discovery of an insecure disorganized disoriented attachment pattern main solomon 1986

8/9/2019 Discovery of an Insecure Disorganized Disoriented Attachment Pattern Main Solomon 1986

1/32

Affective

Developmentin

Infancy

edited by

T. Berry BrazeltonMichael W. Yogman

Children's Hospital, Boston

ABLEX PUBLISHING COPOA!ION NO"OO#, NE" $ESE%


2/32

Copyright 1986 by Ablex Publishing Corporation

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Printed in the United States o) Aeri+a

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

.ain entry *nder title/A))e+tie deelopent in in)an+y(

Biblio&raphy/ p(In+l*des inde0es(

I( Bra1elton, !( Berry( II( %o&an, .i+hael "(

ISBN 234565736893:

Able0 P*blishin& Corporation699 Chestn*t Street

Nor-ood, Ne- $ersey 2;:84

Contents

7( Introd*+tion/ e+ipro+ity, Atta+hent, and E))e+tan+e/ Anla&e in Early In)an+y 7T. Berry Brazelton and Michael"( Yogman


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Chapter Six

Discovery of an Insecure-Disorganize!Disoriente

Attachment "attern

Mary Main

#niversity of California$ Ber%eley

&uith 'olomon

Developmental 'tuies Center

'an (amon$ California

!he ai o) this +hapter is to present o*r re+ent dis+oery o) a ne-, inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented +ate&ory o) in)ant3parent atta+hent( O*r dis+oery o)this atta+hent +ate&ory is based *pon o*r st*dy o) in3

"e are &rate)*l to the Instit*te o) H*an #eelopent, Ber>eley, CA, and to the So+iety )or

esear+h in Child #eelopent )or )*ndin& -hi+h ade the st*dy o) o*r )ailies at : yearspossible( In its earlier phases, the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t -as s*pported by !he

"illia !( Grant =o*ndation, by the Alin Nye .ain )o*ndation, and by Bio.edi+al S*pport

Grants 7388826:36


4/32

96 MAIN AND SOOMON

)ant response to the Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation pro+ed*re, a brie), str*+t*redobseration o) the in)ant's response to separation )ro and re*nion -ith theparent in the laboratory settin& DAins-orth, Blehar, "aters, F "all, 75;4(Indiid*al di))eren+es in in)ant response to this sit*ation presently peritpla+eent o) in)ants in one o) three a@or atta+hent +lassi)i+ations, that is,

as secure D&ro*p B, insecure-a,oidant D&ro*p A, or insecure-ambi,alentD&ro*p C -ith respe+t to the parent -ith -ho the in)ant is obsered(#ire+tions )or +lassi)i+ation are based *pon the in)ant's behaior in response toseparation and re*nion in this settin&( ery brie)ly, in)ants are +lassi)ied asse+*re D&ro*p B -hen they &reet the parent positiely *pon re*nion, settlin&i) distressed and sho-in& little or no aoidan+e or resistan+e to-ard the parentinse+*re3aoidant D&ro*p A i) they a+tiely aoid and resist the parent *ponre*nion and inse+*re3abialent D&ro*p C i) they sho- hi&h leels o) distressthro*&ho*t the stran&e sit*ation, and +obine -ea> to stron& pro0iity3see>in&-ith ild to obio*s resistan+e and inability to be settled by the parent( Alostall inesti&ators -or>in& -ith lo-3ris>, iddle3+lass saples pla+e ea+h in)antin one o) the three established +ate&ories, despite the o++asional di))i+*ltiespresented by the in)ant -hose behaior does not pre+isely )it to +ate&ory(

!he present, A, B, C +lassi)i+ation syste deries its stren&th )ro its tieto hoe obserations o) others and in)ants in intera+tion( Brie)ly, others o)in)ants @*d&ed se+*re on the basis o) stran&e sit*ation behaior hae repeatedlybeen )o*nd ore sensitie to the in)ant's si&nals, and?or ore responsie than

others o) in)ants @*d&ed inse+*re3aoidant or inse+*re3abialent DAins-orth,Bell, F Stayton, 75;7 Ains-orth et al(, 75;4 Grossann F Grossann, 7549Bels>y, oine, F !aylor, in press( In addition, stran&e sit*ation atta+hent+lassi)i+ations ade in in)an+y hae been )o*nd predi+tie o) the +hild's so+ialand eotional behaior seeral years )ollo-in& the in)an+y assessent( In anipressie series o) )ollo-3*p st*dies +ond*+ted in seeral di))erin&laboratories, +hildren @*d&ed se+*re in the stran&e sit*ation -ith other inin)an+y hae repeatedly been )o*nd to be ore +ooperatie, ore epathi+, andore +opetent than +hildren -ho -ere @*d&ed inse+*re -ith other in in)an+y

DSro*)e, in press see also Bretherton F "aters, 7549, )or a s*ary o) thesest*dies and )or a series o) the ost re+ent st*dies( =or+ed A, B, C+lassi)i+ation o) ea+h in)ant in a &ien saple has li>ely oer3ridden theo++asional is3)ittin& in)ant nonetheless, it has not obs+*red this rear>ably+onsistent set o) resear+h )indin&s(

In this +hapter -e des+ribe +oonalities obsered in the behaior o) 997


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AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN 5;

these three +lassi)i+ations( O*r des+riptions are based *pon +lose reie- o) theideotaped stran&e sit*ation behaior o) *n+lassi)iable in)ants, ?altreatent saples, and68 )ro o*r o-n, *pper iddle3+lass saple o) inta+t )ailies(

Gien that a &ro*p o) in)ants this lar&e +o*ld not be +lassi)ied be+a*se o)

)ail*re to eet the &ro*p A, B, or C behaioral des+riptors, theidenti)i+ation o) seeral ne- patterns o) stran&e sit*ation behaior i&ht -ellhae been e0pe+ted De(&(, a set o) +oherent and distin+t #, E, =, and Gtypes o) behaioral response to separation and re*nion( !he +entral dis+oery-e report here is, s*rprisin&ly, the stri>in& absenceo) s*+h ne- +ate&ories o)in)ant stran&e sit*ation response( In)ants -ho +annot be +lassi)ied -ithin thepresent, A, B, C syste do not appear to *s to reseble one another instran&e sit*ation behaior in +oherent, or&ani1ed -ays( ather, -ithin o*r

noral saple, the behaior o) these in)ants appears disorganized De(&(,+ontradi+tory, as -hen an in)ant approa+hes -ith head aerted and?ordisoriented -ith respe+t to the enironent De(&(, the in)ant ay +easeoeent in anoalo*s post*res, or appear da1ed( O)ten, an *nderlyin&,traditional DA, B, C +ate&ory reains eident( .ost hi&h3ris> saple in)antsobsered to date sho- siilar, altho*&h ore e0tree, indi+es o)disor&ani1ation and disorientation d*rin& the stran&e sit*ation Dsee .ain FSoloon, in preparation, )or ore +oplete +onsideration o) s*+h saples(

Coonalities in the behaior o) these 99 *n+lassi)iable in)ants obsered

in the stran&e sit*ation +an be +hara+teri1ed by an array o) )eat*res( Eitherbehaior is oertly disor&ani1ed, or the in)ant sees disoriented -ith respe+t tothe iediate enironent( !h*s, -e hae seen in these in)ants Da disorderingof e/)ected tem)oral se0uences De(&(, stron& aoidan+e )ollo-in& a stron&pro0iity3see>in&, Db simultaneous dis)lay of contradictory beha,ior

)atternsDe(&(, approa+hin& -ith head aerted, &a1in& stron&ly a-ay -hile in+onta+t, D+ incom)lete or undirected mo,ements and e/)ressions" includingstereoty)ies De(&(, *ndire+ted e0pressions o) )ear or distress, stereotypi+ro+>in&, Dd direct indices of confusion and of a))rehension De(&(, hand3to3o*th &est*res iediately *pon parent's entran+e, and De beha,ioral stillingDe(&(, +essation o) oeent in post*res s*&&estie o) +on)*sion or depression

and da1ed, disoriented e0pressions s*&&est the a+tiation o) +opetin&,*t*ally inhibitory systes(

O*r +hapter be&ins -ith a reie- o) preio*s st*dies reportin& di))i+*lties in)or+in& ea+h in)ant in a &ien saple into one o) the three a@or +ate&ories(In an earlier report, -e had noted that a n*ber o) in)ants seen in the Ains-orthStran&e Sit*ation in o*r laboratories )ailed to )it satis)a+torily into any o) the

three a@or atta+hent +lassi)i+ations de3


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54 .AIN AN# SOLO.ON

s+ribed by Ains-orth D.ain F "eston, 7547( O*r ipression at that tie,based *pon a str*+t*red play session ideotaped 7 -ee> prior to the stran&esit*ation, -as that all o) these in)ants -ere insecure-ith respe+t to the parent-ith -ho they -ere seen in the stran&e sit*ation( Ho-eer, the a@ority o)these *n+lassi)ied Dno-, disor&ani1ed3disoriented in)ants -o*ld hae been

identi)ied as secureD&ro*p B -ith the parent in the stran&e sit*ation, had -e)or+ed the into the standard +lassi)i+ation syste(

O*r +ontin*ed st*dy o) the sae Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+tsaple has sho-n that disor&ani1ed?disoriented D# in)ant atta+hent stat*s isindependent a+ross +are&iers Dparents, and stable Ddistin&*ishable )ro A, B,or C atta+hent patterns a+ross a 93year period DCassidy F .ain, 7548( O*r)ollo-3*p st*dies o) this saple at : years o) a&e sho- s*bstantial inse+*rity in:3year3old +hildren -ho had been +onsidered disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith

other 9 years preio*sly, an inse+*rity e0hibited at both the behaioral andrepresentational leels o) assessent D.ain, aplan, F Cassidy, 7549(Children )or -ho the )or+ed, stran&e sit*ation +lassi)i+ation had been se+*rein in)an+y are )o*nd eJ*ally as inse+*re at : as +hildren )or -ho the )or+edin)an+y +lassi)i+ation had been inse+*re( !hese )indin&s s*&&est a need )or the*se o) the # +ate&ory, een -ithin noral, iddle3+lass saples(

Early -or> -ith altreatent saples had also led to an initial+lassi)i+ation o) altreated in)ants as se+*re -ithin the present syste o)+ate&ori1ation( =*rther reie- o) stran&e sit*ation tapes )or in)ants in

altreatent and other hi&h3ris> saples has no- led to re+o&nition o) theinse+*re atta+hent stat*s o) any o) these in)ants and to re+o&nition o) ne-+obinations o) stran&e sit*ation behaior patterns DE&eland F Sro*)e, 7547bGaensba*er F Haron, 754er F Booth,7549 ad>e3%arro-, C*in&s, *+1yns>i, F Chapan, 7549( Soe-or>ers hae ephasi1ed J*alities o) apathy and disor&ani1ation, -hile soehae ephasi1ed the *ne0pe+ted appearan+e o) both aoidan+e and resistan+e,and?or anoalo*s behaiors( !o this point in tie, ho-eer, no sin&le or*ni)yin& set o) instr*+tions has been deeloped )or the identi)i+ation o) theseand other in)ants -ho do not )it -ithin the present Ains-orth syste( !his+hapter is des+riptie o) o*r )irst e))orts in this dire+tion(

The 1insorth $trange $ituation2 Procedures and +indings

The $trange $ituation Procedure!he Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation is a brie), str*+t*red laboratory pro+ed*reinolin& in)ant and parent in t-o separations and t-o re*nions -ithin an*n)ailiar settin&( !he sit*ation -as deised -ith the inten3


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AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN 55

tion o) hi&hli&htin& the operation o) the atta+hent behaioral syste DBo-lby,75:5 as it is or&ani1ed in noral in)ants at 7< onths o) a&e( !he sit*ation isdesi&ned to eli+it e0ploratory behaior in the early episodes and then, thro*&h aseries o) ildly stress)*l eents, to shi)t the in)ant's attention to the aintenan+e o)

pro0iity and +onta+t -ith the atta+hent )i&*re(!he stran&e sit*ation is diided into ei&ht episodes, ea+h De0+ept the )irst one

in*te introd*+tory episode bein& 6 in*tes lon&( In the openin& episode o) thesession, in)ant and parent are introd*+ed to an *n)ailiar, +o)ortable laboratoryroo )illed -ith toys( A stran&er enters the roo the parent leaes the in)ant in the+opany o) the stran&er the parent ret*rns the parent leaes the in)ant alone thestran&er ret*rns the parent ret*rns on+e ore )or the se+ond and )inal re*nionepisode( DIn o*r laboratories, episodes in -hi+h the in)ant is distressed are red*+ed

to 62 se+onds(#*rin& ea+h re*nion, the parent is instr*+ted to pa*se in the door-ay and &reetthe in)ant, perittin& tie )or the in)ant to obili1e a response to the parent'sarrial( On the se+ond re*nion, the parent is instr*+ted to pi+> the in)ant *p( A ore+oplete des+ription o) this pro+ed*re Dto&ether -ith the +lassi)i+ation and +odin&pro+ed*res des+ribed belo- +an be )o*nd in Ains-orth et al( D75;4(

!he +riti+al systes o) analysis deised by Ains-orth )or +lassi)i+ation o) in)antatta+hent )o+*s *pon the t-o re*nion episodes o) the Stran&e Sit*ation, -henin)ant and parent are alone to&ether( As -o*ld be e0pe+ted )or a syste desi&ned to

hi&hli&ht the or&ani1ation o) indiid*al di))eren+es in atta+hent, there is soeephasis *pon pro0iity3see>in& and e))orts to aintain physi+al +onta+t -ith theparent( Greatest ephasis is pla+ed, ho-eer, *pon t-o types o) ne&atie behaiorDaoidan+e and an&ry resistan+e obsered in relation to the parent(

Classification Procedures" &eliability" and $tability

As noted earlier, the Ains-orth +lassi)i+ation syste is desi&ned to peritassi&nent o) in)ants to one o) three +ate&oriesse+*re, inse+*re3aoidant, or

inse+*re3abialent in relation to the parent( Classi)i+ations are based *pon in)antrather than parental behaior d*rin& the Stran&e Sit*ation(

In)ants are +lassi)ied as se+*re DGro*p B in relation to the parent -hen theya+tiely see> pro0iity and +onta+t )ollo-in& separation, and -hen these behaiorsappear *ni0ed -ith stron& an&er or aoidan+e( In the preseparation episodes,se+*rely atta+hed in)ants ay e0aine the toys and e0plore the stran&eenironent( !hey ay or ay not be distressed *pon separation, b*t i) they are,the other's ret*rn proides


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1!! MAIN AND SOOMON

+o)ort and enables the to ret*rn either to an en&a&eent in play or to pleasantintera+tion -ith the parent(

In)ants are +lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant DGro*p A in relation to the parent-hen they a+tiely aoid and i&nore the parent d*rin& both re*nion episodes(

Aoidan+e o) the parent is +onsidered stron& -hen the in)ant t*rns a-ay and oesa-ay )ro the parent *pon re*nion, indi+ates a desire to be p*t do-n -hen pi+>ed*p Do)ten in an a))e+tless anner, and i&nores the parent's e))orts to-ard+o*ni+ation( In)ants +lassi)ied as aoidant sho- no distress spe+i)i+ to theparent's absen+e, and o)ten e0plore the roo and toys a+tiely thro*&ho*t thestran&e sit*ation( !hey are ost stri>in& )or the apparent absen+e o) )ear, distress,or an&er(

In)ants are +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent?resistant DGro*p C in relation to a

spe+i)i+ parent -hen they both see> pro0iity and +onta+t *pon re*nion and resistit Da+tiely or passiely, seein& to )ind little se+*rity in the parent's ret*rn orpresen+e( In)ants +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent are o)ten distressed een be)orethe )irst separation and )ear)*l o) the person playin& the part o) the stran&er( !heyare o)ten e0treely distressed *pon separation( Pro0iity3see>in& ay be -ea>rather than a+tie(

Inter@*d&e a&reeent on the three a@or +lassi)i+ations is ery hi&h DAins-orthet al(, 75;4 .ain F "eston, 7547 .atas, Arend, F Sro*)e, 75;4( !hedistrib*tion o) +ate&ories aries s*rprisin&ly little )or -hite iddle3+lass saples

seen thro*&ho*t the United States, and )or saples in En&land, So*thern Gerany,and Italy( !he a@ority o) in)ants in these saples are +lassi)ied as se+*re DGro*pB, one3)i)th to one3third as inse+*re3aoidant DGro*p A, and a sall inority asinse+*re3abialent DGro*p C( In -hite iddle3+lass saples in -hi+h +are&iin&arran&eents are stable, stability o) atta+hent to a &ien parent is +onsistently)o*nd stron& a+ross in)an+y, -hile atta+hent +lassi)i+ations )or a &ien in)ant toother and to )ather are )o*nd independent DBretherton, 7549( e+ently,atta+hent +lassi)i+ations to other hae been )o*nd stable Dpredi+table oer a 93year period DCassidy F .ain, 7548( Stability in atta+hent +lassi)i+ation bet-een7< and :2 onths -as based *pon a +oparison bet-een stran&e sit*ation behaiorin in)an+y and response to re*nion -ith the parents )ollo-in& a 73ho*r separation at: years o) a&e(

$trange $ituation Classifications &elated to 3bser,ed Patterns of 4nfant-Mother4nteraction

Ains-orth's ori&inal st*dy o) in)ant Stran&e Sit*ation behaior )ollo-ed *pon ashort3ter lon&it*dinal st*dy o) in)ant3other intera+tion in the hoe sit*ation(

!-enty3three in)ant3other pairs, -ho had been ob3


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AN INS"C#$"%DISO$&ANI'"D(DISO$I"N)"D A))AC*M"N) PA))"$N 1!1

sered in the hoe )or appro0iately 42 ho*rs oer the )irst year o) li)e, -ere seenin the laboratory stran&e sit*ation( Classi)i+ations o) in)ant atta+hent behaior-ere based *pon Ains-orth's e0tensie st*dy o) the narratie re+ords o) theselaboratory sessions( Her e0aination o) these re+ords o) in)ant3other intera+tion

in the hoe sit*ation D5 to 7< onths o) a&e sho-ed that in)ants @*d&ed se+*re inters o) stran&e sit*ation behaior *sed other as a se+*re base )or e0plorationin the hoe sit*ation, -hile in)ants in ea+h o) the inse+*re &ro*ps e0hibitedibalan+es bet-een atta+hent and e0ploratory behaior DAins-orth et al(, 75;7(At the sae tie, others o) in)ants @*d&ed se+*re in ters o) stran&e sit*ationbehaior -ere ore sensitie to the si&nals and +o*ni+ations o) the in)antthan others o) inse+*re in)ants -itho*t bein& notably re@e+tin& DAins-orth et al(,75;7 Ains-orth et al(, 75;4(

E))orts to repli+ate Ains-orth's ori&inal inesti&ations in the hoe or laboratoryenironent hae +on+entrated *pon di))eren+es bet-een the intera+tions o) se+*reD&ro*p B s( inse+*re D&ro*p A and C dyads, b*t hae seldo been e0tended todistin+tions bet-een &ro*ps A and C DLab, !hopson, Gardner, Charno, FEstes, 7548( Ho-eer, a positie relationship bet-een aternal sensitiity orresponsieness and in)ant se+*rity o) atta+hent has been reported no- )or si0s*++eedin& st*dies in the hoe DGrossann F Grossann, 7549 Bels>y et al(,7548 .aslin F Bates, 754


10/32

1!+ MAIN AND SOOMON

di))eren+es in n*rsery3s+hool behaior bet-een +hildren +lassi)ied as A and+hildren +lassi)ied as C -ith other in in)an+y DSro*)e, in press( In o*r o-nlaboratories, re+ent st*dies o) both behaioral and representational pro+esses at :years o) a&e sho- sharp distin+tions bet-een +hildren @*d&ed B, A, and # as

in)ants D.ain et al(, 7549(Indiid*al di))eren+es in in)ant stran&e sit*ation behaior do not, then, siply

re)le+t a sin&le diension o) se+*rity s( inse+*rity in atta+hent stat*s( St*dieseer&in& )ro Ber>eley and )ro .innesota indi+ate that in)ants -ho di))er in thetype o) inse+*rity sho-n -ith other in the Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation DA, C, or# sho- +ontin*in& di))eren+es in ental and behaioral or&ani1ation seeral yearslater(

&e)orts of Difficulties in $trange $ituation Classification

Contin*ed *se o) the Ains-orth stran&e sit*ation Dparti+*larly -ith hi&h3ris>pop*lations has led to a n*ber o) reports o) di))i+*lties in assi&nin& in)ants to thethree a@or +lassi)i+ation &ro*ps, and to s*&&estions )or alterations in the ori&inalAins-orth syste( Here, -e reie- these st*dies(

4nstability of Classifications 3,er a 5-6ee! Period

!he )irst report o) di))i+*lty in assi&nent o) in)ants to stran&e sit*ation+lassi)i+ation &ro*ps +ae )ro the Ains-orth laboratory in an early D75;s apart, ho-eer, -as hi&hly distressin& )or these 73year3old in)ants, leadin& Ains-orth to terinate data +olle+tion earlier than planned(In the )irst session, ; o) the


11/32


ond, D6 all ; o) the in)ants +lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant -ith other in the )irst

stran&e sit*ation -ere +lassi)ied as se+*re -ith other in the se+ond stran&esit*ation( !his st*dy sho-ed, in s*, that forced classification )rocedures can

)lace insecure infants in secure classifications.

4nformal 'otice of Difficult-to-Classify 4nfants in 6hite"Middle-Class $am)les

In +on@*n+tion -ith data +olle+tion pro+ed*res )or her do+toral thesis( .ainD*np*blished data isited her Baltiore saple others in the hoe sit*ation @*stprior to the Stran&e Sit*ation assessent( !he stran&e sit*ation behaior o) 9?85D72(


12/32


13/32


t-een histories o) in)ant3other intera+tion and in)ant stran&e sit*ation+lassi)i+ation( .others in their .innesota poerty saple in+l*ded a n*ber -hohad been identi)ied as ne&le+tin&, ab*sin&, or both ne&le+tin& and ab*sin& o) thein)ant( In)ants -ere seen -ith other in the Stran&e Sit*ation at 7< onths and

a&ain at 74 onths o) a&e( At 7< onths o) a&e, 4 o) the


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72: .AIN AN# SOLO.ON

session, other altreated, se+*re in)ants also deonstrated a))e+tie behaiorindi+atie o) possible deelopental dist*rban+e(

Crittenden D7549a, 7549b also e0ained the responses o) yo*n& ab*sed3and3ne&le+ted +hildren to the Ains-orth Stran&e Sit*ation( Si0 ab*sed3and3ne&le+ted

in)ants in a )irst altreatent saple -ere initially assi&ned to a se+*re Stran&eSit*ation +ate&ory( Li>e E&eland and Sro*)e D7547b, she *ndertoo> a re3e0aination o) her ideotapes, *ltiately deelopin& a ne- A3C stran&e sit*ation+ate&ory(

E0aination o) the behaior o) altreated +hildren -ho had been pla+ed in these+*re +ate&ory in this )irst altreatent saple sho-ed seeral distin+t behaioral+hara+teristi+s( !hese +hildren o)ten so*&ht pro0iity obliJ*ely, or -itho*t positiea))e+t( !heir resistan+e o)ten too> the )or o) -hiny pet*lan+e or non3+onte0t*al

a&&ression De(&(, a&&ression dire+ted at aspe+ts o) the inaniate enironent(.any o) the ab*sed3and3ne&le+ted +hildren displayed +lini+al indi+ators o) stress,s*+h as )a+e +oerin&, head +o+>in&, h*ddlin& on the )loor and ro+>in&, and-ettin&( =or the p*rposes o) her st*dy, Crittenden odi)ied the Ains-orthintera+tie s+orin& syste to in+l*de Ds+ore indire+t approa+hes as both pro0iitysee>in& and oderate aoidan+e, and to s+ore +ran>iness and non3+onte0t*ala&&ression as indi+es o) resistan+e( A ne- +lassi)i+ation, aoidant3abialent DA3C -as identi)ied as +onsistin& o) e0treely an0io*s in)ants -hose s+ores onAins-orth's s+ales +obined D7 oderate to hi&h pro0iity see>in&, D )or altreatent, Spie>erand Booth D7549 identi)ied 74K o) in)ants as *n+lassi)iable -ithin the presentAins-orth syste( =o*rteen per+ent sho-ed both aoidan+e and resistan+e DA3C+hara+teristi+s -ithin the sae episode( !hese in)ants -ere e0treely distressed atseparation and -o*ld be -aitin& at the door )or other's ret*rn( Ho-eer, -henother entered the playroo, these in)ants -o*ld t*rn and -al> a-ay )ro her andaert their attention, -hile reainin& e0treely distressed( I), ho-eer, theothers ade +onta+t, the in)ants -o*ld be resistant( Spie>er and Booth des+ribethese in)ants as bein& soeties depressed, )ear)*l or helpless( Another 8K o)in)ants e0hibited behaior -hi+h disJ*ali)ied the )ro in+l*sion in the A, B, C,orA3C +ate&ories( !hese in)ants -ere tered *n+lassi)iable(

.others o) A3C in)ants in the Spie>er and Booth saple reported oredepression, ore +hroni+ li)e di))i+*lties, and ore physi+ally *n+o)ortable

syptos in pre&nan+y than other others( !hese others


15/32


s*&&est that the A3C pattern is distin+t )ro other inse+*re patterns, and ay re)le+t&reater inse+*rity and a ore inadeJ*ate rearin& enironent(

In a re+ent st*dy o) atta+hent patterns in )ailies -ith depression, A3C+hildren -ere identi)ied lar&ely thro*&h their e0hibition o) oderate to hi&h

aoidan+e and oderate to hi&h resistan+e d*rin& re*nion Dad>e3%arro- et al(,7549( In addition, ost also displayed one or ore o) the )ollo-in&/ A))e+tless orsad -ith si&ns o) depression( Odd or atypi+al body post*re or oeent, and.oderate to hi&h pro0iity see>in&( !he inesti&ators )elt their A3C +ate&ory -assiilar, altho*&h not identi+al, to Crittenden's A3C +lassi)i+ation and .ain and"eston's *n+lassi)ied +ate&ory( Inse+*re atta+hents -ere +oon aon&+hildren o) others -ith a a@or depressie disorder( !he A3C atta+hents -ereasso+iated -ith histories o) the ost seere depression in the other(

4nde)endence of Disorganized-Disoriented 1ttachment $tatus 1crossParents or Caregi,ers

!he aboe reie- o) st*dies o) di))i+*lt3to3+lassi)y in)ants +ond*+ted to dates*&&ests that, -ithin any &ien saple, these in)ants ay be the least se+*re, and?oray hae e0perien+ed the ost e0tree o) )aily +onditions, in+l*din& Dad>e3%arro- et al( bi3polar depression in the other( Gien o*r o-n des+ription o) the

disor&ani1ation and disorientation o) behaior seen in these in)ants -ithin thestran&e sit*ation, it is reasonable to address the J*estion o) -hether these in)antsare s*))erin& )ro a biolo&i+ally or een +onstit*tionally based disor&ani1ation,and?or -hetherat least at the tie o) the stran&e sit*ation3these in)ants aree0perien+in& lo- stress toleran+e(

elatie *lnerability s( in*lnerability to stress *ndo*btedly seres as one)a+tor in)l*en+in& soe o) the indiid*al di))eren+es in in)ant stran&e sit*ationbehaior( "hether it is the priary )a+tor a))e+tin& inse+*re3disor&ani1edatta+hent stat*s sees do*bt)*l( In the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t

Saple, ea+h in)ant -as seen in the stran&e sit*ation -ith one parent at 7< onthsand -ith the other at 74 onths( Independent @*d&es -ho had not seen the in)ant inany other settin& +lassi)ied the in)ants at ea+h a&e period Dinter3@*d&e a&reeenta+ross )ie @*d&es -as 44K to 722K( O) 68 stran&e sit*ations @*d&ed # -ithino*r Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Saple, only 6 inoled the sae in)ant(1lmostall of the infants ere disorganized only in the )resence of one )arent.

=*rther eiden+e )or independen+e o) # atta+hent stat*s a+ross +are&iers+oes )ro a re+ent do+toral thesis +opleted by rent1


16/32

724 .AIN AN# SOLO.ON

D754


17/32


o) these st*dies in+l*ded dire+t assessents o) the inse+*re?di))i+*lt3to3+lassi)yin)ants theseles, ho-eer( In)eren+es re&ardin& their inse+*re stat*s -erederied )ro in)oration re&ardin& the ab*se?ne&le+t history DCrittenden, 7549a,7549b o) the )aily, other's sel)3report re&ardin& li)e3stress, depression, and

syptoatolo&y DSpie>er F Booth, 7549, or other's >no-n history o) seere,bipolar depression Dad>e3%arro- et al(, 7549(

e+ently, -e in+l*ded a n*ber o) +hildren -ho had been # as in)ants -ithina )ollo-3*p st*dy inolin& the Ber>eley So+ial #eelopent Pro@e+t saple, asaple o) +hildren )ro *pper iddle3+lass, inta+t )ailies -ho had )irst been seen-ith other in the stran&e sit*ation at 7 year o) a&e D.ain F "eston, 7547 .ainet al(, 7549( At :, these +hildren -ere ideotaped in a playroo as they respondedto a ariety o) sit*ations inolin& Da an in)oral period o) play in -hi+h they

-ere as>ed to a>e a )aily dra-in& by an ad*lt e0ainer, Db an assessent o)their internal -or>in& odel o) +hild3parent atta+hent as deried )ro aninterie- +on+ernin& +hild3parent separations DHansb*r&, 7542 la&sbr*n FBo-lby, 75;: aplan, 7548 aplan F .ain, 7549, D+ their lar&ely non3erbalresponse to presentation o) a photo&raph o) theseles -ith )aily at the end o)this interie-, and Dd re*nions -ith ea+h parent )ollo-in& appro0iately a 73ho*rseparation( One o) the prin+ipal ais o) this )ollo-3*p st*dy -as the e0ainationo) the :th3year stat*s o) +hildren -ho had been )o*nd *n+lassi)iable Dno-,inse+*re disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other in in)an+y( ConseJ*ently, alost

eJ*al n*bers o) +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed se+*re 9'M 78, and inse+*re3aoidant or inse+*re3abialent DN M 76, and inse+*re3disor&ani1ed?disoriented-ith other DN M 7


18/32


"e +opared the )*n+tionin& o) +hildren @*d&ed # -ith other 9 yearspreio*sly to the )*n+tionin& o) +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed B in stran&esit*ation assessents -ith other 9 years preio*sly( All )ie +oparisons -ere

si&ni)i+ant( !he eans )or +hildren -ho had been @*d&ed se+*re -ith other inin)an+y -ere aboe s+ale id3point Di(e(, -ere indi+atie o) se+*rity on all )ies+ales( !he eans )or +hildren -ho had been disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith otherin in)an+y on these )ie assessents indi+ate stri>in& inse+*rity at : years o) a&e,ran&in& )ro


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Seeral other assessents still )*rther distin&*ished :3year3olds -ho had been

# in in)an+y )ro :3year3olds -ho had been assi&ned an A, B, or C +lassi)i+ation(=irst, dis+o*rse analyses based *pon trans+ripts o) the :th3year re*nions sho-edstron& dys)l*en+ies in dis+o*rse, -ith the +hild o)ten ta>in& the lead in the

+onersation, the parent st*blin& in spee+h or o++asionally seein& disorientedDStra&e F .ain, 7549( Another set o) analyses +opared the +hild'srepresentations or rea+tions to representations o) relationships or o) the )aily, asassessed in the parent's absen+e, to early stran&e sit*ation behaior to-ard theother( In +ontrast to +hildren +lassi)ied as A, B, or C -ith other in in)an+y, :3year3olds -ho had been @*d&ed disor&ani1ed?disoriented -ith other in in)an+yresponded to presentation o) a )aily photo&raph -ith disor&ani1ed behaior,and?or -ith depressed a))e+t D.ain et al(, 7549( In dis+*ssions o) a +hild'sresponse to separations, these +hildren -ere soeties silent, and soeties &aebi1arre or irrational responses Daplan F .ain, 7549( =inally, )aily dra-in&sade by these +hildren -ere o)ten disor&ani1ed D)eat*rin& eleents -hi+h -eres+rat+hed o*t, or re3started dra-in&s, oerly bri&ht De(&(, a s*n dra-n @*st oer theother's head, or an entire )aily dra-n standin& *pon a ro- o) hearts, and?oroino*s( !hese )eat*res -ere +obined in seeral dra-in&s, and are reinis+entboth o) the early disor&ani1ation sho-n by these +hildren, and o) the +ontrollin&3p*nitie or +ontrollin&3+are&iin& or&ani1ation sho-n on re*nion at : years o) a&eDaplan F .ain, 7549(

Procedures for 4dentifying 4nsecure-Disorganized 4nfants

!he aboe reie- indi+ates the identi)i+ation, by any -or>ers, o) a set or sets o)

in)ants -hose stran&e sit*ation behaior +annot be +lassi)ied *tili1in& the presentA, B, C syste( .any o) these are relatiely early reports( Sin+e in addition then*bers o) +hildren re&arded as *n+lassi)iable in any &ien saple hae beensall, it is not s*rprisin& that +riteria )or either settin& aside in)ants as

*n+lassi)iable D.ain F "eston, 7547 Gaensba*er F Haron, 754e3%arro- et al(, 7549 Spie>er F Booth, 7549 pattern di))er at present)ro laboratory to laboratory( At this point in tie, ho-eer, it -ill be *se)*l to

deelop a set o) soe-hat )oral pro+ed*res )or identi)yin& in)ants -ho do not )itto an A, B, or C atta+hent +ate&ory(

Belo-, -e present an initial set o) s*+h pro+ed*res( O*r order o) presentation)ollo-s the deelopent o) o*r o-n reasonin& and dis+oeries( !hese in)ants -ere

identi)ied )irst in ters o) )ail*re to )it to +ate&ory, and


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77< .AIN AN# SOLO.ON

only later in ters o) spe+i)i+ indi+es o) disor&ani1ation and disorientation inbehaior(

4nfants 6ho Cannot Be Classified 6ithin the 1" B" C $ystem24dentification in Terms of 4ncoherence and Disorganization in 1ttachment$trategy

In earlier papers -e hae dis+*ssed the se+*re, aoidant, and abialent3resistantatta+hent +ate&ories in ters o) +oherent atta+hent strate&ies D.ain, 7547 .ainF "eston, 754in& odels o)atta+hent D.ain et al(, 7549( !he atta+hent strate&y re)ers to the eans thein)ant *ses in or&ani1in& behaior releant to atta+hent(

D7 !he securein)ant has a +learly +oherent strate&y )o+*sed *pon the *se o) the

atta+hent )i&*re as a se+*re base( !his res*lts in a steady alertin& to the need toin+rease pro0iity in stran&e enironents or in the )a+e o) separation, and a readyret*rn to e0ploration on+e ass*red that the atta+hent )i&*re is on+e a&ainaailable( =or these in)ants, there is a relatiely sooth alternation bet-eenatta+hent behaior and e0ploratory behaior -ith one or the other re+eiin&ephasis, dependent *pon the a++essibility o) the atta+hent )i&*re and the initialstran&eness o) the sit*ation(

Dely thro*&h +onsistent *se o) an attention3diertin& strate&y Daboe that the aoidant in)ant i&nores separation )ro as -ell

as the ret*rn o) the parent( !he ipression &ien by the stran&e sit*ation behaioro) these in)ants is lar&ely one o) deta+hent and o) a de)ensie, b*t s*++ess)*lly*n3interr*pted, independen+e(

D6 =inally, the ambi,alent-resistantin)ant ay be seen as hain& a +oherentstrate&y o) e0hibitin& e0tree dependen+e *pon the atta+hent )i&*re( E0a&&erated)ear o) the stran&e, the stran&er, and separation is +obined -ith hei&hteneddistress and an&er( In its hei&htened display o) eotionality and dependen+e *ponthe atta+hent )i&*re D+)( !riers, 75;8 .ain, 7547, this in)ant s*++ess)*lly dra-sthe attention o) the parent(


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It is only o*r re+ent reie- o) o*r *n+lassi)iable D.ain F "eston, 7547 as

+opared to o*r +lassi)ied stran&e sit*ation ideotapes -hi+h has sho-n *s thatin)ants @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable in ters o) stran&e sit*ation behaior share in+oon disor&ani1ation and disorientation in behaior( O*r ori&inal -or> -as

based entirely *pon the )ail*re o) the stran&e sit*ation behaior o) indiid*alin)ants to )it to +lassi)i+ation des+riptors DAins-orth et al(, 75;4, that is, to )it tothe +oherent strate&ies o) or&ani1ation des+ribed aboe(

!h*s, )or e0aple, in soe +ases -e had @*d&ed as *n+lassi)iable/ potential&ro*p A in)ants -ho -ere &reatly distressed by ea+h separation )ro the parent,tho*&h aoidant on re*nions, and th*s seeed *nable to aintain a strate&y o)diertin& attention )ro atta+hent potential &ro*p B in)ants -ho )ollo-edstron& pro0iity3see>in& -ith aoidan+e, +obined pro0iity3see>in& -ithaoidan+e or seeed at oents da1ed, +on)*sed, and *nable either to ta>e+o)ort in the parent or ret*rn to play, th*s iolatin& the e0pe+tan+y o) soothtransition bet-een atta+hent behaior and e0ploration and potential Gro*p Cin)ants -ho )ailed to +ry *pon separation and?or alternately e0hibited distress andoderate to stron& aoidan+e, th*s iolatin& the e0pe+tan+y o) a +onsistenthei&htenin& o) atta+hent behaior(

I), )or e0aple, a &ien in)ant -as secure" as indi+ated by hi&h s+ores )orpro0iity3see>in& and lo- s+ores )or aoidan+e and resistan+e, -hy did it t*rnabo*t loo>in& da1ed dire+tly )ollo-in& a bri&ht, )*ll &reetin& to the parent, rather

than either +ontin*in& to see> en&a&eent -ith the parent or ret*rnin& toe0ploration and to play Siilarly, i) the parent had s*++eeded in +o)ortin& thepres*ably se+*re in)ant, -hy did the in)ant stand silently beside the parent neitherintera+tin&, playin&, nor reJ*estin& )*rther +onta+t I) the in)ant -as ambi,alent"asindi+ated by its behaior d*rin& the re*nion episodes, -hy -as the in)ant +al and*ndistressed so lon& as the other -as absent Or, i) behaior )ittin& to theabialent +lassi)i+ation -as sho-n in hei&htened distress d*rin& separations andin distress, pro0iity3see>in&, and soe resistan+e to the other d*rin& there*nion episode, -hy had the in)ant initially attepted to &et o*t the door *pon

re*nion, and -hy did the sae in)ant hae s*dden, interr*ptie bo*ts o) stron&aoidan+e =inally, i) the in)ant -as a,oidant"as indi+ated by stron&, +onsistentaoidan+e thro*&ho*t the re*nion episodes, -hy had the in)ant +alled or +riedlo*dly )or the parent d*rin& the separation episodes, een in the presen+e o) thestran&er Behaior s*+h as this not only )ails to )it to +lassi)i+ation des+riptors, b*t,a&ain, is in+onsonant -ith the notion o) the +onsistent dea+tiation o) atta+hent3releant +*es e0pe+ted in the inse+*re3aoidant in)ant DBo-lby, 7542 .ain, 7547(In s*ary, in)ants -ho had been le)t *n+lassi)ied had no sin&le +oherent strate&y

)or dealin& -ith separation and re*nion(


22/32


$)ecific 4ndices of Disorganization and Disorientation

In preparation )or this +hapter, -e )irst en&a&ed in repeated st*dy o) ea+h o) the 68stran&e sit*ations -hi+h had been @*d&ed *n+lassi)iable -ithin o*r noral, -hite

iddle3+lass saple, and o) the saples( As noted earlier, -e hadat )irst tho*&ht it possible that seeral ne- stran&e sit*ation patterns -o*ld eer&e)ro this st*dy De(&(, patterns o) stran&e sit*ation response shared a+ross a )e- orany in)ants -ho +o*ld then be +hara+teri1ed as e0hibitin& behaioral patterns #,E, =, et+(, in response to separation and re*nion(

Ho-eer, o*r re+ords o) e0a+t behaiors obsered a+ross all 99 in)antsindi+ated instead the presen+e o) indi+es o) disor&ani1ation and disorientation in thestran&e sit*ation behaior o) ea+h indiid*al( Hain& re+orded these as initially

dierse indi+es De(&(, )alls prone on re*nion, sho-s da1ed behaior -hen in+onta+t -ith the parent, approa+hes -ith head aerted, approa+hes -ith arso*tstret+hed, then t*rns and stands still in +enter o) roo, +ries -hile oin&a-ay )ro parent, leans head on -all, )a+in& a-ay -hile +ryin&, -e st*diedthe in order to deelop a ore &eneral )rae-or>( Alost all o) these behaiors+an be seen as )allin& *nder one o) the )ollo-in& )ie headin&s, ea+h o) -hi+hs*&&ests to *s +on)li+t bet-een behaioral systes, or *t*al inhibitions o)systes(

#isorderin& o) e0pe+ted teporal seJ*en+esSi*ltaneo*s display o) +ontradi+tory behaior patternsIn+oplete or *ndire+ted oeents and e0pressions, in+l*din& stereotypies#ire+t indi+es o) +on)*sion and apprehensionBehaioral stillin&/ da1ed behaior and indi+es o) depressed a))e+t

On+e this list had been dra-n *p, -e *ndertoo> a reie- o) :2 tapes o) in)ants-ho had been +lassi)ied as A, B, or C -ithin the stran&e sit*ation in order todeterine -hether these in)ants also shared these behaior patterns( Eery in)ant-ho had been le)t *n+lassi)ied either sho-ed one o) these )ie indi+es stron&ly, ore0hibited seeral o) these indi+es( !his )*rther *nderta>in&, -as ho-eer,ne+essary( O*r initial list had been dra-n *p )ollo-in& a reie- +on)ined to*n+lassi)iable in)ants( !here)ore, there reained soe +han+e that these behaiorpatterns o++*rred -ith eJ*al stren&th or )reJ*en+y in +lassi)iable in)ants, b*t hadsiply not been noted(!he res*lts o) this reie- -ere +lear( Altho*&h ; o) the :2 in)ants +ae near todisor&ani1ed?disoriented atta+hent stat*s *sin& these


23/32


identi)iers, none at+hed to the preio*sly *n+lassi)iable D# in)ants in intensityor tiin& o) these indi+es( "e are presently +onstr*+tin& a s+ale )or disor&ani1ationand disorientation in stran&e sit*ation behaior -hi+h -ill perit inesti&ators to

identi)y and s+ore the appearan+e o) these behaiors, een in A, B, and C in)antsD.ain F Soloon, in preparation( Here, -e present e0aples o) ea+h o) the )ieidenti)iers o) disor&ani1ed?disoriented atta+hent stat*s, ta>en )ro o*robserations o) in)ants -ho had initially been le)t *n+lassi)ied(

Disordering of e/)ected tem)oral se0uences.!he ost stri>in& disorderin& o)teporal e0pe+tan+ies appeared -ith respe+t to aoidan+e( "hen the in)ant i&noresand physi+ally aoids the parent thro*&ho*t the stran&e sit*ation, the in)ant is+lassi)ied as inse+*re3aoidant( "hen the in)ant i&nores and physi+ally aoids the

parent thro*&h *+h o) the )irst re*nion episode, then )ollo-in& a se+ond separationsee>s pro0iity, the in)ant is pla+ed in a ildly aoidant s*b3+ate&ory o) se+*rein)ants( In either +ase, aoidan+e is seen as an or&ani1ed shi)t in attention D.ain F"eston, 754in&(

!he *s*al teporal or&ani1ation o) the in)ant's aoidan+e o) the parent +an, then,be readily *nderstood in ters o) ad*lt resere( Ad*lts not in)reJ*ently behae in aresered anner )ollo-in& lon& separations, or -hen *n+ertain, an&ry, orapprehensie re&ardin& the +*rrent stat*s o) a relationship( !his resere ay elt-ith tie or -ith ass*ran+es )ro the partner, or in +ontrast it ay brea> do-n i)the relationship is )*rther threatened Di), )or e0aple, the partner threatens to leaea&ain( !here is nothin& innately disor&ani1ed in this *sa&e o) aoidan+e or resere(

Consider no- instead the teporal or&ani1ation o) aoidan+e in a n*ber o)disor&ani1ed in)ants( ather than aoidin& the parent *pon re*nion )or a )e-se+onds, and then initiatin& intera+tion or +onta+t, a n*ber o) in)ants -ho had not

been +lassi)ied &ae the parent a bri&ht, )*ll &reetin& De(&(, an approa+h -ith bids )or+onta+t, then t*rned a-ay, da1ed, and sho-ed stron& aoidan+e( Others sho-edhi&h distress *pon separation, +allin& and +ryin& )or the parent, then t*rned stron&lya-ay or een ba+>ed a-ay iediately *pon re*nion, their )a+es s*ddenlye0pressionless( Others sho-ed the distra*&ht, an&ry behaior o) the inse+*re3abialent in)ant iediately *pon re*nion, then *npredi+tably t*rned their ba+>s*pon the parent and +rept stron&ly a-ay( !herea)ter, they e0hibited the behaiorpatterns typi+al o) in)ants sho-in& stron& aoidan+e(


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77: .AIN AN# SOLO.ON

One o) *s Dblind -as able to identi)y an ab*sed in)ant as inse+*re3disor&ani1ed rather than se+*re *pon seein& her )irst re*nion episode( !he in)ant-ent at on+e to her other at the door, ars *p )or +onta+t in a )*ll, stron&, se+*reresponse she -as iediately identi)ied as disor&ani1ed, ho-eer, -hen she

t*rned a-ay )ro the door -ith a +on)*sed, p*11led, e0pression, adan+ed a )e-steps into the roo, and stood -ith a blan> loo> starin& strai&ht ahead( A )e-oents later, she ade obliJ*e approa+hes to the other, readily identi)iable asthe type o) approa+hes -hi+h physi+ally battered in)ants a>e to ad*lt +are&iersDGeor&e F .ain, 75;5( On the basis o) her stron&, iediate pro0iity see>in&behaior, this in)ant had been +lassi)ied as se+*re by other inesti&ators(

Another pattern s*&&estie o) teporal disor&ani1ation -as s*dden, *ndire+ted,o*t3o)3+onte0t +ryin& folloingan apparently +oplete settlin& by the parent( .any

in)ants +ry )or a brie) period a)ter re*nion( Soe inse+*re3abialent in)ants siplyre)*se to be+oe settled by the ret*rn o) the parent or thro*&h parental e))ortsto-ards +o)ort( Soe se+*re in)ants +ontin*e +ryin& )or a period )ollo-in&re*nion, b*t on+e hain& had s*))i+ient +onta+t -ith the parent, settle( !he si&n thatsettlin& is +oplete is *s*ally that the in)ant is satis)ied to ret*rn to a &en*ineinterest in e0ploration and in play( A)ter this, it is o) +o*rse e0pe+ted that the in)ant-ill not a&ain be+oe distressed *nless there is a threatenin& enironental +han&eDe(&(, other's se+ond leaeta>in&, or the stran&er's re3entran+e( Soe in)ants -hohad initially been des+ribed as *n+lassi)iable &ae s*dden, *ndire+ted, o*t3o)3+onte0t

+ries )ollo-in& an apparently +ontented play( !hese +ries di))ered )ro those o)inse+*re3abialent in)ants, -ho neither settle )ollo-in& the parent's ret*rn, norret*rn to +ontented play( Be+a*se these s*dden +ries o++*rred folloing settlin& andin the idst o) +ontented play, they +onstit*ted a disorderin& o) e0pe+ted teporalseJ*en+es( !hese +ries had no apparent rationale -ithin the iediate enironent(

$imultaneous dis)lay of contradictory beha,ior )atterns. In o*r reie- o) theliterat*re +on+ernin& di))i+*lt3to3+lassi)y in)ants -e hae already des+ribed seeralinstan+es o) the si*ltaneo*s display o) +ontradi+tory patterns( Ab*sed in)ants -ere

des+ribed as approa+hin& obliJ*ely De(&(, +reepin& to-ards or -al>in& to-ards theparent side-ays, or -ith head aerted, or ba+>in& to-ards the parent rather thanapproa+hin& the parent )a+e3to3)a+e( An in)ant in o*r saple approa+hed otheroin& ba+>-ards on her stoa+h -ith )a+e aerted( Other in)ants in o*r saplerea+hed stron&ly )or the parent iediately *pon re*nion b*t ith head don.


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!he ipression in ea+h +ase -as that approa+h oeents -ere +ontin*allybein& inhibited and held ba+> thro*&h si*ltaneo*s a+tiation o) aoidanttenden+ies Dsee Geor&e F .ain, 75;5( In ost +ases, ho-eer, pro0iity3see>in&s*))i+iently oer3rode aoidan+e to perit the in+rease in physi+al pro0iity(

!h*s, +ontradi+tory patterns -ere a+tiated b*t -ere not *t*ally inhibitory( Onein)ant both rea+hed )or and re+eied ob@e+ts )ro the parent -ith ba+> and arstense and sti)), stret+hin& )or-ard a+ross a seein&ly deliberate distan+e( Onein)ant approa+hed hesitantly, then ba+>ed or oed ery J*i+>ly a-ay )ro theparent(

An een ore stri>in& e0aple o) the si*ltaneo*s display o) +ontradi+torypatterns -as a,oidance hile in contact ith the )arent.!his appeared in re*nionepisodes, o)ten a)ter the in)ant appeared to be settled )ro preio*s distress( In)ants

-ho -ere ar>ed *n+lassi)iable soeties sat *pon the parent's lapperhaps een+o)ortably-hile loo>in& a-ay, either s*llen or da1ed( One in)ant seeede0treely +o)ortable seated on his other's lap, his body +o)ortably+on)orin& to hers, his ars and hands rela0ed( His e0pression -as, ho-eer,pe+*liarly aoidant he re)*sed her &a1e and her o+ali1ations, then li&htly andin+opletely s-iped -ith his hand to-ards her throat( Another baby sat on the)loor )or seeral in*tes -ith her hand *pon other's lap, leanin& into her otherb*t t*rned sli&htly a-ay as tho*&h to approa+h the enironent silent and tran+e3li>e, she )ailed to t*rn +opletely either to the toys or to her other( Another

*n+lassi)ied 7nees b*t head and sho*lders t*rned a-ay(He stood this -ay )or seeral se+onds, loo>in& at the )loor, )a+e heay and sober,as tho*&h *nable to play, *nable to intera+t, and *n-illin& to let &o o) other(

Siilar behaior appears not in)reJ*ently in +lassi)iable in)ants, -ho brie)lyappear da1ed *pon pi+>3*p, perhaps -hile re+oerin& )ro distress( In in)ants

@*d&ed to be disor&ani1ed?disoriented, ho-eer, the behaior appears lon& a)terinitial pi+>3*p, lasts )or a s*bstantial period, and appears +ontradi+tory( I) the in)antis +o)ortably settled by +onta+t -ith the parent, -hy is the in)ant re)*sin&intera+tion by silently loo>in& a-ay And, i) the in)ant -o*ld pre)er to aoid theparent by t*rnin& attention to e0ploration o) toys and the enironent, -hy is thein)ant *nable to oe o*t o) +onta+t -ith the parent

!he ipression &ien by aoidan+e3in3+onta+t is one o) the *t*al inhibition o)systes in +on)li+t the in)ant seein&ly +an neither )*lly approa+h the parent nor)*lly shi)t attention and oe a-ay( "hile the


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in)ant -ho approa+hes obliJ*ely at least s*++eeds in the set3&oal DBo-lby,75:5 o) in+reasin& pro0iity to the parent, the in)ant e0hibitin& aoidan+e -hilein +onta+t oes neither one -ay or the other(

4ncom)lete or undirected mo,ements and e/)ressions" including stereoty)ies.In+oplete or *ndire+ted oeents and e0pressions also appeared in*n+lassi)iable in)ants( "hereas the behaior e0aples &ien aboe re)erred todisor&ani1ation in a i0ed or in a disordered *sa&e o) pro0iity3see>in&, +onta+t3aintainin&, and aoidan+e, ost e0aples o) in+oplete or *ndire+tedoeents on o*r tapes inoled the in+oplete or *ndire+ted e0pressions o)distress or an&er Dresistan+e(

E0pressions o) an&er to-ard the other appear in in)ants in ea+h o) the three+entral Ains-orth +ate&ories( In ea+h +ate&ory, the e0pression o) an&er ta>es a

+hara+teristi+ )or( Stron&, dire+t e0pressions o) an&er are an identi)yin&+hara+teristi+ o) in)ants identi)ied as inse+*re3abialent( In Ains-orth's ori&inalst*dy, t-o in)ants -ere +lassi)ied as inse+*re3abialent be+a*se they both so*&htand an&rily resisted +onta+t( !he e0pression o) an&er in these in)ants -as nots*btle( One o) the bit the other(

In)ants in se+*re &ro*ps +an also e0press an&er to-ard the other *ponre*nion, and in o*r o-n saple in)ants hae o++asionally been +lassi)ied as se+*reeen -hen an openly )r*strated, e0pressie s-ipe has been ta>en( =or thesein)ants, hittin& at other seeed a brie), +o*ni+atie e0pression o))r*stration3o)ten, at bein& o))ered a toy -hen +onta+t -as -anted( =inally, -hileinse+*re3aoidant in)ants do not e0press distress, an&er, or )r*stration openly,soeties they ta>e a s*dden dire+ted ai to-ard the parent, thro-in& a toy )roa distan+e, or stri>in& at the parent's )oot in passin&(

eie- o) o*r tapes o) # in)ants sho-ed an o++asional pe+*liar *sa&e o)resistan+e( !hese in)ants o++asionally str*+> at the parent's )a+e b*t in in+oplete,-ea>, alost *ndire+ted oeents( !he oeents o) the in)ant's hand seeedalost *nintentional, or +o*ld be interpreted readily as, )or e0aple, a erely

+*rio*s attept to &rasp the parent's &lasses or e0plore the parent's )a+e or eyes(!hat these oeents -ere intentional, dire+ted hits at the parent +o*ld o)ten onlybe in)erred )ro +are)*l analyses in slo- otion( In one +ase there -as a s*dden,ali&nant +han&e in the in)ant's )a+ial e0pression prior to the slo- alost*nder-ater oeent(

Slo-, lip, *nder-ater oeents o++*rred in a n*ber o) *n+lassi)iablein)ants, *s*ally in a +onte0t s*&&estie o) resistan+e( One in)ant leaned to-ard theother, b*t in a slo-, heay anner s*&&estin& that he -as resistin& and p*shin&a-ay at the sae tie( !-o other in)ants seeed to -ish to aintain +onta+t -ith

the parent, b*t neer to be


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+o)ortable they di))ered )ro inse+*re3abialent in)ants in their pleasante0pressions and la+> o) open an&er and distress, b*t +y+led eanin&lessly bet-eenlip, +on)*sed approa+h and &ettin& o*t o) +onta+t, only to attept a&ain to settle(Others approa+hed in an abbreiated, start3stop anner, seein&ly *nable to a>e

sooth )or-ard oeents to-ards the parent( !-o in)ants -ho did approa+h theparent eered a-ay and ro+>ed *pon all )o*rs nearby her(

=inally, distress, li>e resistan+e, -as o++asionally *ndire+ted in in)ants -ho-e had le)t *n+lassi)ied( A stri>in& e0aple -as an in)ant in a )irst re*nion episode-ho had oed to a distan+e a+ross the roo )ro his other( eainin& at thisdistan+e, this 7


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7 to her other( Atstran&er's entran+e, t-o other apparently )ri&htened in)ants oed a-ay )ro both

other and stran&er to )a+e the -all( One leaned )orehead a&ainst the -all )orseeral se+onds, loo>in& ba+> in apparent terror(

Beha,ioral stilling2 dazed beha,ior and indices of de)ressed affect.#a1edbehaior -as one o) the ost proinent +hara+teristi+s o) inse+*re3disor&ani1edin)ants, appearin& in the &reat a@ority( #a1ed behaior -as identi)ied as an*n)o+*sed, dead stare, o*th and +hin lip, body stilled( An in)ant -ho seeede0treely +o)ortable in +onta+t, +lin&in& to )ather in a +al, entral3entralpost*re, be+ae )or a lon& oent e0+essiely still, starin& into spa+e as tho*&h

+opletely o*t o) +onta+t -ith sel), enironent, and parent( Soe in)ants siplystood still )or a )e- oents, starin& strai&ht ahead( A da1ed )a+ial appearan+e-as )reJ*ently a++opanied by a stillin& o) all body oeent, and soeties a)ree1in& o) libs -hi+h had been in otion( Odd post*res De(&(, -ith ars )l*n&behind or in )ront o) )a+e -ere o++asionally adopted(

Behaioral stillin& o++*rred in soe in)ants in a stron& )or -hi+h inoled thein)ant )allin& prone( Soe in)ants )ell )a+e3do-n on the )loor in a depressed post*reprior to separation( !his o++*rred een in soe in)ants -ho had been playin& -ell

)or the )irst in*tes o) re*nion s*ddenly, all body oeent -as stilled as thesein)ants lay prone( Seeral other in)ants responded to si&ht o) the ret*rnin& parent byrisin&, be&innin& to step )or-ard, and then )allin& )or-ard into an e0treelydepressed3appearin& post*re -hi+h -as aintained )or seeral se+onds( !hes*&&estion o) depression in these +ir+*stan+es -as ines+apable(

$ummary and Discussion

O*r +hapter be&an -ith a reie- o) a series o) re+ent st*dies inolin& in)ants

-hose stran&e sit*ation behaior -as di))i+*lt to +lassi)y *sin& the present A, B, C+ate&ori1ation syste( !he st*dies reie-ed led to three priary +on+l*sions/

7( In)ants -ho +annot be +lassi)ied -ithin the present syste are )o*nd both inhi&h3ris> saples and in *pper iddle3+lass saples o) inta+t )ailies(


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AN INSECUE3#ISOGANIE#?#ISOIEN!E# A!!ACH.EN! PA!!EN 7ely to diinish oerall+oheren+y een -ithin st*dies inolin& noral, iddle3+lass pop*lations(

!his &ien, -e had seeed to be in need o) a sin&le, *ni)yin& set o) )oralpro+ed*res )or the des+ription and desi&nation to ne- +ate&ories o) in)ants -ho donot )it the present syste( No s*+h set o) pro+ed*res had e0isted prior to this-ritin&( .ain and "eston D7547 siply set aside all in)ants -ho +o*ld not be+lassi)ied -ithin the present syste( E&eland and Sro*)e D7547b identi)ied as #Ddisor&ani1ed in)ants -ho seeed disor&ani1ed or apatheti+, hen+e inse+*re,-itho*t sho-in& ar>ed aoidan+e or resistan+e( Crittenden D7549a, 7549breised the Ains-orth systes )or s+orin& aoidan+e and resistan+e be)ore arriin&at an intera+tie3s+ore3based syste )or identi)yin& in)ants sho-in& oderate tostron& aoidan+e, resistan+e, and pro0iity3see>in& as )allin& into one o) t-o A3C +ate&ories( ad>e3%arro- and her +ollea&*es Dad>e3%arro- et al(, in press*sed an A3C +ate&ory -hi+h they )elt -as siilar to, b*t not identi+al -ith theA3C +ate&ory identi)ied by Crittenden and the *n+lassi)iable +ate&ory reported

by .ain and "eston( Spie>er and Booth D7549 *sed stri+t +riteria )or identi)yin&A3C in)ants Dstron& aoidan+e and resistan+e, *sin& the present s+orin& syste,and o++*rrin& -ithin the sae re*nion episode, +riteria -hi+h le)t t-o in)ants-ithin their saple still *n+lassi)iable( .ost o) these inesti&ators hae noted thee0isten+e o) stereotypies or +lini+al indi+ators in these in)ants( Ho-eer, noshared list o) s*+h indi+ators has been deeloped(

!he present +hapter +onstit*tes a )irst e))ort to-ards the deelopent o) a set o)pro+ed*res -hi+h +an )*lly +apt*re di))i+*lt3to3+lassi)y in)ants in o*r o-n as -ellas other saples Dsee .ain F Soloon, in preparation, )or a ore +oplete set o)

pro+ed*res, to be based *pon a still lar&er saple( In this paper, -e hae s*&&estedthat the traditional A, B, and C atta+hent +lassi)i+ations +an be seen asrepresentatie o) +oherent, or&ani1ed strate&ies )or dealin& -ith the atta+hent)i&*re( "e hae &ien e0aples o) seeral *n+lassi)iable behaioral responses tothe Stran&e Sit*ation -hi+h -ere identi)ied thro*&h their )ail*re to )it to theori&inal +lassi)i+ation r*les as des+ribed by Ains-orth DAins-orth et al(, 75;4(.ost iportantly, -e hae reported o*r dis+oery that reie- o) the Stran&eSit*ation ideotapes o) a )irst 99 *n+lassi)iable in)ants


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7. 1ttachment.Ne- %or>/ Basi+ Boo>s(

Bo-lby, $( D7542(1ttachment and loss2 %ol. ?. Loss" sadness and de)ression.Ne- %or>/ Basi+ Boo>s(

Bretherton, I( D7549( Atta+hent theory/ etrospe+t and prospe+t( In I( Bretherton F E( "aters DEds(,@roing )oints of attachment theory and research..ono&raphs o) the So+iety )or esear+h in

Child #eelopent, Serial


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7="

discovery of an insecure disorganized disoriented attachment pattern main solomon 1986

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