disease management for vegetable production in florida · disease management for vegetable...
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Disease Management for
Vegetable Production in Florida
Shouan Zhang, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Tropical Research and Education Center
University of Florida, IFAS
In-service training (IST # 30614) “New Technology for Commercial
Vegetable Production”, Gainesville, FL. February 27, 2013
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What is a plant disease?
Any problem with a plant that causes
- a reduction in yield OR
- abnormal appearance
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Types of plant disease
Non-infectious:
- can not be spread from a
diseased plant to a healthy plant
Infectious:
- caused by living organisms
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Non-infectious disease
Temperature – low & high
Water – drought & flooding
Hail, Wind, Lightning
Nutrition - deficiency
Pesticide/Herbicide
Chemical
Air Pollution
Other – soil compaction, high salt
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Infectious disease
- Caused by a living organism that is capable of
infecting healthy plant
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What causes infectious disease? - causal agents
Bacterium
Fungus/Fungal-Like Organism (Oomycete)
Virus
Nematode
Phytoplasma
Parasitic Seed Plant
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Bacteria
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/PathogenGroups/Pages/Bacteria.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg
– single-celled pathogens
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Bacterial spot of tomato (Xanthomonas perforans)
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Bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum)
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/PathogenGroups/Pages/
Bacteria.aspx
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Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri)
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/HungryPlanet/Chapter5/Pages/ImageGallery.aspx
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Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/HungryPlanet/Chapter5/Pages/ImageG
allery.aspx
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Fungi/Fungal-like organisms
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http://www.apsnet.org/EDCENTER/INTROPP/HUNG
RYPLANET/CHAPTER10/Pages/ImageGallery.aspx
Botrytis cinerea
- conidia & conidiophores
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Early blight of tomato (Alternaria solani)
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/PotatoTomato.aspx
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Downy mildew of cucurbits (Pseudoperonospora cubensis)
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Oomycetes/Pages/Cucurbits.aspx
- dichotomously branched sporangiophore
- lemon-shaped sporangia
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Late blight of tomato Phytophthora infestans – Great Famine (Ireland)
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Phytophthora blight of squash (Phytophthora capsici)
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Nematodes
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/Nematodes/Pages
/LesionNematode.aspx
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Root-knot nematode on okra
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Viruses
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/PathogenGroups/Pages/PlantViruses.aspx
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Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)
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Bean golden mosaic virus
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Phytoplasma
- specialized bacteria that are obligate
parasites of plant phloem tissue and
transmitting insects (vectors)
- lack of a cell wall
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Aster yellows disease of lettuce
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Disease Triangle
DISEASE
Favorable Environment
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Management of vegetable diseases
Prevention
Monitoring
Accurate diagnosis
Disease thresholds
Management tools
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Pages
/PlantDiseaseManagement.aspx
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Prevention
Plant materials: seed, transplants
Irrigation water
Tools
Workers
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Pages/
PlantDiseaseManagement.aspx
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Monitoring
Scouting
- identify symptom, vector
- review alerts from
diagnostic clinic
scouting company
grower magazine
newsletter
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Diagnosis
Timely & Accurate
- consult extension agents
& diagnostic clinic
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DDIS
Distance Diagnostics and Identification System
http://ddis.ifas.ufl.edu/
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Economic threshold
Understand effect of a specific disease on yield
loss
Determine when chemical control is necessary
- based on the threshold at which level a
disease causes a significant yield loss
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Optimal control strategies
Crop genetic resistance
Cultural
Biological
Chemical
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Host Resistance
affect disease progress by reducing the
amount of inoculum
most economical & effective
TYLCV: South FL
TSWV: North FL
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Cultural Control
reducing the primary inoculum via sanitation,
OR
reducing the rate of disease increase by
modifying the crop environment
Inoculum reduction
- remove infected plant
- destroy alternative host
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- prune to remove infected parts
- clean tool
- rotate crops
- change practices (drip irrigation)
- use disease free seed and propagating
material
- sterilize soil (steam treatment, solarization)
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Biological Control
- affects the rate of pathogen buildup
Parasite
Competitor – nutrition & space
Antibiosis
Induction of host resistance
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Induced resistance in tobacco to CMV by a PGPR strain (B) vs.
control (A)
Kloepper et al. 2004. Phytopathology 94: 1259-1266
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Bacterial spot of tomato (Homestead, 2012-2013)
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Powdery mildew on squash (Homestead, 2009-2010)
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Chemical Control
- affect the amount of inoculum available at the
beginning of the season (i.e., soil fumigation)
and/or reduce the rate of disease development
Why: - kill pathogen
- delay/stop pathogen
growth
Fungicides: protectant & systemic
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Considerations
Accurate identification of the pathogen
e. g. PM vs. DM in bitter melon
Life cycle of pathogen
Proper timing
Temperature
Moisture
Beneficials
Residue of fungicide
Right chemical
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Resistance Management
Fungicides must be used based on recommended
fungicide resistance management strategies:
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi131
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/17/gmo-label-pesticides-
health-proposition-37_n_1797609.html?utm_hp_ref=pesticides
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References
M. Paret, N. Dufault, T. Momol, J. Marois, and S. Olson.
Integrated Disease Management for Vegetable Crops in
Florida. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp111.
Vegetable Production Handbook
for Florida