disability rights in the philippines (with a focus on education) presentation by: carolyn, ryan,...

Disability Rights in the Disability Rights in the Philippines Philippines (with a focus on (with a focus on

education)education)

Presentation by: Carolyn, Presentation by: Carolyn, Ryan, Holly, Chantel, & ErikaRyan, Holly, Chantel, & Erika

General Information about the General Information about the PhilippinesPhilippines

Country nameCountry name: Republic of the Philippines: Republic of the Philippines Form of GovernmentForm of Government: Democratic: Democratic CapitalCapital: Manila: Manila Current populationCurrent population: ~91.1 million: ~91.1 million Simple literacy rateSimple literacy rate (2000): 92.3% (2000): 92.3% Average yearly family incomeAverage yearly family income: P173,000 : P173,000

(pesos)(pesos) ImportsImports: feed for animals, mineral fuels, : feed for animals, mineral fuels,

organic/inorganic chemicals, iron & steelorganic/inorganic chemicals, iron & steel ExportsExports: petrolium products, gold, coconut : petrolium products, gold, coconut

oil, electronics, woodcrafts/furnitureoil, electronics, woodcrafts/furniture

Location of the Philippines

The United States of The United States of America:America:

Disability Law and Disability Law and EducationEducation

United States Law

Individuals with Disabilities Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)Education Act (IDEA)

The focus:The focus:– requires public schools to make requires public schools to make

available to all eligible children with available to all eligible children with disabilities a free appropriate public disabilities a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive education in the least restrictive environment appropriate to their environment appropriate to their individual needs. individual needs.

– Development of Individualized Education Development of Individualized Education Programs (IEP's) which reflect the Programs (IEP's) which reflect the individualized needs of each student. individualized needs of each student. United States

Law

IDEA: IDEA: Preschool, Elementary, and Preschool, Elementary, and Secondary EducationSecondary Education

What it coversWhat it covers::

Free appropriate public education Free appropriate public education

Educational setting Educational setting

Evaluation and placementEvaluation and placement

Procedural safeguards Procedural safeguards

Nonacademic servicesNonacademic services

Private education Private education

United States Law

IDEA: IDEA: Postsecondary EducationPostsecondary Education

What it covers:What it covers: Admissions and recruitmentAdmissions and recruitment

– Qualified handicapped persons may not, on the basis of Qualified handicapped persons may not, on the basis of handicap, be denied admission or be subjected to handicap, be denied admission or be subjected to discrimination in admission or recruitment discrimination in admission or recruitment

Treatment of studentsTreatment of students– No qualified handicapped student shall, on the basis of No qualified handicapped student shall, on the basis of

handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any academic, research, occupational training, under any academic, research, occupational training, housing…housing…

Academic adjustmentsAcademic adjustments – ExamplesExamples: length of time permitted to complete degree, : length of time permitted to complete degree,

substitution of specific required courses, extended time for substitution of specific required courses, extended time for exams, auxiliary aids, etc.exams, auxiliary aids, etc.

United States Law

United NationsUnited Nations Guidelines on Education and Guidelines on Education and

Disability RightsDisability Rights

United National Disability Law, Education

Convention on the Rights of Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesPersons with Disabilities

8 guiding principles of the convention:8 guiding principles of the convention:

1. Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the 1. Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of personsfreedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons

2. Non-discrimination 2. Non-discrimination

3. Full and effective participation and inclusion in society 3. Full and effective participation and inclusion in society

4. Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as 4. Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity part of human diversity and humanity

5. Equality of opportunity 5. Equality of opportunity

6. Accessibility 6. Accessibility

7. Equality between men and women 7. Equality between men and women

8. Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and 8. Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.identities.

Article 24: EducationArticle 24: Education States Parties recognize the right of persons with States Parties recognize the right of persons with

disabilities to education.disabilities to education. States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at States Parties shall ensure an inclusive education system at

all levels, and life-long learning, directed to:all levels, and life-long learning, directed to:

(a) The full development of the human potential and (a) The full development of the human potential and sense of sense of dignity and self worth, and the strengthening dignity and self worth, and the strengthening of respect for of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity; human diversity;

(b) The development by persons with disabilities of (b) The development by persons with disabilities of their their personality, talents and creativity, as well as their personality, talents and creativity, as well as their mental and mental and physical abilities, to their fullest physical abilities, to their fullest potential;potential;

(c) Enabling persons with disabilities to participate (c) Enabling persons with disabilities to participate effectively effectively in a free society.in a free society.


In realizing this right, States In realizing this right, States Parties shall ensure: Parties shall ensure: (continued from (continued from

article 24)article 24) That persons with disabilities are not excluded from the That persons with disabilities are not excluded from the

general education system on the basis of disability, and that general education system on the basis of disability, and that children with disabilities are not excluded from free and children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary and secondary education compulsory primary and secondary education on the basis on the basis of disability;of disability;

That persons with disabilities can accessThat persons with disabilities can access anan inclusive, quality, inclusive, quality, free primary and secondary education on an equal basis with free primary and secondary education on an equal basis with others in the communities in which they live;others in the communities in which they live;

Reasonable accommodation of the individual’s requirements; Reasonable accommodation of the individual’s requirements;

That persons with disabilities receive the support required, That persons with disabilities receive the support required, within the general education system, to facilitate their within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education;effective education;

That effective individualized support measures are provided in That effective individualized support measures are provided in environments that maximize academic and social environments that maximize academic and social development, consistent with the goal of full inclusion.development, consistent with the goal of full inclusion.


Enabling children with disabilities to Enabling children with disabilities to learn life and social development skills to learn life and social development skills to

facilitate their full and equal facilitate their full and equal participation in education and as participation in education and as

members of the communitymembers of the community (article 24)(article 24) Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script, Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script,

augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating communication, orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring peer support and mentoring

Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion of the linguistic identity of the deaf community; the linguistic identity of the deaf community;

Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular children, who are blind or blind, is delivered in the most children, who are blind or blind, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and modes and means of appropriate languages and modes and means of communication for the individual communication for the individual


Teaching positions: Teaching positions: (article 24)(article 24)

States Parties shall take appropriate States Parties shall take appropriate measures to employ teachers, including measures to employ teachers, including those with disabilities, who are those with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and Braille, and qualified in sign language and Braille, and to train professionals and staff who work to train professionals and staff who work

at all levels of education at all levels of education incorporate disability awareness incorporate disability awareness •General: General: (section 24)(section 24)

persons with disabilities are able to access persons with disabilities are able to access general tertiary education, vocational training, general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning without adult education and lifelong learning without discrimination and on an equal basis with discrimination and on an equal basis with others (reasonable accommodation)others (reasonable accommodation)


Convention on the Rights of Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989)the Child (1989)

Article 2:Article 2: (Non-discrimination)(Non-discrimination)– Convention applies to all children, whatever Convention applies to all children, whatever

their race, religion or abilities their race, religion or abilities – ……whether they have a disability or whether whether they have a disability or whether

they are rich or poor. No child should be they are rich or poor. No child should be treated unfairly on any basis. treated unfairly on any basis.

Article 23:Article 23:– recognize that a mentally or physically recognize that a mentally or physically

disabled child should enjoy a disabled child should enjoy a full and decent full and decent lifelife, in conditions which ensure , in conditions which ensure dignitydignity, , promote promote self-relianceself-reliance and facilitate the child's and facilitate the child's active participationactive participation in the community. in the community.


Convention on the Right of the Convention on the Right of the Child, continued…Child, continued…

Assistance…shall be provided free of charge, Assistance…shall be provided free of charge, whenever possible, taking into account the whenever possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or others financial resources of the parents or others caring for the child, and shall be designed to caring for the child, and shall be designed to ensure that the disabled child has effective ensure that the disabled child has effective access to and receives education, training, access to and receives education, training, health care services…health care services…

States Parties shall promote the exchange of States Parties shall promote the exchange of appropriate information in the field of appropriate information in the field of preventive health care and of medical, preventive health care and of medical, psychological and functional treatment of psychological and functional treatment of disabled childrendisabled children


Dakar Framework for Action Dakar Framework for Action (2000)(2000)

To achieve education for all by 2015 To achieve education for all by 2015

goal will only be achieved when all nations goal will only be achieved when all nations recognize that the universal right to education recognize that the universal right to education extends to individuals with disabilities, and when extends to individuals with disabilities, and when all nation act upon their obligation to establish or all nation act upon their obligation to establish or reform public education systems that are reform public education systems that are accessible to individuals with disabilities.accessible to individuals with disabilities.

Flagship on Education for All and the Right to Flagship on Education for All and the Right to Education for Persons with Disabilities has been Education for Persons with Disabilities has been established to act as a catalyst to ensure that the established to act as a catalyst to ensure that the right to education, and the goals of the Dakar right to education, and the goals of the Dakar Framework, are realized for individuals with Framework, are realized for individuals with disabilities. disabilities. United National Disability Law,

Education

Compare/Contrast of Compare/Contrast of United Nations vs. United United Nations vs. United

StatesStatesCOMPARECOMPARE

Both the UN and US law Both the UN and US law ensure free primary and ensure free primary and secondary compulsory secondary compulsory education to those with education to those with disabilities. This right is disabilities. This right is based on equal opportunity based on equal opportunity and without discrimination.and without discrimination.

Reasonable accommodation Reasonable accommodation for the individual's for the individual's requirements as well as requirements as well as receiving support required receiving support required to facilitate their education. to facilitate their education. The US goes more in depth.The US goes more in depth.

Both require effective Both require effective individualized support individualized support measures to be provided. measures to be provided.

CONTRASTThe UN does not address postsecondary education for those with disabilities.

The UN focuses on the full development of the human potential and sense of dignity and self worth, ans the strengthening of respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and human diversity.

The UN also addresses the development by persons with disabilities of their personality, talents, and creativity not only their mental and physical abilities.

The UN focuses on enabling those with disabilities to become full and equal participators in society.

General General Discrimination Laws Discrimination Laws

of the Philippinesof the Philippines

General Discrimination Laws of the Philippines

General Discrimination laws in General Discrimination laws in the Philippinesthe Philippines

1987 National Constitution (present)1987 National Constitution (present) Article 3: Bill of RightsArticle 3: Bill of Rights

– Section 3Section 3: “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, : “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.”person be denied the equal protection of the laws.”

– Section 6Section 6: “No torture, force, violence, threat, : “No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, solitary, incommunicadoincommunicado, or other similar forms of , or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.”detention are prohibited.”

– Section 18Section 18 “No involuntary servitude in any form shall “No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof theexist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”party shall have been duly convicted.”


1987 National Constitution (present). 1987 National Constitution (present). Continued…Continued…

Article 2:Article 2: declaration of principles and state policiesdeclaration of principles and state policies

Section 13 (state policy). “The State recognizes the vital role of the Section 13 (state policy). “The State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their youth in nation-building and shall promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.”their involvement in public and civic affairs.”

Section 17. “The State shall give priority to education, science and Section 17. “The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.”liberation and development.”

Section 24. “The State recognizes the vital role of communication Section 24. “The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building.”and information in nation-building.”

Section 26. “The State shall guarantee equal access to Section 26. “The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law.”may be defined by law.”


1987 National Constitution (present). 1987 National Constitution (present). Continued…Continued…

Article 13: Social Justice and Human RightsArticle 13: Social Justice and Human Rights

Section 1Section 1. “The Congress shall give highest . “The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.”political power for the common good.”

Section 13Section 13. “The State shall establish a special . “The State shall establish a special agency for disabled person for their agency for disabled person for their rehabilitation, self-development, and self-rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance, and their integration into the reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.”mainstream of society.” General Discrimination Laws of the

Philippines

Magna Carta for Disabled Magna Carta for Disabled Persons Persons (Republic Act 7277)(Republic Act 7277),, “An Act “An Act

providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration

into mainstream society and for other purposes”.into mainstream society and for other purposes”. • “Disabled persons have the same rights as other people to take their proper place in society. They should be-able to live freely and as independently as possible.”

•Section 2, part E: “To facilitate integration of disabled persons into the mainstream of society, the State shall advocate for and encourage respect for disabled persons.

•The State shall exert all efforts to remove all social, cultural, economic, environmental and attitudinal barriers that are prejudicial to disabled persons.”


PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES DISABILITY LAWSDISABILITY LAWS

Philippines Disability Law

DEFINITION of DEFINITION of DISABILITYDISABILITY

(1) a physical impairment that (1) a physical impairment that substantially limits one or more substantially limits one or more psychological, physiological or psychological, physiological or

anatomical function of an individual or anatomical function of an individual or activities of such individual; (2) a activities of such individual; (2) a

record of such an impairmentrecord of such an impairment

(3) being regarded as having such an (3) being regarded as having such an impairmentimpairment


RIGHT TO VOTERIGHT TO VOTE"…The Congress shall also "…The Congress shall also

design a procedure for the design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates disabled and the illiterates

to vote without the to vote without the assistance of other assistance of other

persons. Until then, they persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and under existing laws and

such rules as the such rules as the Commission on Elections Commission on Elections

may promulgate to protect may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot." the secrecy of the ballot."

((Constitution:Constitution: (1987) (1987)Article V, section 2 )Article V, section 2 )


IRR OF RA 7277IRR OF RA 7277 Auxiliary Aids and Services include:Auxiliary Aids and Services include:

– Qualified interpreters or other effective methods of delivering Qualified interpreters or other effective methods of delivering materials to individuals with hearing impairments;materials to individuals with hearing impairments;

– Qualified readers, taped tests, or other effective methods of Qualified readers, taped tests, or other effective methods of delivering materials to individuals with visual impairments; delivering materials to individuals with visual impairments; Acquisition or modification of equipment or devices; andAcquisition or modification of equipment or devices; and

– Other similar services and actions or all types of aids and Other similar services and actions or all types of aids and services that facilitate the learning process of people with services that facilitate the learning process of people with mental disability.mental disability.

– Auxiliary Social ServicesAuxiliary Social Services – are the supportive activities in the – are the supportive activities in the delivery of social services to the marginalized sectors of delivery of social services to the marginalized sectors of society.society.


EDUCATIONEDUCATION

– Special Education – Special Education – educational program that educational program that caters to various types of caters to various types of learners with special needs learners with special needs from preschool to tertiary from preschool to tertiary levels and their formal or levels and their formal or nonformal programs that are nonformal programs that are complementary mutually complementary mutually reinforcing and a comparable reinforcing and a comparable standards.standards.

– Quality Education – Quality Education – a a learning process that makes learning process that makes the individual a better person the individual a better person and prepares him to cope with and prepares him to cope with rapid social change with rapid social change with appropriate skills and positive appropriate skills and positive values leading to productive values leading to productive and meaningful life as and meaningful life as responsible citizen.responsible citizen.


EDUCATION CONT…EDUCATION CONT… Special Class –Special Class – refers to a class generally for one type of a refers to a class generally for one type of a

learner with special needs organized within the regular school and learner with special needs organized within the regular school and taught by a SPED teacher.taught by a SPED teacher.

Special Education (SPED) – Special Education (SPED) – the type of education specifically the type of education specifically designed for learners with special needs who can not profit designed for learners with special needs who can not profit maximally from regular education such that they require trained maximally from regular education such that they require trained personnel, teaching methods, instructional materials and personnel, teaching methods, instructional materials and adaptations in facilities and equipment.adaptations in facilities and equipment.

Special Education Needs – Special Education Needs – take the form of the need for one or take the form of the need for one or more of the following: (a) the provision of special means of access more of the following: (a) the provision of special means of access to the curriculum through special equipments, facilities or to the curriculum through special equipments, facilities or resources, modification of the physical environment or specialized resources, modification of the physical environment or specialized teaching techniques; (b) provision of a special or modified teaching techniques; (b) provision of a special or modified curriculum; (c) particular attention to the social structure and curriculum; (c) particular attention to the social structure and emotional climate in which education takes place (UNESCO), World emotional climate in which education takes place (UNESCO), World Education Report, 1991)Education Report, 1991)

Special Education Teacher – Special Education Teacher – professionally trained educators professionally trained educators teaching learners with special needs. teaching learners with special needs.


REASONABLE REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONSACCOMMODATIONS

Reasonable Accommodations includes: Reasonable Accommodations includes: improvement of existing facilities used any improvement of existing facilities used any employees in order to render these readily employees in order to render these readily

accessible to and usable by disabled accessible to and usable by disabled persons; and modification of work schedules, persons; and modification of work schedules,

reassignment to a vacant position, reassignment to a vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment or acquisition or modification of equipment or

devices, appropriate adjustments or devices, appropriate adjustments or modifications of examinations, training modifications of examinations, training

materials or company policies, rules and materials or company policies, rules and regulations, the provision of auxiliary aids regulations, the provision of auxiliary aids

and services, and other similar and services, and other similar accommodations for disabled persons.accommodations for disabled persons.


ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 35NO. 35

SECTION 1.SECTION 1.The National Council for the The National Council for the

Welfare of Disabled Persons Welfare of Disabled Persons (NCWDP) will spearhead the (NCWDP) will spearhead the

holding of a series of holding of a series of activities involving activities involving

government and private government and private agencies to highlight the agencies to highlight the nation’s efforts towards nation’s efforts towards disability prevention and disability prevention and

rehabilitation leading to the rehabilitation leading to the effective integration of effective integration of

persons with disabilities into persons with disabilities into the mainstream of society.the mainstream of society.


BP 344 BP 344

SECTION 4.SECTION 4. Any person violating any provision of this Act or of Any person violating any provision of this Act or of

the rules and regulations promulgated hereunder the rules and regulations promulgated hereunder shall, upon conviction by a court of competent shall, upon conviction by a court of competent

jurisdiction, suffer the penalty of imprisonment of jurisdiction, suffer the penalty of imprisonment of not less than one month but not more than one not less than one month but not more than one year or a fine of P2,000 to P5,000 or both, at the year or a fine of P2,000 to P5,000 or both, at the discretion of the court: Provided, That in the case discretion of the court: Provided, That in the case

of corporations, partnerships, cooperatives or of corporations, partnerships, cooperatives or associations, the president, manager or associations, the president, manager or

administrator, or the person who has charge of the administrator, or the person who has charge of the construction, repair or renovation of the buildings, construction, repair or renovation of the buildings, space or utilities shall be criminally responsible for space or utilities shall be criminally responsible for

any violation of this Act and/or rules and any violation of this Act and/or rules and regulations promulgated pursuant thereto.regulations promulgated pursuant thereto.


Now, taking a look at the Now, taking a look at the realityreality of of disability law involving education and disability law involving education and

discrimination in the Philippinesdiscrimination in the Philippines• • The situation of disability in the PhilippinesThe situation of disability in the Philippines

• • Women in the Philippines Women in the Philippines

• • Judith Heumann on Education Judith Heumann on Education

• • Discrimination Case Discrimination Case

• • Rehabilitation Programs and KAMPI Rehabilitation Programs and KAMPI

• • Comparison of conditions in the Philippines and Comparison of conditions in the Philippines and U.S. U.S. Philippines Disability Law

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What are some of the weaknesses of Philippine What are some of the weaknesses of Philippine

disability law, and what are some of the potential disability law, and what are some of the potential implications of these weaknesses?implications of these weaknesses?

In reviewing the disability laws in the Philippines, are In reviewing the disability laws in the Philippines, are there any parts that you think could be there any parts that you think could be beneficial/strengthen disability law in the United beneficial/strengthen disability law in the United States?States?

In comparing the laws of the United States and the In comparing the laws of the United States and the Philippines, what are some of the similar reasons for Philippines, what are some of the similar reasons for courts’ discriminating against people with disabilities courts’ discriminating against people with disabilities in their decisions? in their decisions?

Discussion

ReferencesReferences

Disability World (2008). (Disability World (2008). (www.disabilityworld.orgwww.disabilityworld.org ) ) World EnableWorld Enable (2008). ( (2008). (www.worldenable.netwww.worldenable.net)) US Social Security Administration: Philippines. (US Social Security Administration: Philippines. (www.ssa.govwww.ssa.gov).). The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines (2008). (The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines (2008). (

http://www.gov.ph/http://www.gov.ph/)) U.S. Department of Justice: Americans with Disability Act (2008). U.S. Department of Justice: Americans with Disability Act (2008).

((http://www.ada.gov/cguide.htm#anchor65310http://www.ada.gov/cguide.htm#anchor65310)) Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (2008). (Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (2008). (http://http://

www.dredf.org/international/philippines.htmlwww.dredf.org/international/philippines.html)) Global Initiative to Enfranchise People with Disabilities (2003). (Global Initiative to Enfranchise People with Disabilities (2003). (

www.electionaccess.orgwww.electionaccess.org)) United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) (2008). “The Flagship on Education for All and the (UNESCO) (2008). “The Flagship on Education for All and the Right to education for Persons with Disabilities: Towards Right to education for Persons with Disabilities: Towards Inclusion. (www.unesco.org)Inclusion. (www.unesco.org)

United Nations homepage (United Nations homepage (www.un.orgwww.un.org)) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Convention Convention

for the Rights of the Child, 1990. (for the Rights of the Child, 1990. (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htmhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm) )

disability rights in the philippines (with a focus on education) presentation by: carolyn, ryan,...

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