disaster preparedness lessons learned from past catastrophic earthquakes in russia
TRANSCRIPT
SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900: KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
RUSSIAPART 3: EARTHQUAKES
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN RUSSIA
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
WILDFIRES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
TECTONIC PLATES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s Restlessness Causes Movement of Tectonic Plates, which leads to:
Earthquakes
KURIL-KAMCHATKA TRENCH
• Many earthquakes and tsunamis originate from Kamchatka as a result of subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench
SEISMICITY MAP SINCE 1900: KAMCHATKA HAS THE MOST SEISMIC ACTIVITY
FORTUNATELY, THE REGION IS SPARSELY
POPULATED
ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER
HAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISK
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE
POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE INTERACT WITH THE VULNERABLE BUILT
ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND’S COMMUNITIES
EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS:
ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS
TECTONIC DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
GROUND
SHAKING
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
SITE AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDES
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING
UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, B
RICK O
R STO
NE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
V VI VII VIII IX
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, landslides,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER IS
EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
RUSSIA’S COMMINITIES
RUSSIA’S COMMINITIES
DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONDATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• QUAKE HAZARDS• INVENTORY• VULNERABILITY• LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
• PREPAREDNESS• PROTECTION• FORECASTS/SCENARIOS• EMERGENCY RESPONSE• RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONS
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE– ONE OF RUSSIA’S NOTABLE
EARTHQUAKES
11:03 pm; May 27, 1995
Mw7.1; Ms7.6
Depth: 9 km (5.4 miles)
THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• A “BULLS EYE EARTHQUAKE: The 40-kn-long rupture of the right-lateral strike-slip fault passed directly under Neftegorsk
THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• Neftegorsk was nearly completely destroyed by the earthquake, and approximately 2,000 of the 3,176 residents in the town were killed.
THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• 406 person were rescued alive from under the rubble, but 37 of them died in a hospital following rescue
THE NEFTEGORSK EARTHQUAKE: MAY 27, 1995
• The settlement was not rebuilt after the earthquake.
• Most of the 1,144 survivors were relocated.
TWO OF KAMCHATKA’S MANY EARTHQUAKES
April 20, 2006
April 29, 2006
APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.
APRIL 20, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The April 20, 2006 Kamchatka earthquake was a M7.6 shock located near the coast of Koryak Autonomous Okrug at an estimated depth of 22 km.
• This major quake and the aftershock sequence that followed damaged buildings and infrastructure in three villages.
APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• The M6.6 earthquake, which struck on Saturday, April 29, was followed by a number of strong and medium aftershocks.
APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• 1,000 people were evacuated, 40 people were injured, but no deaths.
APRIL 29, 2006 KAMCHATKA EARTHQUAKE
• Several diesel electric power stations were damaged.
RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE
RUSSIA’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IN KAMCHATKA IS INEVITABLE
• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER FROM A M4.4 OR LARGER EARTH-QUAKE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE.