DisasterPreventionand Management

Insight into the nature of road accidents fromdata on injured and deadPiyooshRautelaBased at the Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Uttaranchal Secretariat,Dehradun, IndiaRavishSharmaBased at the Disaster Mitigation and Management Centre, Uttaranchal Secretariat,Dehradun, India

II

JII

....

Disaster Prevention and Management. Vol. 13 NO.5. 2004.(Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 0965-3562

Disaster Prevention and Management:An International journalISSN0965-3562@2004 Emerald Group Publishing Limited

Disaster Prevention and Management, An InternationalJournal, sets out to advance the available knowledge inthe fields of disaster prevention and management and toact as an integrative agent for extant methodologies andactivities relating to disaster emergency and crisismanagement. Publishing high quality. refereed papers,the journal supports the exchange of ideas, experienceand practice between academics. practitioners. andpolicy-makers.

Editor Dr H.C. Wilson

Senior University Teacher, Department ofCybernetics & Virtual Systems, University ofBradford, Bradford BD71DP

Managing Editor Simon LinacreConsulting Editor Dr A.Z. Keller

Durham University Business School, UK

Editorial Advisory BoardProfessorD.Alexander

DisasterManagement Centre,CranfieldUniversity,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofScience, Shrivenham, Swindon, UK

E.E. Alley, OBE

Consultant, UNDROK.Cassidy

Major Hazards Unit, Health & Safety Executive, UKProfessor Hayim Granot

Mass Emergencies Project, School of Social Work, Bar-llanUniversity, Israel

DrW. GunnPresident, Mediterranean Burns Club, Switzerland

P.E. HodgkinsonDirector. The Centre for Crisis Psychology, UK

Professor T. KletzDepartment of Chemical Engineering, LoughboroughUniversity, UK

Dr J.Levinson

Visiting Professor atJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice, CityUniversity of New York, USA

Dr Douglas PatonSchool of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Launceston,Tasmania, Australia

Professor E.L. QuaranteUiResearch Professor. Disaster Research Center. University ofDelaware, USA

DrA. Redmond

North Staffordshire Trauma Centre, UKProfessor M. Seaward

Environmental Sciences, University of Bradford, UKProfessor D.P. Singh

PSS Central Institute of Vocational Education, Bhopal,lndiaProfessor D. Smith

University of Liverpool Management School, Liverpool, UKDrW.Stahel

The Geneva Association, SwitzerlandProfessor David Weir

Professor. Ceram Sophia Antipolis, FranceProfessorD. Wilhite

Director. International Drought Information Center.University of Nebraska, USA

Professor Hiroaki Yoshii

Senior Researcher. Bunkyo University, Japan

Published in association with the Disaster Prevention and

Limitation Unit, University of Bradford

.

This journal is also available online atwww.emeraldinsighLcom/dpm.htmInternet services available worldwideat www.emeraldinsight.com

Emerald Group Publishing limited60/62 TollerLane,Bradford,WestYorkshire,EnglandBD89BYTel+44(0)1274777700Fax+44(0)1274785200E-mail help@emeraldinsight.com

'-)\'-'~INVESTOR IS PEOPLE

Indexed and abstracted In:Cabell's Directory of Publishing Opportunities in

Management and MarketingEmerald Reviews (formerly Anbar)Geographical Abstracts: Human GeographyHealth & Safety Science AbstractsRisk Abstracts

ASFA-2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non Living ResourcesAbstracts

ASFA-3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality AbstractsTaylor and Francis Ergonomics Abstracts

Regional offices:For North America

Emerald, 875 Massachusetts Avenue, 7th Roor,Cambridge, MA02139, USATelTollfree+1 888 622 0075;Fax +1 617 354 6875E-mail america@emeraldlnslght.com

ForJapanEmerald, 3-22-7 Oowada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba, 272-0025, JapanTel +8147 393 7322; Fax +8147 393 7323E-mail japan@emeraldinslght.comFor Asia Pacific

Emerald, 7-2, 7th Roor, Menara KLH,BandarPuchongJaya,47100 Puchong,Selangor,MalaysiaTel +60 3 8076 6009; Fax +60 3 8076 6007E-mail asiapaclfic@emeraldinsight.com

Customer helpdesk:Tel +44 (0) 1274 785278;Fax +44 (0) 1274 785204;E-mail support@emeraldinslght.comWeb www.emeraldinsight.com/customercharter

Orders, subscription and missing claims enquiries:Tel +44 (0) 1274777700;

Fax +44 (0) 1274785200

Missingissueclaimswill befulfilled if claimedwithin fourmonthsof dateof despatch.Maximumof oneclaimper issue.

Reprints and permissions service:JohnEggletonE-mailjeggleton@emeraldinsight.comWebwww.emeraldinslght.com/reprintsWebwww.emeraldinslght.com/permlssions

..,

No part of this journal may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system. transmittedin any formor by anymeanselectronic. mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licencepennitting restricted copying issued in the UKbyThe Copyrightlicensing Agencyand in the USAbyThe CopyrightClearance Center. No responsibility is accepted forthe accuracy of infonnation contained in the text. illustrations or advertisements.The opinions expressed in the articles are not necessarily those of the Editor or thepublisher.

Emerald is a trading name of Emerald Group PublishingLimited

Printed by Printhaus Group Ltd, Scirocco Close,Moulton Park, Northampton NN3 6HE

~[ZJAwarded in recognition of

Quu.JTV ~ Emerald'sproductionASSURED V department'sadherence

FIRM UI(AS toqualitysystemsand"" ..=.. processeswhen

026 preparingscholarlyCerof I 'L journalsforprint

Insight into the nature ofroad accidents from dataon injured and dead

Piyoosh Rautela andRavish Sharma

-Piyoosh Rautela and Ravish Sharma are in the DisasterMitigation and Management Centre, Uttaranchal SecretariatDehradun, India.

~""'I'U'~

Road accidents, Death, Injuries, India

Analysis of data on road accidents collected from differentsources brings forth important characteristics related to thenatureof accidents.Basedon this,the fatalityindex(FI)isdefinedas the ratioof fatalitiesto injuriesin accidents.Anincrease in FI is indicative of fatalities in accidents. High FI isobserved to correlate positivelywith difficultterrain, slowresponse and poor medical facilities. FItherefore represents animportant indicator for planning initiatives to reduce fatalitiesrelated to road accidents.

Electronic access

The Emerald Research Register for this journal isavailableatwww.emeraldinsight.com/researchregister

Thecurrentissueand fulltext archiveof thisjournalisavailableatwww.emeraldinsight.com/0965-3562.htm

Disaster Prevention and Management

Volume 13 . Number 5 . 2004 . pp. 374-378

<i:JEmerald Group Publishing limited. ISSN 0965-3562DOl 10.1108/09653560410568499

Introduction

Despite causing loss of human life and property,together with the associated trauma and suffering,road accidents are often not placed under thecategory of disasters. The magnitude of theproblem is often not realised, and these are lookedupon as stray incidences. This leads to lack oforganised support for efforts to mitigate roadaccidents, and tolls keeps mounting with increasesin road length and vehicular traffic.

The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968)defined injury in road crashes as being the result ofthe collision of a moving vehicle on a public road inwhich a road user (human or animal) is injured(IRTAD, 1992). A road death is deemed to haveoccurred when a person injured dies within 30days of the crash (and as a result of the crash), butnot all countries adhere to this definition. For the

purposes of this study, people injured or killed inan accident are taken to be the number of personsreported to be injured or killed by local policerecords as a result of road accidents. The policedepartment in India has a procedure of reportingall accidents by lodging a First Information Report(FIR) of the same in the reporting station underwhose jurisdiction the accident has taken place.Death or damage caused by the accident is alsoreported in the FIR, which is produced in courtduring any judicial enquiry into the case. Statisticsof accidents for the state of Uttaranchal are based

on the FIRs of the police department for theprevious two years (2002 and 2003), and these areexpected to cover the majority of accidentsoccurring in the state. However, some accidentsmay have gone unreported, and therefore thestatistics give the minimum status.

Road accidents: the scenario

There is growing concern worldwide overincreasing incidences of road accidents andconsequent loss of human life, together with theloss in workforce due to disabilities caused by roadaccidents and the economic losses that they inflicton society. Two major studies (World HealthOrganisation, 1996, 1999) assessing causes ofdeath placed road accidents ninth in 1990 on acomprehensive list of more than one hundredseparate causes of death. Forecasts made fromanalysis of data and trends suggest that by the year2020, road accidents as a cause of death will have

The authors are grateful to the Executive Director,DMMC for guidance, support and encouragement.The State Police Department is thanked for providingimportant data related to road accidents.

374

Insightinto the natureof roadaccidentsfrom dataon injuredanddead

PiyooshRautelaand RavishSharma

moved up to sixth place. It has been predicted that"years of life lost" and "disability-adjusted lifeyears" due to road accidents will reach second and

third place, respectively, by 2020. Attempts tohighlight the worsening road accident scenariohave also been made (Ghee et al., 1997), and theWorld Health Organisation (WHO) has estimatedthe death toll in road accidents in 1998 to be 1.17million worldwide.

Data on road accidents for the previous 30 years(1970-2001) for India indicate that they havegradually increased from 114,100 to 394,800 inthis period, 3.5-fold increase (Road Safety Cell,Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, n.d.).In this period, annual road fatalities have increasedfrom 14,500 to a staggering 80,000, and thenumber of people injured in accidents has risenfrom 70,100 to 382,700.

State data on road accidents show that fatalities

related to road accidents are highest in the state ofMaharashtra, followed by Andhra Pradesh, TamilNadu and Uttar Pradesh. Not surprisingly, theseare the states that have the greatest number ofvehicles, with the exception of Gujarat, whichdespite having more vehicles, has a smaller numberof fatalities related to road accidents. Fatalities per100 kilometers of road length are highest inHaryana (ten), Chandigarh, Delhi, Daman andDiu (seven each) and lowest in the hillynortheastern states of Nagaland, ArunachalPradesh and Mizoram.

Data on the number of people injured isgenerally expected to correlate positively with thefatality data, but when analysed for different statesthese show some marked divergences that aresuggestive of some underlying clue regarding thenature of accidents in different states. To

understand this divergence and to analyse thecauses underlying it, the ratio of fatalities in roadaccidents and people injured in accidents indifferent states was studied in detail. Defined here

as the fatality index (FI) of road accidents, thisratio gives important clues on the nature of roadaccidents. The FI increases as more and more road

accidents become fatal (i.e. more people are killedin relation to those injured):

FI = Number of fatalitiesNumber of people injured'

Analysis of road accident data for three years(1999,2000 and 2001) shows marked differencesin the nature of accidents in different states. FI is

observed to be higher for Punjab, Uttar Pradesh,Uttaranchal, and Mizoram (Figure 1) despitethese states recording a relatively smaller numberof fatalities. This reflects the fatal nature of roadaccidents in these states. The reasons for this

-

DisasterPreventionand Management

Volume13 . Number5 . 2004.374-378

might be different for different states, and mayinclude:

bad road conditions;topography;delays in post-accident medical care; andnon-compliance with traffic rules, etc.

FI is only suggestive of the relative fatal nature ofaccidents, and the causes of accidents have to be .investigated individually.

Road accident scenario in the Himalayanstate of Uttaranchal

Uttaranchal is mainly rugged mountainous terrain,with ten of its 13 districts falling totally within theHimalayas, while Haridwar, Udham Singh Nagarare totally plains and Dehradun is partially plains.FI analysis shows that road accidents in the state ofUttaranchal are highly fatal (FI - 0.5) and that thecauses of accidents are rooted in its ruggedtopography, remoteness, inadequate responsestructure and medical facilities.

Having defined FI as reflecting the nature ofroad accidents, it is imperative to study FIindividually for different districts, so that thereasons for peculiar patterns can be investigated ata local level and measures to reduce accident

frequency and fatality can be planned. Data onaccidents was collected from the PoliceDepartment for all 13 districts of the state ofUttaranchal for the years 2002 and 2003. Thisdata was used to study accident patterns in variousdistricts together with the type of vehicle involvedand the timing of accidents.

On average, around 700 people are killed everyyear due to accidents in the state, and the threedistricts described earlier as being totally orpartially plains (i.e. Dehradun, Udham SinghNagar and Haridwar) account for the maximumnumber of road fatalities (50 per cent of totalfatalities; Figure 2). Of the hill districts, themaximum number of accident-related casualties

are recorded in Chamoli, Tehri, Uttarkashi, PauriGarhwal, Pithoragarh and Nainital.

Speeding is considered to be the main cause ofaccidents. However, in the hills there are fewercollision-related accidents, and major damage iscaused by vehicles falling off the road. Trucks(goods carriers) are most frequently involved inroad accidents, but in the hills the jeep (a popularmode of public transport) is the major culprit formost accidents. Most accidents are observed to

take place during the night (between 18.00 and06.00 hours).

Despite having fewer fatalities, FI isconsiderably higher in the hills (Figure 3), with

-

375

Insightinto the natureof roadaccidentsfrom data on injuredanddead

PiyooshRautelaand RavishSharma

DisasterPreventionand Management

Volume13 . Number5 . 2004. 374-378

Figure 1 Fatalityindex in differentstatesof India for 1999,2000 and2001

I

I-

1~

1~

1.40

~ 120~

£1m~~O~

lo~OMo~om

-+- 1999-+- 2000__ 2001

Figure 2 Datashowingaccidentscausingfatalities and road accidentscenarioin Uttaranchal

'0

f 350 -. -- --E- - Fatality 2002

::: 300 Injured20021 ,-.

'0250 .' ....: -Fatality2003 .' : \-. . .

~ 200 Injured2003 .' : .:. :.I:g 150... I .........-....~ 100

~ 50~ I ~ ~ ~ :.-E 0:J :c: 'E:: - en 'E:: c: ~ (u € (t; 15 (u (;jZ Ul'<:: 0 ro ::> ::> 0 ,.. (tI ~ .-=' 0> ~

ro Q) E ~ (tI i6 E ~ 0> jf) ~ ro -0~ .- ~ 0. 0.. - - U') ~ 0. 'ro z 'Cro U ro ~«Q) 0 E Z ~ ro5 -6 0 2' -6 ro ~ I

& m Q: B

Figure 3 Fatalityindex in Uttaranchal

1816

.. 14-3 12.5 1~ 0.8...'Iii 06

u. 0.4 I V ,- ''' '0.2

o~ 'C ~ ~ 'E:: § ~ ~ € ~ ~ ~ ~gJ '55 E ~ (ij u 0 ?:: ~ ~c ~ ~~ .- ~ c.. a.. ~ .s ~ ~ a. 'ffi Z 't:: _(tI U ro '55« Q) 0 E Z ~ ro5 -0 0 ~ -6 ro ~ I

& m Q: B

Uttarkashi exhibiting a FI of more than unity relief. Moreover, a major portion of the Yatra(more people killed in accidents than those (pilgrimage) route (Gangotri and Badrinath)injured). Pithoragarh and Chamoli are two other passes through Chamoli and Uttarkashi districts.hill districts with a high FI. It is worth noting that These districts therefore experience a largeall three hill districts showing high FI are remote number of tourists who are not accustomed to hillfrontier districts of the state, and the terrain driving. This is highlighted in the monthlyconditions in these districts are rough with high distribution of road fatalities in these districts,

376

Insightinto the natureof roadaccidentsfrom dataon injuredanddead

PiyooshRautelaand RavishSharma

which registers a steep rise during the summer (thellitra season). Post-accident medical facilities arealso not particularly good in these remote hilldistricts, and this aggravates the accident deathtoll. The relatively low FI in low-lying districts,despite them having more accidents and fatalities,is attributed to terrain conditions, which reducerescue time, and access to better medical facilitiesin these districts.

The state government needs to direct moreresources into making accidents in these three hilldistricts less fatal, and for this both structural andnon-structural measures should be employed.

Mitigation strategy for reducing FI

The Himalayan terrain ofUttaranchal is highlyfragile and prone to natural disasters. Throughgenerations of experience, observation,experimentation and accumulated knowledge, thepeople living in this rugged terrain have devisedinnovative ways of mitigating the effects ofearthquakes, landslides, flash floods and drought.

With the introduction of modern means of

transportation and construction of roads in theregion in the last century, people witnessed thefury of road accidents and the untimely death of alarge number of people because of them. Thepeople were observant of this phenomenon, and itwas observed early that the frequency of fatal roadaccidents was particularly high on certain stretchesof road. People attributed this to the curse of somelocal deity and resorted to the construction ofsmall roadside temples at these points. Thepractice of slowing down and stopping at thesetemples in respect to these deities and to pray for asecure journey thus became common practice, andit has helped in reducing the frequency ofaccidents on these stretches of road. The

recognition of these temples can be estimated fromthe fact that almost all new vehicles are first taken

to these temples to get the blessings of the deity,and this practice is invariably followed by people ofall beliefs and sects.

The hilly terrain of Uttaranchal houses anumber of famous tourist, adventure sports, andpilgrimage centers that attract large number ofpeople from across the country and abroad. Theregion thus experiences a large number of driverswho are not conversant with the terrain, theprinciples of hill driving and the significance ofthese small roadside temples, and thus very oftenare involved in accidents. It is for the safety of thesepeople, and also to promote tourism (one of themain sources of revenue) that road safety needs tobe given more attention.

DisasterPreventionand Management

Volume13 . Number5 .2004. 374-378

Some suggestions for reducing the frequency ofroad accidents in the hills include:

Awareness generation - In the hills, certainstretches of the road are known to be prone toaccidents. A massive awareness drive to makedrivers conscious of this fact should be

launched. Apart from this, drivers should bemade aware of the various precautions thatcan be taken to avoid road accidents in thehills.

Licensing - Licensing procedures have beenrelaxed in previous years, and this has led tothe granting of licenses to some who are notwell trained in driving. The issuing of newdriving licenses needs to be made morestringent, and procedures should be laid downfor the cancellation of the driving licenses ofthose drivers involved in reckless driving.Surveillance - In the hills a large number ofaccidents are caused by overloading and theuse of vehicles which are not roadworthy. Tocombat this, stringent surveillance should beemployed, and strict and immediate actionshould be taken against defaulters.Rescue teams - In the rugged Himalayanterrain ofUttaranchal even a small amount of

negligence on the part of the driver has thepotential to cause fatal accidents, and this isreflected in the large number of accidents thatresult from vehicles falling off the road intodeep gorges, cliffs and fast flowing and deepwater. Even if the police force reaches the siteof the accident, it is ill equipped and badlytrained at rescuing the victims. The delay inresponse thus leads to soaring fatality rates insuch cases. To reduce fatality rates onmountain roads it is essential to train and

equip those in charge of search and rescue inthe aftermath of any accident. The option ofraising a trained cadre of rescue volunteerscould also be useful for this purpose. Trainedrescue personnel should be stationed atcrucial sites and must be provided with bettercommunication and mobility.Night driving - A large number of accidents inthe hilly region take place at night. Nightdriving should be forbidden in the hills.Barricading - Zones in which accidents occurfrequently should be marked and specialstructural measures should be employed inthese zones to avoid fatal accidents.

Not leaving everything to the government - It isnecessary that organisations involved ininsurance, tourism, hospitality and the likebecome partners in making hill roads safer.These organisations need to be motivated intomaking investments in the field of accidentmitigation, as this would lead to a reduction in

--

377

Insightinto the natureof roadaccidentsfrom dataon injuredanddead.PiyooshRautelaand RavishSharma

accident claims for insurance companies,while the business of the others wouldincrease. This would amount to a win-win

situation for all players.

References

1

· i

Ghee,C, Silcock,D.,Astrop,A. andJacobs,G.D.(1997),"Socio-economicaspectsof roadaccidentsin developingcountries", TRLReportTRL247,TransportResearchlaboratory,Crowthorne.

IRTAD(1992), "Definitionsanddata availability", SpecialReport,OECD-RTR,RoadTransportProgramme,BASt,BergischGladbach.

RoadSafetyCel!,Ministryof RoadTransportand Highways(n.d.), RoadAccidentData,RoadSafetyCel!,MinistryofRoadTransportandHighways,Governmentof India,NewDelhi.

II

11d

DisasterPreventionand Management

Volume13. Number5 .2004 . 374-378

World HealthOrganisation(1996),GlobalBurdenof Disease,World Bank/HarvardUniversityPress,Boston,MA.

WorldHealthOrganisation(1999),WorldHealthReport:Makinga Difference,WorldHealthOrganisation,Geneva.

Further reading

Bolin,R. andStanford,l. (1998),TheNorthridgeEarthquake:VulnerabilityandDisaster.Routledge,london.

Cannon,1.(1994),"Vulnerabilityanalysisandthe explanationof'natural' disasters", in Varley, A. (Ed.), Disasters,

Developmentand Environment.Wiley,New York,NY.Fritz,CE. (1961),"Disasters",in Merton,R.andNisbet,R.(Eds),

ContemporarySocialProblems,HarcourtBrace,NewYork,NY.

378

Authorguidelines

Disaster Prevention and Management:An International Journal

CopyrightArticles submitted to the journal should be originalcontributions and should not be under consideration for anyother publication at the same time. Authors submittingarticles for publication warrant that the work is not aninfringement of any existing copyright and willindemnify thepublisher against any breach of such warranty. Forease ofdissemination and to ensure proper policing of use, papersand contributions become the legal copyright of the publisherunless otherwise agreed. Submissions should be sent to:

TheEditorDr H.C. Wilson, Senior University Teacher,Department of Cybernetics & VirtualSystems,University of Bradford, Bradford BD71DP.

Editorial objectivesThis international journal sets out to advance the availableknowledge in the fields of disaster prevention andmanagement and to act as an integrative agent for extantmethodologies and activities relating to disaster emergencyand crisis management. The prime requirement will be thateach article:(1) makesa significantoriginalcontributionto the field;(2) is directly relevant to the management of disaster;(3) contains elements which have general application;(4) is within the scope of the journal coverage;(s) has generally not been published previously except in

very limited circulation.

The reviewing processEach paper submitted is reviewed by the editor for generalsuitability for publication and the decision whether or not topublish is made in consultation with members of the editorialboard.

Manuscript requirementsThree copies ofthe manuscript should be submitted in doubleline spacing with wide margins. Allauthors should be shownand author's details must be printed on a separate sheet andthe author should not be identified anywhere else in thearticle.

As a guide, articles should be between 3,000 and 4,000words in length. Atitle of not more than eight words shouldbe provided. Abrief autobiographical note should besupplied including full name, affiliation, e-mail address andfull international contact details.

Authors must supply a structured abstract set out under4-6 sub-headings: Purpose; Methodology/Approach;Findings; Research limitations/implications (ifapplicable);Practical implications (ifapplicable); and theOriginality/value of paper. Maximum is 250 words in total. Inaddition provide up to six keywords which encapsulate theprincipal topics of the paper and categorise your paper underone of these classifications: Research paper, Viewpoint,Technical paper, Conceptual paper, Case study, Literaturereview or General review. Formore information and guidanceon structured abstracts visit: www.emeraldinsight.com/Iiterati cl u b / ed itorsI editori a lad m in/ abstracts. htm

Where there is a methodology, it should be clearlydescribed under a separate heading. Headings must be short,clearly defined and not numbered. Notes or Endnotes shouldbe used only ifabsolutely necessary and must be identified inthe text by consecutive numbers, enclosed in square bracketsand listed at the end of the article.

AllFigures (charts, diagrams and line drawings) andPlates (photographic images) should be submitted in bothelectronic form and hard copy originals. Figures should be ofclear quality, black and white and numbered consecutivelywith arabic numerals.

Electronic figures should be either copied and pasted orsaved and imported from the origination software into a blankMicrosoft Worddocument. Figures created in MSPowerpointare also acceptable. Acceptable standard image formats are:.eps, .pdf, .ai and .wmf. Ifyou are unable to supply graphics inthese formats then please ensure they are .tif, .jpeg, .bmp,.pcx, .pic, .gifor .pct at a resolution of at least 300dpi and atleast 10cm wide. Toprepare screenshots simultaneouslypress the "Alt" and "Print screen" keys on the keyboard, opena blank Microsoft Worddocument and simultaneously press"Ctrl" and "V"to paste the image. (Capture all thecontents/windows on the computer screen to paste into MSWord, by simultaneously pressing "Ctrl" and "Print screen".)

Forphotographic images (plates) good quality originalphotographs should be submitted. Ifsupplied electronicallythey should be saved as .tifor .jpegfiles at a resolution ofat least 300dpi and at least 10cmwide. Digitalcamera settingsshould be set at the highest resolution/quality as possible.

In the text of the paper the preferred position of all figuresand plates should be indicated by typing on a separate linethe words"Takein Figure(No.)"or "Takein Plate(No.)".Supplysuccinctandclearcaptionsforallfiguresand plates.

Tables must be numbered consecutively with romannumerals and a brief title. In the text, the position of the tableshouldbe shownbytypingona separatelinethe words"Takein Table IV".

Referencesto other publicationsmustbe inHarvardstyleand carefully checked for completeness, accuracy andconsistency. This is very important in an electronicenvironment because it enables your readers to exploit theReference Linkingfacilityon the database and link back to theworks you have cited through CrossRef.Youshould include allauthor names and initials and give any journal title in full.

Youshould cite publications in the text: (Adams, 1997)using the first named author's name. Atthe end of the paper areference list in alphabetical order should be supplied:

Forbooks: surname, initials, (year), title of book,publisher, place of publication, e.g. Fallbright,A.and Khan, G.(2001), Competing Strategies, Outhouse Press, Rochester.

Forbookchapters:surname,initials,(year),"chaptertitle", editor's surname, initials, title of book, publisher, placeof publication, pages, e.g. Bessley, M.and Wilson, P.(1999),"Marketing for the production manager", in Levicki,J. (Ed.),Takingthe Blinkers off Managers, Broom Relm,London,PP.29-33.

Forjournals: surname, initials, (year), "title of article",journal name, volume, number, pages, e.g. Greenwald, E.(2000), "Empowered to serve", Management Decision,Vol. 33 NO.5, pp. 6-10.

For electronic sources: if available online the full URLshould be supplied at the end ofthe reference.

Finalsubmission of the articleOnce accepted forpublication, the finalversion ofthemanuscript must be provided, accompanied by a 3.5" disk, Zipdisk or CD-ROMofthe same version labelled with:disk format(Macintosh or PC);author name(s); title of article; journal title;filename.

Alternatively, the editor may request the final version as anattached file to an e-mail.

Each article must be accompanied by a completed andsigned JoumalArticie Record Formavailable from the Editororon www.emeraldinsight.com/literaticlub/jarforrns.htm

The manuscript willbe considered to be the definitiveversionof thearticle.Theauthormustensurethat itiscomplete,grammaticallycorrectandwithoutspellingortypographicalerrors.

In preparing the disk, please use one of the followingpreferred formats: Word,WordPerfect, Richtext format orTeX/LaTeX.

TechnicalassistanceisavailablefromEmerald'sLiteratiClubon www.emeraldinsight.com/literaticlub or bycontacting MikeMassey at Emerald, e-mail: mmassey@emeraldinsight.com

.

Authors.CharterYour rights as a contributor

to an Emeraldjournal

Emerald'scopyright principlesEmerald*seeksto retain copyrightof the articles it publishes,without the authors

giving up their rights to republish or reproducetheir articles on paper or electronically,

subject to acknowledgmentof first publication details.

Emerald's commitment to you

· An innovative publishing servicewhich is timely, efficient, responsiveand courteous

· Quality peer reviewed journals with editorial teams of distinction

· A named individual to keepyou informed of publication progress

· Complimentaryjournal copyplus reprints of your paper

· An editorial and production policy which encouragesaccuracyand reducessubmission to

publication times

· On-line resources,forums and conferencesto assistyou with your research

· Responsiblerights managementto promote and safeguardthe integrity of yourwork, encouragecitation and wider dissemination

· Liberalreproduction rights and premium permissionsservicefor yourselfand subscribing

organizationsto servethe interests and needsof the scholarlycommunity

· Additional benefits of Literati Clubmembership

· Consideration for nomination of the Annual Awards for Excellence to reward outstanding work

· Outstanding DoctoralResearchAwardsfor our author community.

"Emerald. ElectronicManagementResearchLibraryDatabase.Emeraldis a trading nameof Mea UPLtd.

The full text of Emerald'sAuthors' Chartercan be found at

www.emeraldinsight.com/charter

Todiscuss any aspectof this charterpleasecontact us bye-mail at

literaticlub@emeraldinsight.com

Tel+44(0)1274777700 Fax+44 (0) 1274 785200

Literati Club, Emerald,60/62 TollerLane,BradfordBD89BY,United Kingdom.

www.emeraldinsight.com/charter

-

C?Emerald

information ideas insight