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Disaster Risk Disaster Risk Management & MitigationManagement & Mitigation

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The concept of DRM accepts that some hazard events may occur

But tries to lessen the impact by improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with minimum damage or destruction

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Disaster Risk Management – What and Who?Disaster risk management includes administrative decisions

and operational activities that involve:- Prevention- Mitigation- Preparedness- Response- Recovery and- Rehabilitation

•Disaster risk management involves all levels of government –decision makers and local government

•Non-governmental and community-based organizations play a vital role in the process

•Communities themselves are first responders

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DRM Models

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Traditional model - DM cycle• The traditional

approach to disaster management has been to regard it as a number of phased sequences of action or a continuum

• This can be represented as a cycle

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Preparedness

MitigationReconstruction

Rehabilitation

Relief

Disaster impactPre-disaster risk reduction phase

Disaster Management

Cycle

Post-disaster recovery phase

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Disaster

Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Mitigation

Disaster Prevention

Reconstruction

Emergency Response

Warning

Rehabilitation

(Rescue and relief)

Disa

ster

Risk

Man

agem

ent

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CONCEPT OF DISASTER Risk MANAGEMENT

DISASTER IMPACT SEARCH &

RESCUE

DAMAGE & NEEDS ASSESSMENT +

ANALYSIS

REHABILITATION/ PHYSICAL &

PSYCHOLOGICALRECONSTRUCTION,

PREVENTION & MITIGATION

RELIEF

EARLY WARNING + ADVICE FOR NATURAL HAZARDS

Pre-Disaster Post-Disaster

CAPACITY BUILDING TRAINING + PRACTICE

PREPAREDNESS PLANNING

RISK ASSESSMENT

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Rationale for Risk Management• Comprehensive risk management process has the potential to break the cycle of damage and reconstruction when a community is subjected to repeated natural hazards

• To be effective, a strategy must be in place and ready for immediate implementation when necessary

• This can only be done through advance preparation and planning

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DRM Measures can• Reduce vulnerabilities in the community• When sustained over long term, reduce

unacceptable risk to acceptable levels and make a community become disaster resistant/resilient

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DRM refers to a range of• Policies• Legislative mandates• Professional practices• Social, structural and non-

structural adjustments• Risk transfer mechanisms

to prevent, reduce or minimise the effects of hazards on a community

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Expand-Contract Model• In this model, disaster management is seen as a

continuous process • There is a series of activities that run parallel to each

other rather than as a sequence

Prevention and mitigation strand

Preparednessstrand Relief and

Responsestrand

Recovery andRehabilitation strand

p

Time

CRISIS

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Crunch Model (Blaikie et al 1994)

• Shows that a disaster happens only if a hazard meets a vulnerable situation

• Based on idea that a number of factors influence vulnerability to disaster

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Disaster Crunch Model

DISASTERHazards Vulnerability

TRIGGER EVENTS•Earthquake• High Wind• Flooding• Volcanic eruption• Landslides• Drought• Sand Storm

VULNERABLE CONDITIONS:

-ECONOMIC: fragile livelihoods; no credit and saving facilities-NATURAL: access to natural resources-CONSTRUCTED: structural design; location of houses on marginalized land-INDIVIDUAL: lack of skills or knowledge; lacking opportunity due to gender or social discrimination; age (elderly or very young); HIV or AIDS-SOCIAL: disorganized or fragmented society; bad leadership- CULTURAL: fatalistic attitude towards disasters

ELEMENTS AT RISK: -Physical surroundings -Houses, Water Supplies, Infrastructure, Crops, Livestock, Industries-Economic - Savings, Jobs, -Natural Environment-Social Group and Network, family

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Example: Disaster Risk in Bihar, India (Tearfund 2006)

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The Release Model- Working against all the components of the crunch model to reduce the risk of disaster

SOCIAL FACTORS

ECONOMIC CONTEXT

POLICY AND PRACTICES

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Range of Risk Management Measures• Engineering measures (keep hazard away

from people)• Landuse planning & management

measures (keep people away from hazard)• Control & protection works (modifying

the hazard)• Early warning (predicting hazard)• Preparedness Planning (prepare in

anticipation of a hazard event• Reconstruction planning after a disaster

with the aim of reducing the vulnerability• Mainstreaming risk management in

development practice & institutionalization

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Non-structural measures• Risk Transfer Measures

• Insurance• Subsidies

Incentives– Loans

Tax Policies

• Education, Training and Technology Transfer• Education and Awareness: Information - sharing strategies,

public agencies at all levels provide information on the nature of natural hazards and the actions that can be taken to minimize their effects.

• Training and Technology Transfer

• Institution Building, Institutional Strengthening• Development and operation of Multi-Hazard Early Warning

Systems

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Disaster risk management on a regional level

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POLICY

LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

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The initiating mechanism for policy formulation and development of DM systems is triggered by actual disaster events, usually not a proactive process of reducing the risks of disasters occurring.

© Digital Globe

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1980s Run-up to the start of the International Decade for Natural DisasterReduction (IDNDR).

1990/91 The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo and Bagiou earthquake saw consolidation of NDCC in the Philippines.

1991 Cyclone in Bangladesh gave birth to a separate Disaster Management Bureau in 1993.

1994 Yokohama conference stimulated the preparation of national and sub-regional disaster management action plans for presentation there.

1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan led to fundamental review of Japanese building control as well as national and regional disaster management arrangements.

1996 Typhoon Linda as well as 1998 and 2000 floods in Vietnam led to better implementation of the 1993 Water Disaster Management Plan and 2001 NDM Partnership.

1997 El Nino induced forest fires showed the regional scale of disaster and regional response (ASEAN Haze Task Force)

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1998 IDNDR had catalyzed action and new commitment, national committees and plans were formed. ADRC was formed in Japan.

2000 In India (1998-2000), a series of disasters – floods, earthquakes and the Orissa super-cyclone expedited the formation of a high-power committee (HPC) on disaster management policy and plans. The waythe disasters were managed raised expectations for wide-ranging institutional reform.

2001 Gujarat Earthquake shook India and accelerated the HPC report and the shift of disaster management responsibility from the Ministry ofAgriculture to Home Affairs.

2000 Mekong Floods in Cambodia and Vietnam led to regional river basin approach to Flood Management and Mitigation (FMM) led by the Mekong River Commission (MRC). The MRC FMM Strategy was formed.

(ADPC 2005)

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At the end of the last decade, most countries in the SE Asian region had moved towards having national policies for disaster management. These policies recognized that disaster management is a government responsibility.

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• Most countries in the region have enacted legislation giving the necessary controls and responsibilities to cope with disaster situations.

• These laws permit the relevant authorities to govern the long-term requirements of disaster prevention and the short-term needs of disaster preparedness.

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Country DM Policy National Action Plan Focal point

Cambodia Drafted in 1997, still for approval by the

Council of Ministers

2002-2003 Action Plan National Committee for Disaster

Management (NCDM)Indonesia Pres. Decree No. 28

(1979); amendment: Pres. Decree No. 3

(2001)

Integrated into the Five Year Development Plan

(Propenas 2000-2004)

National Coordinating Body for Disaster and

IDP Management (BAKORNAS PBP)

Lao PDR Formulated based on Prime Minister’s

Decree No. 158 (1999)

National Disaster Management Action Plan

2020

National Disaster Management Office

(NDMO)Philippines Pres. Decree No. 1566

(1978)National Calamities and

Disaster Preparedness Plan

National Disaster Coordinating Council

(NDCC)Vietnam Decree No. 168-HBDT

(1990) of the Council of Ministers

Second Strategy and Action Plan for Disaster

Management and Mitigation (2001-2020)

Central Committee for Storm and Flood

Control (CCSFC)

(ADPC 2003)

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:INDIA

• National Disaster Management Act, 2005.• National Disaster Management Authority,

2005. • Govt. & UNDP – Disaster Risk Management

Program covering 17 states and 169 districts. • State level Disaster Management Authority in

13 states, especially Gujarat (2001), Orissa (1999) and Tamil Nadu (Disaster Management Department). Picked up momentum post-tsunami 2004.

• District level multi-hazard disaster management planning initiated since 1995 and has picked up momentum post-tsunami 2004.

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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:BANGLADESH

• Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP), 2003: Strategic institutional and programming approach designed to (a)Optimize the reduction of long-term risk and (b) To strengthen operational capacities for responding to emergencies and disaster situations including actions to improve recovery.

• “To achieve a paradigm shift in disaster management from conventional response and relief to a more comprehensive risk reduction culture.”

• Strategic focus: (a) Professionalizing the DM system, (b) Partner-ship development, (c) Expanding Mitigation, Preparedness and Response across a broader range of hazards, and (d) Strengthening emergency response systems.

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Global Drivers National DriversMillennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)-Yokohama Strategy- National Platforms

Standing Orders on Disaster Management (SODM)

World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD)

Govt of Bangladesh and UN Common Country Assessment (CCA)

World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR)

UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF)

DRIVERS FOR CHANGE

(MoFDM 2005)

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• Post-tsunami 2004, significant steps have been taken towards putting in place a disaster risk management framework.

• Enactment of Sri Lanka Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005.• Establishment of the National Council for Disaster Management

(NCDM) chaired by H.E. the President.• Creation of the Disaster Management Centre as per the DM Act.• Creation of the Ministry of Disaster Management & Human Rights.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN S. ASIA:SRI LANKA

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• Most recently the formulation and launch of the Road Map for Disaster Risk Management in Sri Lanka is a big step forward.

• This Road Map is a 10-year framework to be addressed in a systematic and prioritized manner with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders.

• These priorities for action are consistent with the Sri Lanka Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005, and also in line with the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.

• 7 components of the Road Map.

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(DMC 2006)

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Road Map Components

1 Policy, Institutional Mandates, and Institutional Development

•Preparation of a national disaster management plan.•National policy for disaster management.•Reviewing and formalising mandates.•Identifying capacity development needs of agencies to perform their disaster management functions.•Steps to implement policies already in place.

2 Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment

•Comprises activities ranging from flood simulation modelling in key river basins to the development of a vulnerability atlas for Sri Lanka.•This will enable development planning which is sensitive to multiple hazards and different kinds of vulnerabilities.

3 Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems

•Incorporates elements to generate advance warnings for floods, cyclones, abnormal rainfall, droughts, landslides.•Thus enables decision-makers to take much-needed action even prior to the occurrence of a disaster.

4 Preparedness and Response Plans

•To minimize the adverse impacts of a hazard through effective precautionary actions and timely, adequate responses.•Prioritised activities include development of a national emergency preparedness and response plan.•Establishment of emergency operation centres at national, provincial and district levels.

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Road Map Components

5 Mitigation and Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into Development Planning

•Encompasses activities relating to reducing impacts of droughts, preventing floods, landslides, protection against storm surges, sea and coastal flooding.•By incorporating disaster risk considerations in development plans.

6 Community-based Disaster Risk Management

•Involves activities that recognize the fact that communities though affected in disasters are also the first line of defence against disasters if they are well prepared.•Interventions proposed include mobilization of community teams:- Creation of a local network of trained volunteers- Establishing resource centres- Small grants to fund priority projects by community teams.

7 Public Awareness, Education and Training

•Focuses on empowering the public with ways and means to reduce disaster losses.•Includes a national awareness campaign.•Designating a ‘National Disaster Safety Day’.•Promoting disaster awareness among professionals through training.•Among children through school curriculum.

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1989: IDNDR 1990-1999 – promotion of disaster reduction, technical and scientific buy-in

1994: Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action – Mid-review IDNDR, first blueprint for disaster reduction policy guidance (social & community orientation)

2000: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) - increased public commitment and linkage to sustainable development, enlarged networking and partnerships. Mechanisms: IATF/DR, ISDR secretariat, UN Trust Fund

2002: Johannesburg Plan of Implementation-WSSD Includes a new section on “An integrated, multi-hazard, inclusive approach to address vulnerability, risk assessment and disaster management…”

2005: WCDR - Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

Disaster Reduction – An Agenda in Progress

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(ISDR 2005)

SUMMARY of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA)

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ContinuedSUMMARY of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (HFA)

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Disaster Frequency and DamageDisaster Frequency and Damage19501950--19991999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Num

ber o

f dis

aste

rs p

er y

ear

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Bill

ion

US$

Number of disasters Estimated Damage (MunichRe 2000)

39(ISDR 2006)

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Future Challenges• Increasing urbanization - by

2010, 50% of world population will live in cities.

• More rural population migrating into urban areas seeking economic opportunities.

• Growth of human settlements expanding into hazard-prone areas.

• Global impacts such as climate change and sea level rise for island/coastal countries.

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• ENSO impact and increase in Hydro-meteorological events.

• Potential earthquake impact in large cities (Teheran, Kathmandu, Dhaka, etc).

• Biological disasters (HIV-AIDS).• Pandemic and epidemic threats

(Avian flu, SARS).• New weapons of mass destruction

(biological weapons, “dirty” bombs).• Environmental degradation - air

pollution, depletion of sources of water.

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Future Needs• Scientific approach for risk reduction.• Need to learn from the past and

application of lessons for future.• Change in policy environment in most

countries.• New approaches (loss estimation and

recovery planning after disaster events for building better, safer and fast).

• Mainstream risk management into sectors and all development interventions.

• Transfer of responsibility from national to local.

• Involvement of private sector.

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