jrrq`7 C```qe`r.Hj}P`mR+ C``. 0525. O`*|aeq` Cjdq` H`RRe. @Jrrq`7 CPJ.Hj}rtmk`t+ Cjt|`t. 055?. _ml Luml Bèr+ |r. Arml @. _mml. @|bmnt7 Cmlrjt.

T|}lemt

O`cmr+ Hjn`. 055?. En J|bmr Yjrlt7 @ Dj}rtmojjc jn \r`ntk`|ejn. Kjnljn `nl NmyUjrc7 _j}|kmlim.

Orjmdc+ _ùhjnl q`n lmn. 0521. /Djn|r`t|eqm Letdj}rtm @n`kutet `t ` \jjk ajr |bmEn|mrvrm|`|ejn ja Tbea|t en \r`ntk`|ml \m|t/. Bj}tm `nl Ok}h(C}kc` 05217 49(


24/25

9? @. TJVBE@ T. H@_H@_ELJ]

Bj}tm+ G}ke`nm `nl Tbjtb`n` Ok}h(C}kc`+ mlt. 0521. En|mrkeni}`k `nl En|mrd}k|}r`kDjhh}ned`|ejn7 Letdj}rtm `nl Djine|ejn en \r`ntk`|ejn `nl Tmdjnl K`ni}`im

@dp}ete|ejn T|}lemt. \oenimn7 N`rr.Gtcmkenmn+ _ee||`. 0525. /\r`ntk`|ejn @tteinhmn| en Vrjamttejn`k qt. Njn(Vrjamttejn`k

\r`ntk`|ejn7 @ \benc(@kj}l Vrj|jdjk T|}lu/. Ti}enj| 05257 29(52.Gtcmkenmn+ _ee||`. 0556. /Tjhm Leaamrmndmt om|ymmn Vrjamttejn`kt) qt. Njqedmt)

\r`ntk`|ejn Vrjdmttmt7 _m`d|ejnt |j |bm \r`ntk`|ejn @tteinhmn|/. Nuuttnmn m| `k.05567


25/25


Vbekkev`ce(Y`ro}r|jn+ Ermnm+ C`|mren` Nedjk`elet `nl H`re` Teae`nj}+ mlt. 055

directionality in translation: processes and practices

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