diseases of pre modern europe
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Read the title and you know what this photographic essay was aboutTRANSCRIPT
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Diseases of Pre-Modern Europe
By: Kathy Turnbull
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Throughout history there have been many maladies caused by microbes.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9OzC-TEnUA/TCuRqLnbdGI/AAAAAAAAARc/RoHfC60SxJU/s1600/microbe.jpg
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Some are minor like a cold or a stomach virus
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/light-virus-1.jpg
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but some can have devastating effects like Ebola.
http://www.brettrussell.com/effects/ebola.jpg
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Some of these diseases have been with us for almost all of recorded history.
http://www.compassionatexpression.com/images/handcrafted%20scroll%20collection.gif
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The major diseases of pre-Modern Europe were smallpox,
http://c0365781.cdn2.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/datas/18426889/original/Smallpox.jpg
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tuberculosis,
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/MTBCDC.jpg
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measles,
http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Measles_virus.jpg
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leprosy,
http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Leprosy/Bacteria_files/image005.jpg
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syphilis,
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11327/350wm/B2200738-Syphilis_bacteria-SPL.jpg
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dysentery,
http://media.eurekalert.org/multimedia_prod/pub/web/23040_web.jpg
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typhus,
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11150/530wm/B2200521-Rickettsia_prowasekii_bacteria_causing_typhus-SPL.jpg
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typhoid fever,
http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2006/salmonella_typhi.jpg
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and the plague.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8e89PjfSxgI/TSc8mGiyePI/AAAAAAAACSQ/V7PF1Hwltpo/s1600/plague-bacteria-sc3519-xl.jpg
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To really understand what these diseases
did we need to define some terms.
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According to Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language; Second College Edition
http://img2.imagesbn.com/images/24410000/24418839.JPG
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endemic means
“restricted to and constantly present in a particular country or
locality: said of a disease” 22,
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epidemic means
“prevalent and spreading rapidly among many
individuals in a community at the same time: widespread:
said esp. of human contagious disease”21,
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and pandemic means
“prevalent over a whole area, country etc.; universal; general;
specific, epidemic over a large area.”23
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The first disease we will talk about is smallpox.
http://c0365781.cdn2.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/datas/18426889/original/Smallpox.jpg
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Smallpox is a virus that only affects humans
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and has no animal reservoir 3(9).
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It is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus
http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/smallpox-structure-250.jpg
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and is composed of a 165-210 kb DNA strand
http://www.lpa.ens.fr/spip/IMG/gif/ADN_animation.gif
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surrounded by a capsule.
http://www.nada.kth.se/~asa/bilder/pvirus.jpg
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Since this disease has no animal reservoir
http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/animal.jpg
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it has existed as an endemic within the human population for hundreds of years with occasional epidemic outbreaks.
http://maximizetravel.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/people-out-persp.gif
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Possibly the first known death of smallpox occurred in Egypt in 1157 BCE when Ramses V died 4(37).
http://www.gorydetails.net/demo_sites/SmallpoxSite/images/ramsesv.jpg
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However the first recorded epidemic in history occurred in Athens, Greece in 430 BCE.
http://www.greece-athens.com/places_images/1.jpg
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Although it remains uncertain if smallpox was the cause of the “Plague of Athens”, it is probable that it was.
http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/480520436-de3869e875.jpg
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The “Plague of Athens” killed an estimated 25-35% of the Athenian population.
http://www.sciencefile.org/system/media/k2/items/cache/82cdc4575b4cb55c0f3c0b126c5d7873_XL.jpg
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This epidemic was significant because it occurred during Athens’ war with Sparta
http://www.kidspast.com/images/sparta-athens-greece.jpg
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and killed one of the great leaders, Pericles.
http://theory369.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Athenian_empire_atheight_450_shepherd1923.png
This left Athens in a bad position and helped to lead
to the downfall of the Athenian empire 5 (1-3).
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The next serious outbreak of smallpox occurred in 165 BCE in the midst of the Roman Empire.
http://www.crystalinks.com/romanempiremap.gif
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It is estimated that as many as five million people died during this epidemic,
http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig2/smallpox.jpg
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and as in the Athenian plague,
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2TCYQxSUqGQ/TCSwTxyIsCI/AAAAAAAAI14/OHI1pFgC8CQ/s1600/the+plague+of+Athens.jpg
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destabilized the country leading to several years of war and instability throughout the Roman Empire 5 (17)..
http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/assets/0910/0000/0241/the_roman_legion.jpg
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More epidemics of smallpox broke out through the world in Japan and the Americas
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KLZqJvojvls/S7RXid7pM1I/AAAAAAAAACQ/0LTpBUqTeuc/s1600/When+You+Visit+To+Japan.jpg
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but no real smallpox epidemics occurred again in pre-modern Europe
http://globaltwilight.edublogs.org/files/2011/04/middle_ages-vhfayu.jpg
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and instead existed in an endemic stage until the eighteenth century
http://www.liv.ac.uk/arts_ses_images/18cworlds/Zoffany_-_Young_I.jpg
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when smallpox once again became one of the great epidemics of Europe killing an estimated 400,000 people
http://katiephd.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/inoculation.jpg
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in a European population that numbered less than 200 million 5 (151).
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01506/population-article_1506492c.jpg
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However smallpox, which may have killed more people throughout history than any other disease,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/220px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG
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was finally eradicated from the general human population in 1979
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Smallpox_vaccine_injection.jpg/220px-Smallpox_vaccine_injection.jpg
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and now only frozen virus stocks are left in 2 locations on the planet 3 (76).
http://www.arcatoglobal.com/images/ag_cdc.jpg
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The next great disease of pre-Modern Europe was thought to no longer be a major threat
http://www.thejoyofshards.co.uk/history/byzantine_4516.jpg
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but has made a comeback on the danger scale with drug-resistant strains.
http://www.antibioticsandalcohol.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/antibiotics-and-alcohol-drugs.jpg
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Tuberculosis has been a disease that has affected human cities and villages for millions of years
http://c0365781.cdn2.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/datas/2804/original/tuberculosis.jpg
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and has a close relationship with human populations6.
https://s3.amazonaws.com/lessonplanet-files/public/uploaded_images/3517/human_population_lesson_plans_medium.jpg
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Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis
http://textbookofbacteriology.net/MTBCDC.jpg
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The infection is spread through water droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person7.
http://www.firehow.com/images/stories/users/80/cough.jpg
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The tuberculosis bacteria is in a family of bacteria that often colonize mammals
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/275px-Mammal_Diversity_2011.png
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and if untreated the bacteria will begin to eat through the tissues of the body.
http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/tissue-types-picture.jpg?9d7bd4
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Some of the oldest records of tuberculosis in European history
http://masterghistory.com/images/europe.gif
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are in the skeleton of someone in Italy dating from 4000 to 3500 BCE6.
http://images.starfishred.multiply.com/image/1/photos/upload/300x300/SM-jzQoKCtUAADp0VBQ1/45023209-skeleton226.jpg?et=joQnAtv%2BNlZDye5cYlWUuQ&nmid=0
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Although this disease has not had as great an impact on European history in terms of epidemics,
http://www.semp.us/_images/securitas/novdecS4photoD.jpg
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it has had an impact as an endemic contributing to the affects of malaria on the Roman empire
http://www.rainforesteducation.com/terrors/malaria/Anopheles_stephensi.jpg
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and the decline of leprosy during the Middle Ages5 (39).
http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/leper3.jpg
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This disease can now be fought in modern times with antibiotics,
http://education.technyou.edu.au/sites/default/files/images/bio/antibiotics.jpg
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however new strains are developing such as multidrug-resistant strains (MDR-TB) and extensively resistant strains (XDR-TB),
http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/icbdd/images/infectious2.jpg
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which affect thousands of people and are resistant to most antibiotics affecting global travel6.
http://travelersbackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/global_travel.jpg
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Measles, a “childhood disease”, was also one of the main diseases of pre-modern Europe.
http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_105_skinILM/measles_files/image002.jpg
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In many of the early plagues such as the Plague of Athens and the Antonine Plague,
http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/antonine-plague-300x216.jpg
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measles may have been the culprit instead of smallpox5 (18).
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080620/images/measles.jpg
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Measles is caused by the measles virus (MeV) of the Morbillivirus genus,
http://rybicki.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/para-3.gif
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and is closely related to the Rinderpast virus (RPV) 8.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Rinderpest_Virus.JPG
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It is associated with a fever, a cough, and a rash similar to smallpox.
http://www.babble.com/CS/blogs/strollerderby/2008/01/08-15/chillow_kid_fever.jpg
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Measles affects approximately 30 million people a year, mostly in developing countries8.
http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Shared_ASP_Files/GFSR.asp?NodeID=210085&AttributeName=FileName
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This disease is similar to smallpox in that it has no animal reservoir;
http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/tiger.jpg
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however the death rate is about 7% 8.
http://ingenre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/death.jpg
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Measles was first described accurately in the 9th century by Rhazes.
http://www.lsg.sch.ae/departments/history/arabic_medicine_web/images/Past/rhazes.jpg
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Measles didn’t exist so much as an epidemic in pre-Modern European populations,
http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/images/christ_mosaic.jpg
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but more as an endemic with 90% of all children, by the age of 15, being affected8.
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Although there has been a vaccine developed for measles
http://deskofbrian.com/wp-content/uploads/New-measles-vaccine.jpg
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there are still occurrences of measles throughout the world
http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/3E0F9160-E7F2-99DF-358998AA3C1A910F_1.jpg
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but especially in developing countries where vaccination is not always as common.
http://zunia.org/uploads/pics/41444-Niger-vaccination33.jpg
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It is estimated that 1.9% of the 10.8 million infant deaths every year is caused by measles9.
http://www.the-parenting-magazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/nursery-rhymes-41.jpg
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However there is hope that measles too, can be eradicated like smallpox.
http://www.about-child.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Symptoms-Of-Measles-In-Children-1.jpg
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Leprosy, another epidemic within Europe, is often thought of as a catch-all phrase for any number of different skin diseases.
http://www.indchurch.org/indchurch_files/leprosy-hands.jpg
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Today the disease that is referred to as leprosy is “Hansen’s disease”1 (175).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Leprosy.jpg/230px-Leprosy.jpg
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The Mycobacterium leprae bacterium causes the disease10.
http://www.human-healths.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Mycobacterium-leprae3.jpg
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The bacterium often causes lesions on the skin
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-38pWUWuKM4Y/Te4m0oz3WpI/AAAAAAAABJw/KFxf2QdIngg/s1600/Leprosy.jpg
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which can lead to deformations, loss of extremities and bone damage5 (35).
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/hommedia.ashx?id=9238&size=Small
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Almost all forms of leprosy can lead to nerve damage in the arms and legs
http://www.mcvitamins.com/images/neurop2.gif
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and if untreated permanent damage can be present in the skin nerves, eyes, and limbs10.
http://www.indchurch.org/indchurch_files/MLS-leprosy%2011.jpg
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The disease appears to have first appeared in the 6th century AD in Egypt, France, and Britain1 (144-145).
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_GmSJ6PSNQ1c/Swz4B3JjxuI/AAAAAAAAADM/bopgDOLJSBk/s1600/glastonbury-tor.jpg
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However it was not widespread until about 1000 AD,
http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/PamMack/lec124/viking.jpg
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when leprosy thrived until about 1350 AD.
http://cbertel.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/medieval-medicine-leprosy.jpg
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Leprosy affected medieval culture and society.
http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Leprosy/Historical_files/image008.jpg
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Leprosaria, institutions where lepers were secluded were created throughout Europe
http://www.fotothing.com/photos/47d/47d4a74cea29f16f218adaf30fd458db.jpg
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and the disease was associated with shunning,
http://bulk2.destructoid.com/ul/149595-pspgo.jpg
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so much so that now the word leper means “someone who is shunned, especially on moral grounds”5 (35).
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However, surprisingly, leprosy suddenly declined after the Black Death1 (175).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Holbein-death.png/220px-Holbein-death.png
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The decline was such that by about 1500, leprosy was scarce in Europe5 (35).
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/300589/530wm/N5240001-Woodcut_of_leprosy_in_medieval_times-SPL.jpg
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This may have been due to the rise of tuberculosis,
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg/230px-Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg
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which is easier to spread than leprosy, and the lower population1 (176).
http://wwwimage.cbsnews.com/images/2007/08/29/image3216569.jpg
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However leprosy is still present today.
http://www.damienfoundation.org/the_diseases_we_tackle/images/lepra-vandaag.jpg
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According to the World Health Organization (WHO) at the beginning of 2010 there were 211,903 cases of leprosy in 141
countries.
http://www.medicaidcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/World-Health-Organization.jpg
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75% of all of the cases occur in South American and African countries11.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg/220px-South_America_-_Blue_Marble_orthographic.jpg
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Yet efforts are being put into place to lower the incidence of leprosy worldwide.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/3E0F9160-E7F2-99DF-358998AA3C1A910F_1.jpg
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Syphilis, a modern scourge, was also present in pre-modern Europe.
http://www.stdinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/what-is-syphilis.jpg
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It is caused by a bacterium, Treponema pallidum.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Treponema_pallidum.jpg/200px-Treponema_pallidum.jpg
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The symptom of syphilis is generally a sore called a chancre at the site where the bacteria entered the body12.
https://online.epocrates.com/data_dx/reg/50/img/50-1-hlight.jpg
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Lymph glands may also be swollen and a sore throat, tiredness, and a headache may also occur.
http://microbiology2009.wikispaces.com/file/view/LYmp_nodes/71787523/LYmp_nodes
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However, if untreated, syphilis may result in damage to the heart, eyes, brain, nervous system, bones, joints,
http://www.buzzle.com/images/diagrams/nervous-system/labeled-nervous-system-diagram.jpg
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and can result in mental illness, blindness, deafness, memory loss, heart disease, and death12.
http://scienceblogs.com/thoughtfulanimal/2010/11/05/mentalillness.jpg
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It appears to have first appeared in Europe in July 1495 in troops fighting in northern Italy5 (69).
http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/2695264.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=45B0EB3381F7834DBF12693B2AEEAEEBD30C82DDEB9501F4E23FEF406871B787
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It then spread quickly throughout Europe
http://www.smoothhound.co.uk/images/europe.gif
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as armies carried it with them home and to the places where battles took place.
http://thiswritelife.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/800px-french_troops_and_artillery_entering_naples_1495.jpg
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The people of Europe were horrified at the disease because pustules formed and then the body seemed to rot5 (69).
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7mgRdSFz1-c/TScUSBYrthI/AAAAAAAABz0/jza5Wxi1pcM/s1600/pustule.jpg
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Another reason for the Europeans horror at syphilis was that it was not a respecter of station and affected everyone5 (59-60).
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_6-97fCRS_-M/S-N1JwwzEHI/AAAAAAAAAPo/G3lwrFZNYVw/s1600/Tournament_bavarian_engraving.png
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Although it is not conclusive that this disease was today’s syphilis, it is likely that it was.
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11327/350wm/B2200738-Syphilis_bacteria-SPL.jpg
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The response to the disease was varied from sweating the disease to isolating those affected5 (73-75).
http://condor.wesleyan.edu/courses/2007f/engl205/01/comedies/graphics/sweatingtub.jpg
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Today syphilis can be cured by penicillin
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/__8fOJ3wuIcs/TSSj2u_By4I/AAAAAAAAANE/J7D1F4tBdSc/s1600/penicillin.gif
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and is still a pretty common disease with 13,500 cases reported by the US in 200812.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Treponema_pallidum.jpg/200px-Treponema_pallidum.jpg
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Another disease common during war was dysentery.
http://www.netterimages.com/images/vpv/000/000/002/2161-0550x0475.jpg
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It is caused by a bacterium, often of the Shigella species,
http://www.human-healths.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Shigellosis-Bacillary-dysentery-1.jpg
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or an amoeba, Entamoeba histolytica.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Entamoeba_histolytica_01.jpg/240px-Entamoeba_histolytica_01.jpg
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Dysentery is characterized by bloody diarrhea14.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ip5KATbDM4s/TmhQfcvYekI/AAAAAAAAEpw/xGSgHCN3H5E/s320/dysentery.jpg
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Although dysentery generally doesn’t kill unless the patient is severely dehydrated,
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/145/380088194_c28ca7a031.jpg
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it is the major cause of diarrhea related deaths in developing countries13.
http://www.latimes.com/media/photo/2011-03/359681640-22120228.jpg
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Major outbreaks of dysentery in pre-Modern Europe occurred in ancient Rome in conjunction with malaria
http://clarosci.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Malaria_red-295x300.jpg
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and in Germanic areas during the Thirty Years War.
http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/riley/787/30/30.jpg
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Both soldiers and civilians were affected by the war and the disease that accompanied the travelling armies.
http://www.granger.com/pix/WOH/GER/0103431_T.JPG
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Dysentery was present as an epidemic at the time of the Thirty Years War5 (97).
http://anubisstudios.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/a003056.jpg
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Another disease, typhus, was present as an epidemic during the Thirty Years War5 (97).
http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11150/530wm/B2200521-Rickettsia_prowasekii_bacteria_causing_typhus-SPL.jpg
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It is caused by either Rickettsia typhi
http://www.health-healths.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Rickettsia-Typh-1.jpg
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or Rickettsia prowazeki and is transferred by fleas.
http://www.health-healths.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Rickettsia-Prowazekii.jpg
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Aches, high fever, and a rash are all common symptoms of typhus
http://www.lifemartini.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/symptoms-of-typhus1.jpg
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and may be confused with the symptoms of other diseases.
http://www.tenniselbowtips.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/elbow-aches-and-pains.jpg
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In pre-Modern Europe, 10-60% of the people who contracted the disease were likely to die from it
http://www.damninteresting.net/content/Woodcut.JPG
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and during the Thirty Years War many people were infected17.
http://hss.state.ak.us/gcdse/history/Images/section%2002%20-%20dark%20ages/2c-london-map.jpg
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It is estimated that in 1620, 20,000 people in the troops were infected
http://www.military-art.com/mall/images/dhm1096.jpg
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and in Frankfurt over 1,700 died when the usual death rate was 6005 (97).
http://wikitravel.org/upload/en/thumb/8/88/Frankfurt_Roemer.jpeg/300px-Frankfurt_Roemer.jpeg
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The devastation of war and epidemic diseases resulted in an estimated population loss of 15 or 20% in Germanic states5 (97).
http://e-gen.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/germany-map.jpg
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One example of this is the Duchy of Württemberg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/W%C3%BCrttemberg_1495.gif
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which went from a population of 445,000 in 1622 to a population of 97,000 in 16395 (97).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tuebingen_Neckarfront.jpg/265px-Tuebingen_Neckarfront.jpg
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Some of the population deficit may be a result of flight or disappearance
http://thefrailestthing.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/an-allegory-of-the-wars-of-religion.jpg
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but there is still a large part of the population that died from epidemic diseases such as typhus and war.
http://www.human-healths.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Epidemic-typhus1.jpg
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Today typhus is treatable with antibiotics like Doxycycline, Tetracycline, and Chloramphenicol18.
http://www.drsfostersmith.com/images/Categoryimages/normal/p-50356-45451-tetracycline.jpg
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The spread of typhus occurs worldwide near areas where rats live.
http://www.weirdasianews.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/RatInfestationNepal.jpg
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However in the US only a few cases are reported and those are generally in people living in Texas and Southern California15.
http://home.freiepresse.de/uwdel/umonu21.jpg
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Typhoid fever on the other hand is caused by Salmonella typhi
http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2006/salmonella_typhi.jpg
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which can infect people by the food or water they ingest16.
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Symptoms include a fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain19.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/stomacheache.jpg
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The death rate is estimated at 10% untreated
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and today an estimated 17 million cases occur each year16.
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This disease was another player in the Thirty Year War but was not a large player in pre-Modern Europe.
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However this did become a major endemic problem in America and Europe in the nineteenth century5 (249).
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The last disease we will look at is the plague.
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The plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis.
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It is endemic in populations of rats but can be spread to people5 (24).
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Although the plague is not nearly as common now, it is still present in Africa, Asia, and South America with rare occurrences in
the US.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/images/world98_sm.gif
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There are three types of plague, bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic.
http://sanctuary.prelucid.com/images/128045672748.jpg
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There is a treatment for the plague
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Science/images-4/black-plague-death.jpg
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but it requires immediate attention after the first signs or death is likely for the victim.
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Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, and Ciprofloxacin are used to treat the plague
http://www.mims.com/resources/drugs/Indonesia/pic/Streptomycin%20Sulphate%20Meiji%20powd%20for%20inj_7234.gif
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but other forms of support may still be needed.
http://medicineworld.org/images/blogs/3-2009/intravenous-treatment-6901.jpg
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Even so, with treatment the death rate of people infected with plague is 50% 20.
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However, when compared to usual odds without treatment, these odds are great.
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60-90% of all people who contract bubonic plague die without treatment.
http://sfgbritlit2007.pbworks.com/f/1192213951/catA_plagueBubonic1Lg.jpg
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Those who confront pneumonic plague almost always die within 2-3 days.
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/sebin/v/v/plague_x-ray.jpg
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However those who contract septicemic plague are likely to die within hours of contracting it, since this form is universally lethal2
(15-16).
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There were three major plague pandemics and several epidemics throughout Europe.
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The first plague pandemic occurred in pre-Modern Europe from 541-747 AD.
http://contagions.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/khaldun_c_sp2plague-bal.jpg
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During that time several waves of plague epidemics traveled through the area of Europe.
http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/plague_spread_europe.jpg
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Witnesses to the plague claim that 5,000 to 10,000 people died daily in Constantinople in the years 541-5445 (23).
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Descriptions of cities affected talk of corpses rotting in the streets,
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living babies sucking on their dead mother’s breasts,
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and the smell of death permeating the cities5 (25).
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The next pandemic occurred from 1346-1844 and was popularly called the Black Death.
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Within Europe only about 3 areas were partly or totally spared by the plague but they were very small in size5 (42).
http://www.trippintheplanet.com/city/Bubonic_plague_map.png
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The estimated mortality for Europe is estimated at 60% of the population5 (43).
http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/033/cache/plague-painting_3338_600x450.jpg?01AD=3i0ndabHKA21VtUxl0k2ZzFTHqL0daUBDijYpcidHo55cmbk9yVzT9w&01RI=F82CC368DADBDAC&01NA=
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This translates into 50 million Europeans dying in a total population of 80 million people5 (43).
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However after 1353 the plague was not as widespread
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but was present in some European location every year between 1347 and 16705 (46).
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/MEC-BC/images/medieval_fair.jpg
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During this second pandemic the devastating epidemic in London in 1665 occurred
http://cache2.artprintimages.com/p/LRG/38/3844/LJWYF00Z/art-print/the-great-plague-in-london-1665-illustration-of-men-loading-dead-bodies-onto-a-cart.jpg
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where 75,000 to 100,000 died in one city which had an original population of about 460,0005 (119).
http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367images/london.jpg
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The plague had a major impact on European society since the working population was so depleted
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and caused people to believe that God was angry with them5 (57).
http://sljglobal.wikispaces.com/file/view/medieval_church.jpg/168742453/medieval_church.jpg
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Although there are still plague epidemics, today it can be treated.
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The third plague pandemic began in 1894
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and spread through much of Asia, Africa and then to every continent except Antartica5 (332).
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These diseases and epidemics provide great examples
http://hsc.sca.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0019/5851/5_bacteria_variety.JPG
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of what a virus or bacteria can do if it is easily transmitted and in a virgin population.
http://www.desktopclass.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/antibac_pix_virus_types-300x226.jpg
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The epidemics and pandemics of pre-Modern Europe can serve as examples of how a disease can be transferred
http://turkeymacedonia.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/europe.gif
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and may help with pandemics that exist today such as AIDs
http://civilrightsandwrongs.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/aids-ribbon.jpg
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or the emergence of a new microbe with similar spread patterns as these diseases.
http://www.techvert.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/30/oil-eating-microbes-consume-oil-plume/microbes.jpg
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CreditsMusic FromSmr00 PlayingAn original piece2PM’s I Hate You
Without UTik- Tok ftr.Yoon Eun Hye
2AM’s I Was WrongCan’t Let You Go Even If I Die
Yiruma PlayingWhen The Love FallsSpring WaltzMy Memory and Only YouLove MeKiss the RainMayTill I Find YouAutume SceneDo YouFarewellThe MomentIf I could See You AgainIts Your DayLove HurtsMoonlightRiver Flows In YouSometimes SomeoneTime Forgets…Wait ThereWhat Beautiful StarsMaybe
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Credits Cont.Photos From• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_9OzC-TEnUA/TCuRqLnbdGI/AAAAAAAAARc/RoHfC60SxJU/s1600/microbe.jpg • http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/light-virus-1.jpg • http://www.brettrussell.com/effects/ebola.jpg • http://www.compassionatexpression.com/images/handcrafted%20scroll%20collection.gif • http://c0365781.cdn2.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/datas/18426889/original/Smallpox.jpg • http://textbookofbacteriology.net/MTBCDC.jpg • http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Measles_virus.jpg • http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Leprosy/Bacteria_files/image005.jpg • http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11327/350wm/B2200738-Syphilis_bacteria-SPL.jpg • http://media.eurekalert.org/multimedia_prod/pub/web/23040_web.jpg • http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/11150/530wm/B2200521-Rickettsia_prowasekii_bacteria_causing_typhus-SPL.jpg • http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/2006/salmonella_typhi.jpg • http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8e89PjfSxgI/TSc8mGiyePI/AAAAAAAACSQ/V7PF1Hwltpo/s1600/plague-bacteria-sc3519-xl.jpg • http://img2.imagesbn.com/images/24410000/24418839.JPG • http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/smallpox-structure-250.jpg • http://www.lpa.ens.fr/spip/IMG/gif/ADN_animation.gif • http://www.nada.kth.se/~asa/bilder/pvirus.jpg • http://saypeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/animal.jpg • http://maximizetravel.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/people-out-persp.gif • http://www.gorydetails.net/demo_sites/SmallpoxSite/images/ramsesv.jpg • http://www.greece-athens.com/places_images/1.jpg • http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/480520436-de3869e875.jpg • http://www.sciencefile.org/system/media/k2/items/cache/82cdc4575b4cb55c0f3c0b126c5d7873_XL.jpg • http://www.kidspast.com/images/sparta-athens-greece.jpg • http://theory369.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Athenian_empire_atheight_450_shepherd1923.png • http://www.crystalinks.com/romanempiremap.gif • http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig2/smallpox.jpg • http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_2TCYQxSUqGQ/TCSwTxyIsCI/AAAAAAAAI14/OHI1pFgC8CQ/s1600/the+plague+of+Athens.jpg • http://gallery.nen.gov.uk/assets/0910/0000/0241/the_roman_legion.jpg • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_KLZqJvojvls/S7RXid7pM1I/AAAAAAAAACQ/0LTpBUqTeuc/s1600/When+You+Visit+To+Japan.jpg
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Credits Cont.Photos From• http://globaltwilight.edublogs.org/files/2011/04/middle_ages-vhfayu.jpg • http://www.liv.ac.uk/arts_ses_images/18cworlds/Zoffany_-_Young_I.jpg • http://katiephd.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/inoculation.jpg • http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01506/population-article_1506492c.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG/220px-Smallpox_virus_virions_TEM_PHIL_1849.JPG • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Smallpox_vaccine_injection.jpg/220px-Smallpox_vaccine_injection.jpg • http://www.arcatoglobal.com/images/ag_cdc.jpg • http://www.thejoyofshards.co.uk/history/byzantine_4516.jpg • http://www.antibioticsandalcohol.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/antibiotics-and-alcohol-drugs.jpg • http://c0365781.cdn2.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/datas/2804/original/tuberculosis.jpg • https://s3.amazonaws.com/lessonplanet-files/public/uploaded_images/3517/human_population_lesson_plans_medium.jpg • http://textbookofbacteriology.net/MTBCDC.jpg • http://www.firehow.com/images/stories/users/80/cough.jpg • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mammal_Diversity_2011.png/275px-Mammal_Diversity_2011.png • http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/tissue-types-picture.jpg?9d7bd4 • http://masterghistory.com/images/europe.gif • http://images.starfishred.multiply.com/image/1/photos/upload/300x300/SM-jzQoKCtUAADp0VBQ1/45023209-skeleton226.jpg?et=joQnAtv%2BNlZDye5cYlWUuQ&nmid=0 • http://www.semp.us/_images/securitas/novdecS4photoD.jpg • http://www.rainforesteducation.com/terrors/malaria/Anopheles_stephensi.jpg • http://www2.kenyon.edu/projects/margin/leper3.jpg • http://education.technyou.edu.au/sites/default/files/images/bio/antibiotics.jpg • http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/icbdd/images/infectious2.jpg • http://travelersbackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/global_travel.jpg • http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/IDS_105_skinILM/measles_files/image002.jpg • http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/antonine-plague-300x216.jpg • http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080620/images/measles.jpg • http://rybicki.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/para-3.gif • http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Rinderpest_Virus.JPG • http://www.babble.com/CS/blogs/strollerderby/2008/01/08-15/chillow_kid_fever.jpg • http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Shared_ASP_Files/GFSR.asp?NodeID=210085&AttributeName=FileName • http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/tiger.jpg • http://ingenre.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/death.jpg • http://www.lsg.sch.ae/departments/history/arabic_medicine_web/images/Past/rhazes.jpg • http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/images/christ_mosaic.jpg • http://deskofbrian.com/wp-content/uploads/New-measles-vaccine.jpg • http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/3E0F9160-E7F2-99DF-358998AA3C1A910F_1.jpg • http://zunia.org/uploads/pics/41444-Niger-vaccination33.jpg
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