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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/kr/legalcodehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/kr/

18

Characteristics of the Joint Development

between North Korea and China

through Investigating a Residential Building,

Namsan 18ho-dong in Rason-si

2015 2

18

2014 10

2015 1

- i -

( ) ,

.

20

,

,

18

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18

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2014 10 , 1, 15 60

.

,

78

. 2014 1

, 2014 7 60%

.

,

.

.

- ii -

,

.

.

,

.

(Yanji) ,

.

. ,

(Economic Interest Group) .

. , (Diversification)

.

(Decentralization)

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18

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: 2012-23197

- iii -

1 1

1 1

1. 1

2. 5

2 6

1. 6

2. 9

2 11

1 11

1. 11

2. 14

2 19

1. 19

2. 21

3 : 24

1. 24

2. 25

4 29

3 31

1 31

1. 32

- iv -

2. 33

3. 34

4. 35

5. 36

2 38

1. 38

2. 43

3 18 44

1. 44

2. 46

3. 50

4 59

1. 59

2. 61

4 62

1 62

2 64

65

Abstract 70

- v -

[ 1] 3

[ 2] 8

[ 3] (2012) 10

[ 4] (1943 ) 14

[ 5] 30

[ 6] 39

[ 7] 51

[ 1] 2

[ 2] 4

[ 3] 9

[ 4] 10

[ 5] (1917) 12

[ 6] 13

[ 7] (1934) 15

[ 8] 16

[ 9] 17

[ 10] 17

[ 11] 18

[ 12] () 22

[ 13] () 22

[ 14] 23

[ 15] (1993) 25

[ 16] (2010) 26

[ 17] 28

- vi -

[ 18] 32

[ 19] 33

[ 20] 34

[ 21] 35

[ 22] 36

[ 23] 37

[ 24] 37

[ 25] 40

[ 26] 41

[ 27] 41

[ 28] 41

[ 29] 41

[ 30] 1 41

[ 31] 41

[ 32] 42

[ 33] 18 42

[ 34] 42

[ 35] A 42

[ 36] B 42

[ 37] B, C 42

[ 38] 18 44

[ 39] 18 45

[ 40] 18 54

[ 41] 18 55

[ 42] 2000 56

[ 43] 18 57

[ 44] 59

- 1 -

1

1

1.

(Hunchun)

(Khasan) 3 ,

. (UNDP)

1991 10 (TRADP)1) , , ,

6

(, 2010).

12 ( - )

.2)

1) (UNDP) 1991 10 24, 20 300

(TRADP: Tumen River Area Develop-

ment Program) (, 2010). , , ,

1995 12 ,

1996 10 . , ,

, ,

.

2005 9 8 5

, 3 , ,

(GTI: Greater Tumen Initiative) (

, 2011).

2) 1979 1994

22 3,000 1868

1994 1,176 112

, 1984 1993 144, 1 5,000

(, 1998).

- 2 -

[ 2]

: (2011)

2003 3 3) 2009 4)

( 1). 2011

,

( )

.

3) 2020 () 2003 5

1, , 3

(, 2011).

4) 2009 8

(Changchun), (Jilin), (Tumen) 2020 GDP 1.9

, 70% ,

, ,

(, 2012).

- 3 -

, ,

, , ,

, 20

.

(Diffusion) Ward(2000)

(Exporting Country) (Importing Country)

, (Imposition)

(Borrowing) (Power Relationship) 5)

. ,

( 2).

(Diffusion) 20

5) Ward(2000) 3

(Typology of Diffusion) .

,

.

(Indigenous Role) (External Role)

(Key Actors)

(Synthetic borrowing)

(Very high)

(Very low)

(Indigenous) (Selective borrowing)

(High)

(Low)

(Undiluted borrowing)

(Medium)

(Medium)

(External withsome indigenous)

(Negotiated imposition)

(Low)

(High)

(Contested imposition)

(Very low)

(Very high)

(External) (Authoritarian imposition)

(None)

(Total)

[ 1]

: Ward(2000)

- 4 -

[ 3]

(Ayatac, 2007). 19

.

( , 2010),

.

20

(United Nations) (World Bank)

(Ward, 2010),

(Healey and Upton, 2010).

.

,

(Jung, 2013).

20

. , 1) 1930 , 2) 1950 ,

3) 1990 .

. ,

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- 5 -

. 1978

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2.

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8)

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7) 20072009 , 1/25,000 1/50,000 . : ,

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(2014.3.28.)

8)

, (http://www.

flickr.com) .

- 7 -

,

2014 10 18

. (Yanji)

4(A, B, C, D) 2014 2 24 3 7

10 11 .

,

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2(E, F), 2

(G, H),

1(I), 39)

110) 13

.

2 .

9) ( , ), ( ,

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10) ( )

- 8 -

2014. 02. 24

2014. 03. 07

A, B,

C, D

18

2014. 03. 10 B

2014. 03. 10 E

2014. 03. 22 F

2014. 05. 14 B

2014. 05. 24 F

2014. 06. 14 F

2014. 07. 16 G, H

2014. 07. 21 B

2014. 11. 05

2014. 11. 06

2014. 11. 06 F

2014. 11. 27

2014. 11. 27 I

2014. 12. 03 B

[ 2]

- 9 -

2.

20 12

11) 858.3 ( 3),

( 29.7) 1) (12.7), 2) (10.1

), , 3) (6.4)

( 3).

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4).

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11) , , , , , , , , , ,

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- 10 -

29.744

(100.0)

12.681

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10.680

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6.383

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(: , %)

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: (2012)

[ 5]

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- 11 -

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1

1.

20 .

( 5).12) 1930

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(, 2005).

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1993 9 -

, 2005 1 , 2006 9 2010 1

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13) .

(Tsuruga) (Vladivostok),

, (Shimonoseki) ,

(Shenyang) , (Moji)

(Dalian), .

, ,

. 1910

, ,

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(Jilin)

(, 2007).

- 12 -

[ 6] (1917)

:

1933 9 15,260 3.4 ,14)

2,431 (, 1994b). 1932 ,

1020 4 5(50), 8 30(300

) (, 1982).15)

,

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1920

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14) , , 1932 1,247(

1,180, 42, 25) 1933 2,453( 2,143,

285, 25) 2 . 1933.2.24

15) 1933.2.3; 1934.7.6

16) 1933.7.14, 1934.1.10, 4.6, 4.27,

5.19, 5.20, 5.27, 6.4, 6.12; 1933.5.2, 7.14, 10.20, 11.18, 1934.1.9, 3.14, 4.6,

5.5, 5.29, 6.6 ( , 2010)

- 13 -

[ 7]

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(, 1985), 1920

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3 93,944 81,421 90

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. 6 1 35m, 2

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- 15 -

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- 16 -

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90 60

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(, 2009).

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20) ( )

21)

22) 1935.11.8

- 17 -

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[ 11]

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- 18 -

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(19541956)

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1980 ,

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Korea.

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- 62 -

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.

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- 63 -

.

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. Ward(2000)

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Diffusion & Interaction) .

18 (1996.8, ),

(1998.4, ), (2000.10,

), (2012.4,

)

. 2010 12

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- 64 -

2

.

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2013).

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.

- 65 -

, . 2012. : .

: .

, . 2001.

. : .

. 1998. . : .

. 1982. 17(11): 8-25.

, . 2011. (GTI)

. : .

. 1953. . : .

, . 2009.

: 25(7): 19-57.

. 1996. . :

.

. 1993. 2. : .

. 2013.

KDI

. 2013. 3 :

5(2): 26-53.

. 2013. (1953

1958). 25(1): 329-359.

. 2014. " ? 7480%

" 369: 11-13.

, , . 2010. (). :

.

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. 1985. (2) 120

(2): 147-163.

. 1990. . : .

. 2009. (). : .

. 2013. ,

, , : .

. 2009. In

, edited by . : .

. 2005. . : .

. 2010. 3: 14-47.

a. 1994. ,

, .

b. 1994. In

, edited by . :

.

. 2008. In

, edited by

. : .

. 2001. . :

.

, , , , , . 2004.

. : .

, , , . 2011.

(). : .

, , , . 2012.

(). : .

. 2010. . Jpi

20: 1-28.

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. 2011.

KDI 13(4): 3-19.

. 2011. . : .

. 2003.

95-121.

. 2007. . : .

. 2014. :

1 , : , .

, , , . 2011.

. : .

. 1998. UNDP 22:

73-98.

, , . 2013. ,

, , : .

. 2013. In

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, . 2011. :

NHERI 141.

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.

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, , .

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atom. KBS collection

. , : 1929(4),

: , : CJA0004038, : 86-22,

M/F : 86-689

1933.2.24, 7.14, 1934.1.10, 4.6, 4.27, 5.19, 5.20, 5.27, 6.4, 6.12,

7.6, 9.16, 1935.11.8

2009.10.7

2009.10.7, 2012.10.27

1933.2.3, 5.2, 7.14, 10.20, 11.18, 1934.1.9, 3.14, 4.6, 5.5, 5.29,

6.6

2012.8.30

http://www.cybernk.net

http://www.flickr.com

http://www.nk-koti.re.kr

http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzczODgzNDcy.html

KBS 2 ...

. : 2014.10.28

,

- (, , ) 3.28

- : 2014.3.28.

- 70 -

Abstract

Characteristics of the Joint

Development between North

Korea and China through

Investigating a Residential

Building, Namsan 18ho-dong in

Rason-si

Jihun, Mun

Program in Urban Design

The Graduate School

Seoul National University

This paper seeks to identify the characteristics of the joint

development between North Korea and China in Rason-si,

Hamgyeongbukdo and its significance in the context of the urban

development. To this end, investigated are the objects of the progress

of Rason urban development in the 20th century after its initial

planning during the period of Japanese occupation, their intents, goals,

development procedures and details. In addition, the significance of

the joint development today is examined in parallel based on the

- 71 -

actual case of the private residential building called Namsan

18ho-dong which is completed recently.

Rason-si has been developed through three different phases of

development depending on alteration of key actors by each period:

First, the passive development by Japanese invasion into Korea

during the period of Japanese occupation; second, the active

development by the government of North Korea to make the city a

center of ideology realization under the slogan of socialism after the

national division; and third, the practical development for mutual

profits in agreement between investing countries or private companies

after the city was designated as a Special Economic Zone.

A residential building, Namsan 18ho-dong was constructed by

Chinese private company located in Yanji, Chin known as Geonseong

Real Estate Development Company and architecture firm supervised

by local government in Rason known as Rason Architecture and

Urban Design Institute. Its construction was completed in October

2014 in Namsan-dong, one of the central part of Rason-si. The

building comprises 15 floors above ground and 1 floor underground,

and total of 60 units were sold to residents in Rason-si. This

residential building is the highest and the very first building with

elevators in Rason-si, which seems of an innovative type of

development because existing residential buildings in the city are as

high as 7 to 8 stories. According to Chinese company agent, new

residents started to move in after the individual interior construction

which was on about January 2014 and about 60 percent were

occupied by July 2014.

The result of case study indicates that the joint development

between North Korea and China has contributed to improve the urban

and residential environments as it induced Chinese capital into

Rason-si. As it had desired to develop the city but been unable to do

that because of the lack of financial and materials resources, Rason

local government suggested a joint development project with the land

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development right given to the Chinese company to attract

investments. In response, the Chinese company concluded the

agreement in recognition of the business value, bringing various

heavy vehicles and materials into the construction site and proceeding

with the development.

The joint development also contributed to change of urban

landscape of Rason-si. Especially in line with development of Special

Economic Zone, this residential building was designed as a high-rise,

and its site plan, floor plan, and elevation plan are very similar to

those of apartment complexes in South Korea and China. This was

caused since the apartment template of South Korea is circulated to

Yanji, China by the Korean Chinese and then over Rason-si again.

In terms of the future urban change in Rason-si, this study

concluded in two different aspects: First, the local government in

Rason-si, which is involved in urban development as an active actor,

serves as an economic interest group. As Rason local government

became independent from the powerful central government under the

planned economy after the period of Japanese occupation, it started

establishing its own development policies with keen interest in urban

development and growth. Second, the actors of urban development are

diversifying. Since foreigners' participation in collaborative

development projects were allowed, the actors of urban development

have become decentralized from a single agent - the central

government - to multiple agents including private and foreign

business entities.

As a local government have became an economic interest group

and the actors of urban development are diversified, the joint

development in Rason-si became a decisive catalyst for development

in the process of its conversion from a planned economy system to a

market economy system. A case of Namsan 18ho-dong shows how

key actors attempted a new joint development model such as

financing, site selection, residential design, construction, and

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marketing. North Korea is willing to move onto the next stage of

urban development after attempting various types of opening policies,

and that based on the experience of China converting its system in

the past. As China increases its investment into North Korea and

North Korea relies more and more on China, Chinas impact on the

North Korean cities is expected to increase, and the role of local

governments and numerous social actors will be more important.

keywords : Rason-si, Joint Development, North Korean Housing,

Joseon Urban District Planning, Special Economic

Zone

Student Number : 2012-23197

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Abstract