discoveries of universe

8/14/2019 Discoveries of Universe

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Discoveries of

the UniverseSana Zunnoon

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In 1959, scientists began to explore the moon with robotspacecraft. In that year.

On July 20, 1969, the U.S. Apollo 11 lunar module landed on

the moon in the first of six Apollo landings. Astronaut Neil A.Armstrong became the first human being to set foot on themoon.

In the 1990's, two U.S. robot space probes, Clementine andLunar Prospector, detected evidence of frozen water at both

of the moon's poles. 1994, the United States sent the orbiter Clementine. FromFebruary to May of that year, Clementine's four cameras tookmore than 2 million pictures of the moon.

The U.S. probe Lunar Prospector orbited the moon fromJanuary 1998 to July 1999.

The SMART-1 spacecraft, launched by the European SpaceAgency in 2003, went into orbit around the moon in 2004.


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A basalt rock that

astronauts brought to

Earth from the moon

formed from lava that

erupted from a lunarvolcano. Escaping gases

created the holes before

the lava solidified into

rock. Image credit: Lunarand Planetary Institute.


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The vastmajority of themoon's cratersare formed bythe impact ofmeteoroids,asteroids, andcomets. Craters

on the moonare named forfamousscientists. The

shape ofcraters varieswith their size.


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The United States Mariner 10 became the

first and only spacecraft to reach Mercury.

In 2004, the United States launched theMessenger probe to Mercury. Messenger wasscheduled to fly by Mercury twice in 2008and once in 2009 before going into orbitaround the planet in 2011.


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Mariner10 is theonlyspaceprobethat hasvisited

the plantmercury.
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Mars might once have harbored life, andliving things might exist there eventoday. The evidence included complex

organic molecules, grains of a mineralcalled magnetite that can form withinsome kinds of bacteria, and tinystructures that resemble fossilizedmicrobes. The scientists' conclusions are

controversial, however. There is nogeneral scientific agreement that Marshas ever harbored life.

Life at Mars


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A curved, rod likestructure shown in

the center has beenreferred to as afossilized maritimecreature. The

structure is about200 billionth of ameter long and is

part of a maritime

rock found on earth.


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The United States launched Mariner 4 toMars in 1964 and Mariners 6 and 7 in 1969.

In 1971, Mariner 9 went into orbit aroundMars.

Viking, launched by the United States in1975.

In April 2001, the United States launched

the Mars Odyssey probe. In 2002, the probediscovered vast amounts of water icebeneath the surface.

Current mission launch on Aug. 4, 2007, thePhoenix Mars Lander successfully landed onthe north polar region of Mars. Its mission isto dig up and analyze icy soil.


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Surveyor studiedthe composition

of the Martiansurface,photographedthe surface indetail, andmeasured itselevation. The

space probewent into orbitaround Mars in

1997. Image


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NASA Spacecraft DetectsBuried Glaciers on Mars

11.20.08Orbiter has revealed

vast Martian glaciers ofwater ice underprotective blankets ofrocky debris at much

lower latitudes thanany ice previouslyidentified on the RedPlanet. This discovery

is similar to massive iceglaciers that have beendetected under rockycoverings in Antarctica.

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Moons of JupiterCallisto, a moon of

Jupiter, is covered withcraters produced whenasteroids and cometsstruck its icy surface.

Beneath the surface maybe an ocean of salty liquidwater. Image credit: NASA

Ganymede, a moon ofJupiter, has craters and

cracks on its surface.Asteroids and comets thathit Ganymede made thecraters. The cracks are dueto expansion and

contraction of the surface.


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The United States has sent sixspace probes to Jupiter:

1. Pioneer 10.

2. Pioneer-Saturn.3. Voyager 1.

4. Voyager 2.

5. Ulysses.

6. Galileo.

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The dark side ofSaturn's ringswas

photographedby Voyager 1 asit flew by theside oppositethe sun. Thedense B-ring --the reddish-brown band --appears darkbecause itblocks much of

the sunlight. Itis the brightestring whenviewed fromearth. Image

credit: JPL


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Missions

In 1973, Pioneer-Saturn, the UnitedStates launched a space probe to studyboth Saturn.

1977, the United States launched twospace probes -Voyager 1 and Voyager 2-to study Saturn. Voyager 1 flew within78,000 miles of Saturn on Nov. 12, 1980.On Aug. 25, 1981, Voyager 2 flew within63,000 miles of the planet.

In 1997, the United States launched theCassini probe to study Saturn, its rings,and its satellites. The probe beganorbiting Saturn in 2004.

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In August 1989, the Voyager2 spacecraft provided thefirst close-up views ofNeptune and most of its

moons. The spacecraft alsodiscovered the planet's ringsand six of its moons --

Despina, Galatea, Larissa,Naiad, Proteus, andThalassa.


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Uranus

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In 2006, the U.S. NationalAeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA)launched the New Horizonsprobe. The probe was

expected to fly by Pluto in2015.


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Discoveries of

universeHubble

Resolves

PuzzleAboutLoner

StarburstGalaxy

11.20.08


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Recent discoveries

The galaxy is producing starstwo times faster than firstthought. The galaxy is forming

stars at a rate more than 100times higher than in the MilkyWay. This high star-formation

rate has been almost continuousfor the past 100 million years.


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Future mission

In December 2008 there is onemission to be carried out.

There are 17 missions plannedin 2009 and 4 missions in 2010.


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Thank you!

discoveries of universe

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