diskusia megruli metyvelebis statusis sesaxeb xx saukunis...

Actual Problems of Kartvelology

5

marika TedoraZe, tariel futkaraZe

diskusia megruli metyvelebis statusis Sesaxeb

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi /Tanamedrove konteqstiT/

Sesavali

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier sa-

qarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupacia-aneqsiis

Semdeg odnav gansxvavebuli sqemiT gagrZelda mefis ruse-

Tis dros SemuSavebuli enobrivi politika qarTveli

eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTulebiT; ker-Zod:

mefis ruseTi cdilobda, qarTvelTa erTi nawilisaTvis

(megrelebis, svanebis, lazebisaTvis...) RvTismsaxurebisa da

ganaTlebis enad mravalsaukunovani qarTulis nacvlad

jer kuTxuri dialeqti SeeTavazebina, Semdeg ki rusuli

ena daemkvidrebina. bolSevikebs RvTismsaxurebis ena ar

ainteresebdaT, Tumca igive politika gaagrZeles ganaTle-

bis sferoSi. am mizniT Seecadnen, qarTuli SeecvalaT,

erTi mxriv, rusuliT (revoluciis eniT), meore mxriv ki

- adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT. qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri

danawevrebis miznidan gamomdinare, bolSevikebmac dialeq-

tebi "ganuviTarebel enebad" - "umwerlobo enebad" gamo-

acxades (rasac zogi dResac imeorebs). am mimarTulebiT

1922 wlidanve samegreloSi gaaqtiurda ramdenime jgufi,

romelTac Tavdapirvelad i. stalinis mxardaWera hqondaT.

maT daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos (metwilad samegrelos)

Rirseuli Svilebi. dapirispireba presaSi daiwyo. diskusia

mimdinareobda 1922-1932 wlebSi; gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi

midgoma:

- samegreloSi dawyebiT safexurze swavleba da

gazeTebi yofiliyo megrulad (svaneTSi – svanurad,

lazeTSi – lazurad); - samegrelos (svaneTis, lazeTis) qarTul skolebSi megruli (svanuri, lazuri) metyveleba gamoyenebuliyo

mfg ქართველოლოგიის აქტუალური პრობლემები

6

damxmare saSualebad, gazeTebi ki gamocemuliyo istoriul dedaenaze - qarTul enaze.

aTwliani farTomasStabiani diskusia dasrulda 1932-33

wlebSi arn. Ciqobavas mier Camoyalibebuli daskvniT, ro-

melic erT arsebiT sakiTxSi i. stalins daupirispirda.

naSromSi detalurad gavaanalizebT "megrulenovani" (aseve,

"svanurenovani") skolebis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb 1933 wlis mTavrobis Sesabamisi struqturis sagangebo komisiis

daskvnis momzadebis processa da arn. Ciqobavas argumen-

tebs; SevecdebiT am procesis meqanizmis Sefasebas winais-

toriisa da Tanamedrove konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT (ru-

seTis imperiis mier SemuSavebuli sqema-strategia dResac

aqtualuria: icvlebian mxolod moqmedi pirebi).

qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria mokled (uxsovari dro-idan bolSevikuri okupaciis periodamde).

didi albaTobiT, qarTvelTa enobrivi istoria moicavs,

sul mcire, 35 saukunes. savaraudod, qarTuli samwignob-

ro ena Seiqmna 23 saukunis win - qujisa da farnavazis

periodSi – saerToqarTveluri enis safuZvelze: qar-

TvelTa samwignobro ena daefuZna ara qarTl-kaxur dia-

leqts, aramed Tanamedrove qarTvelTa yvela enobrivi qve-

sistemisaTvis amosaval enobriv variants1.

bolo 16 saukunis dokumenturi monacemebis mixedviT

danamdvilebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT:

qarTuli samwignobro enis CamomZerwav mwignobarTa di-

di nawili iyo istoriuli egrisidan (amJamindeli sameg-relo, guria, afxazeTi, svaneTi, aWara, livana, lazeTi,

klarjeTi, imereTi); swored amiT unda aixsnas Semdegi

faqti: samegrelosa Tu svaneTis, kaxeTisa Tu qarTlis

Svilebs arasodes ucdiaT, samwignobro kultura SeeqmnaT

mSobliuri dialeqtis mixedviT, ramdenadac yvelam kargad

icoda, rom mravalsaukunovani samwignobro qarTuli ena

1 t. futkaraZe, saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro eni-sa, 2006. The Origin of the Georgian Literary Language and its Prospects, Tbilisi, 2006; http://www.scribd.com/doc/11390384/The-Origin-of-the-Georgian-Literary-Language-and-its-Prospects;


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winaprebis mier Seqmnli saerTo dedaena iyo. saukuneebis

manZilze, sxva qarTvelebis msgavsad, samegrelos mosaxle-

obac Zerwavda qarTul samwignobro enas; am eniT iRe-bda ganaTlebas da aRasrulebda RvTismsaxurebas2.

kavkasiis iaraRiT dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTis imperiis

moxeleebma intensiurad daiwyes adgilobrivTa asimilacii-

sa da "gaTiSe da ibatones" gegmis ganxorcieleba; kerZod,

XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedidan gaaqtiurdnen qarTvelTa

asimilaciisa da enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTule-

biT. am gzaze pirveli nabiji iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

kancelariaSi, eklesiasa da saero ganaTlebis sistemaSi

qarTuli enis gamoyenebis SezRudva. me-19 saukunis 60-iani

wlebidan ki rusi moxeleebi cdiloben qarTuli enis

srulad gamodevnas saqarTvelos or kuTxidan - svaneTidan

da samegrelodan. am mizniT rusuli anbanis safuZvelze

generalma uslarma Seqmna "svanuri anbani", xolo peter-

burgelma profesorma al. grenma - megruli anbani. amave

periodSi, levickis iniciativiT, xonis seminariis maswav-

leblebma: ivan petrovma da Tada aSordiam Seqmnes meore

megruli anbani, Seadgines megruli sakiTxavi teqstebi.

rusi moxeleebis saboloo mizani iyo qarTvelTa enobrivi

istoriis, saeklesio tradiciisa da mecnieruli logikis

ignorirebiT qarTuli enis Canacvleba rusuli eniT3.

2 vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi (istoriuli sacxovrisi, samwignobro ena, dialeqtebi, 2005, gv. 624; ingl. versia: gv.

395-394; Turq. versia: gv. 395-492; The Georgians The Kartvels (Historical Home, Mother Tongue Dialects); English version pg. 395-492; Turkish version pg. 331-394; gamomcemloba "quTaisis saxelmwifo universite-ti"; Publishing house "Akaki Tsereteli State University" ;http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-the-Kartvels; http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158759/Kartveller-Gurculer; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis Sesavali, Tb., 2014. 3 ix., mag., graf nikita paninis (1770 w.), general tormasovis (1810 w.), Stabskapitan Saxovskisa (1834 w.) da sxvaTa gegmebis Sesabamisad moqmedi kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli kirile ianovski 1881 wels aqveynebs cirkulars, romlis mixedviTac sa-qarTvelos teritoriaze dawyebiTi klasebidanve unda SemoRebu-

liyo rusulenovani swavleba.


8

1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickim kategoriulad moiT-

xova samegrelos skolebis megrul enaze gadayvana. es iyo

pirveli mcdeloba, swavlebisa da RvTismsaxurebis sfero-

Si megruli metyvelebis damkvidrebiT srulad gada-

efaraT qarTuli enis istoriuli funqcia saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi. rusi moxeleebis "argumenti" aseTi iyo: meg-rel-svanTaTvis qarTuli dedaena ar aris; megrelebis de-

daenaa umwerlobo megruli ena, svanebisa ki - umwerlobo

svanuri ena; Sesabamisad, maT keTilSobilur miznad gamo-

acxades, am "mcire xalxebisaTvis" SeeqmnaT samwignobro

kultura4.

am process Tedo Jordania da Tedo saxokia ase aR-weren:

T. Jordania: "ara naklebi Rvawli mimiZRvis me, ro-gorc mebrZols ianovskis proeqtisas. aman xom qarTuli

ena samegrelos skolebidan amoagdo. Semdeg amisa xeli

mihyo dasamxobad qarTvelT eklesiisa, e.i. saeklesio enisa,

samegreloSi... viRac naZiralebs qarTuli locvebi

megrulad gadaaTargmnia da egzarxosis dasturi iTxova. aq isev me davuxvdi... ramdeni usiamovneba amaze me momadga.

piradad me amaze aras vityvi, xolo ianovskisagan dawyebu-

li saqme samudamod CaifuSa... imereTSi gadasvlis Semdeg

me aRvadgine qarTuli enis ufleba svaneTis skolebSi (sa-

dac qarTuli ena gadagdebuli iyo 1903 wlidan)"5.

T. saxokia: "yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sa-

kiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi

gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi

4 sakiTxis istoriisa da samecniero literaturis mimoxilvisaT-vis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, "evropuli qar-tia regionuli an umciresobis enis Sesaxeb" da saqarTvelo",

quTaisi, 2010; T. Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R. Serozia "European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" and Georgia", Kutaisi, 2010; http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-Revaz-Seroozia-2010 5 Tedo Jordania, qarTuli enisaTvis brZola 1882-1910 wlebSi da vin daicva qarTuli ena samegrelos samrevlo SkolebSi? (an-tikritika pasuxad b. i. fancxavas da mis kampanias); quTaisi, 1913. gv. 15-17. stamba "Zmoba"


9

moikides. roca saqarTvelos sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauq-mda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva nawilebi gaerTianda,

rusis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da ga-

dawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa.

1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze.

aq saministro skolebidan qarTuli ena gamodevnil iyo, rogorc aradedaena da pirdapir rusulis saSualebiT aswavlidnen sagnebs... ase midioda samegrelos garusebis saqme 1890 wlamde. am xnidan iwyeba ufro "dasabuTebiT"

uaryofa qarTuli enisa, rogorc samSoblo enisa... am xni-

dan scenaze gamodis kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli

ianovski (tomiT poloneli) da misi marjvena xeli levicki

(isic poloneli)... levickim xonis seminariis maswavlebel

petrovs megrelTaTvis calke anbanic Seadgenina, ra Tqma

unda, rusuli asoebiT da imave seminariis muSakis da Sem-

degSi "cnobili" Tada aSordias saSualebiT megruli xal-

xuri zRaprebi Tu leqsebic Caawerina; es saxelmZRvanelo

unda gamxdariyo samegrelos skolebSi. T. aSordias kargi

adgili misces, materialurad uzrunvelyves, Tan daavales,

zugdidis mazraSi qarTuli ena, Tuki sadme arsebobda

aseTi, skolebidan gamoedevna da xeli Seewyo rusuli

enis ganmtkicebisaTvis. aSordias Tavis mxriv agentebic

gauCndnen da gaaCaRa saqme; samegrelos skola gadaiqca bavSvebis daClungebisa da gadagvarebis erTgvar qarxnad.

erTi Tofis dacliT mTavrobam ori kurdRlis mokvla

moaxerxa: samegrelos saministro skolebidan qarTuli ga-

modevna da garusebis gzaze Seayena samegrelos mkvidrni...

gansakuTrebiT samegrelosaTvis Seiqmna mZime dekanoz vos-

torgovis farfaSi. igi Tamamad iZaxda: megrelebi sxvani

arian, qarTvelebTan saerTo araferi aqvT da amitom qar-

Tuli ena maTs skolebSi ar unda iswavlebodes, mis magiv-

rad rusuli, saxelmwifo ena, aswavleTo... 1905 w. revo-

luciam cotaTi Seanela Cveni rusifikatorebis gulmodgi-

neba. revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebisTanave, bnele-

Tis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi maswavlebel

stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT megrelebi gamovid-

nen levicki-vostorgovis mier dawyebuli saqmis ganmgrZob-


10

ni, rogorc moxaliseni. magram yvelas balRTa laRobad

migvaCnda maTi nacodvili da seriozulobaSi ar Camogvir-

Tmevia, sanam 1925 wels, roca yvelaze nakleb movelodiT

aseTi avantiuris gaRviZebas, zugdidSi daiwyo avtonomiis

niadagis mzadeba. mafaluelTa jgufma moskovSi Txovna gag-

zavna: "gvixseniT saqarTvelos suverenitetisagan, samegre-

los "proletariatis sacodaobas nuRa uyurebT da uSua-

lod SeuerTeT ruseTis proletariatso"...6

qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas XIX sau-

kunis bolo meoTxedsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi aqtiu-

rad aRudgnen win gamorCeuli qarTvelebi: ilia WavWavaZe,

grigol dadiani 7 , iakob gogebaSvili, sergei mesxi, besarion niJaraZe, ambrosi xelaia, ivane margiani, petre Waraia da sxvebi, romelTac SeZles, mosalodneli safrTxe mietanaT farTo sazogadoebamde. samegrelo-svane-

Tis qarTvelobam srulad gaacnobiera, rom ruseTis impe-

riis moxeleebi kulturul istorias uucxovebdnen da

mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis Semqmnel sazogadoebas

dedaenad ucxadebdnen umwerlobo kuTxur metyvelebas8.

6Tedo saxokia, Tqven visRa misdevT?! Tb., 1927; dokumenti ix.

https://www.scribd.com/document/24443368/Putkaradze-Saqartvelos-Mokle-Istoria. 7 episkoposi grigol dadiani: "megruli qarTuli enis dialeqtia da ara damoukidebeli ena... megreli qarTul enas aRiqvams ro-gorc Tavis Zireul sakuTrebas..." vrclad ix.: guria-samegrelos episkoposis, uwmindesi grigolis gankargulebis safuZvelze Seq-mnili komisiis dadgenileba megrul kiloze locvaTa Targmanis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb (1895), /rusulidan Targmnes T. gvan-celaZem da m. tabiZem/, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XIV, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 204-235; ix., agreTve: T. gvancelaZe, m. naWyebia, m. ta-niZe, guria-samegrelos episkoposi grigol dadiani, saiubileo samecniero konferenciis masalaTa krebuli: "saqarTvelos teqni-kuri universitetis Teologiis kaTedra 5 wlisaa" Tb., 2006; grigol dadianis Sesaxeb ix. aseve:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ2e0ZvmFw8. 8sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, RvTis-msaxurebis ena "yovelTa qarTvelTa" erTianobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi mTavari faqtori (samwignobro enisa da dialeqtTa mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis" , qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 227-241; T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r. Serozia, r. Wan-turia, RvTismsaxurebisa da sasuliero ganaTlebis ena, rogorc


11

saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis peri-

odSi (1918-1920) isev iyo mcdeloba, daarsebuli-

yo„”megrulenovani" skolebi; kerZod, aqtiurobda qalaq foTis "qalTa gimnaziis pedagogiuri sabWos" Tavmjdomaris

- stefane gaguas ramdenimekaciani jgufi (maT hqondaT or-

ganizacia: "mafalu”)9, romelic foTsa da zugdidSi moqme-

debda10. st. gaguas jgufis iniciativas negatiurad Sexvda

saqarTvelos demokratiul xelisufleba, Tumca arsebiTi

yuradRebac ar miuqcevia.

i. stalinisa da l. berias gansxvavebuli poziciebi megrulis statusTan dakavSirebiT.

qarTvelTa dedaenis istoriis gayalbebiT qarTveli

eris enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis rusuli gegma aqtiu-

rad ganaaxles bolSevikebma; kerZod, 1913 wels gamoqvey-

rusuli imperiuli politikis ganxorcielebis saSualeba saqar-TveloSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2001, gv. 89-116; m. tabiZe, enobrivi politikis sakiTxebi qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, V, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 155-165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, zogadqarTuli samwignobro ena da qar-TvelTa dialeqtebi (istoriuli mimoxilva), qarTveluri mem-kvidreoba, VI, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 187-203; T. gvancelaZe, ena da kilo qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, qarTveluri enobrivi sivrce, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, qu-Taisi, 2007, gv. 155-165; t. futkaraZe, qarTvelologiis aqtua-luri problemebi da qarTvelologiis centris amocanebi, qar-Tvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, I, Tb., 2012, gv. 9-38 9 Tedo saxokia: "revoluciis Semdeg, reaqciis dawyebisTanave, bneleTis Zalni isev amuSavdnen. 1918 w. foTSi maswavlebel stefane gaguas iniciativiT ukve TviT megrelebi gamovidnen levicki-vostorgovis mier dawyebuli saqmis ganmgrZobni, ro-gorc moxaliseni (T. saxokia, "Tqven raRas misdevT?!" http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111). Sdr.: "mafaluiz-mi" iyo "mecadineoba imisaTvis, rom SeenarCunebina megruli ena da megruli TviTmyofadi yofiTi kultura" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 101); 10 Sdr.: v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvilis azriT, "st. gaguas mier wamowyebuli "mafalus" iniciativa gulisxmobda samegrelos regionis kulturuli monapovaris warmoCenas da amiT saerTo erovnuli (qarTuli - t.f.) kulturis gamdidrebas" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 80-86).


12

nda i. stalinis wigni: marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi,

romelSic vkiTxulobT (vimowmebT 1951 wlis gamocemidan):

”kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac

primitiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram mSobliur literaturas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, magram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT? (gv. 138-139)...“nacionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi umaRlesi kulturis saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT” (gv. 142).

rogorc vxedavT, yovelgvari istoriuli logikis sawi-

naaRmdegod, mefis ruseTis moxeleebis kvalad, i. stalini

umwerlobo enis mqone dagvianebul erebad Tu xalxebad acxadebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs, lekebs da

sxv. i. stalinis warmodgenili koncefcia didad ar gan-

sxvavdeba ianovsk-vostorgovis midgomisagan. aqve aRvniSnavT,

rom mefis ruseTis moxeleebi eyrdnobodnen peterburgeli

profesoris - q. patkanianis "samecniero" xedvebs; am uka-

nasknelis mowafe iyo niko mari, romelmac ruseTis akade-

miis akademikosad arCevis Semdeg, faqtobrivad, gaagrZela

q. patkanianis gza11; kerZod, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wleb-

Si n. mari aqtiurad rom iyo Cabmuli megrulis statusis

dadgenis procesSi, Cans isak Jvanias Semdegi teqstebida-

nac: "maSin komisiam S. eliavas daZalebiT megruli enac

ar cno, Tumca, akademikos maris ganmartebis Semdeg, rom

arsebobs megruli ena da ara - kilo, amx. eliavam Secva-

la Tavisi azri"12.

i. stalinis "Teoriis" Sesabamisad, 1923 wlis ivlisSi

Catarda saqarTvelos ck meore sesia, romelmac miiRo

"deklaracia enis Sesaxeb". deklaraciaSi vkiTxulobT:

"Cveni uryevi principia, rom yvelaferi, rogorc marTva-

11 n. maris winaaRmdegobrivi midgomebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, i. vaSakiZe, qarTvelologiis orgvari dagegmva; Tb., 2011. 12 citatas vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvi-li, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 183.


13

gamgeoba, ise swavleba da sxva xdebodes xalxisaTvis gasa-

geb da mSobliur enaze"13. aqve naTqvamia:

"eTnikuri siWrelis da CamorCenilobis pirobebSi dgas

CamorCenili erebis (xazi Cvenia - avt.) kulturul-ekono-mikuri donis amaRlebis... tomebSi nacionaluri gancalke-

vebis naSTebis aRmofxvris mZime amocana. amierkavkasiis

cocxali salaparako enebi (xazi Cvenia - avt.) unda gada-iqcnen maTi kulturuli ganviTarebis da maT mier muSur-

glexuri revoluciis monapovarTa SeTvisebis mZlav iara-

Rad". amave dokumentiT amierkavkasiis ck-is prezidiums wi-

nadadeba mieca, mokle xanSi gamoeca kanoni, romelic daa-

regulirebda rogorc federaciis saxelmwifo organoebSi,

aseve, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSi "samSoblo

enis" (anu dedaenis) gamoyenebis wesebs. aSkaraa, rom dasaxelebuli deklaracia Seqmnilia i.

stalinis ideebis safuZvelze. maleve, i. stalinis mier

deklarirebuli gegmis ganxorcieleba, savaraudod, filipe

maxaraZis xelmZRanelobiT daiwyo bolSevikTa ramdenime

jgufma, romelTa nawilma samegrelos avtonomiac

moiTxova. maT daupirispirda bolSevikTa erTi nawili al.

gegeWkorisa14 da lavrenti berias xelmZRvanelobiT15; ker-

Zod, samegrelos avtonomiasa da saqmiswarmoebaSi megruli

"enis" (aseve, sxva separatistuli gamoxdomebis) moTxovnis

dasabalanseblad, al. gegeWkorisa da lavrenti berias aq-

tiurobiT, amierkavkasiis cak-ma 1924 wlis 27 Tebervals

miiRo gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis dekreti: "respublikis sa-

xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis, mosaxleobis

umravlesobis da nacionaluri enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb". am

dekretis bazaze sruliad saqarTvelos cak-ma 1924 wlis

4 aprils miiRo deklaracia, romliTac gamoiricxa megru-

li enis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxadeba.

13gazeTi komunisti, 1923 w. 3 ivlisi. 14al. gegeWkori gardaicvala 1928 wels. 15 al. gegeWkorisa da l. berias werilebi 2018 wels gamoqvey-ndeba wignSi: t. futkaraZe, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove ga-mowvevebi."


14

amis miuxedavad, 1925 wlis 5-9 aprils, saqarTvelos

sabWoebis III yrilobaze, zugdidis samazro komitetis

mdivani b. SogiraZe yrilobas megrulad miesalma (misi gamosvla saliteraturo qarTuliT gadmosca vinme Todri-

am). igive SogiraZe diskusiis dros rusul enaze gamovida

(da ara - qarTulad!)16. amave yrilobaze sityviT gamosul-

ma amierkavkasiis ck-is wevrma bimurza afrasiZem yrilo-bas mimarTa svanuri metyvelebis balsqvemour dialeqtze.

1925 wels svanurad sityviT warmomTqmeli bimurza afra-

siZe aris saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos wevris,

bimurza afrasiZis (dadeSqelianis) babua. b-ni b. afrasiZe-

dadeSqelianis cnobiT, babuamisi brwyinvaled flobda de-

daenas - qarTul enas

faqtia, erTi mxriv, istoriuli realobisa da, meore

mxriv, sabWoTa imperiis interesebis ("gaTiSe da ibatone")

Sesabamisad, 1922-24 wlebidan bolSevikTa adgilobriv

wreebSic megrulTan mimarTebiT gamoikveTa orgvari pozi-cia; kerZod:

1. saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis - samegrelos (istoriu-

li egrisis, odiSis) mosaxleobis istoriuli gzis Sesaba-

misad, samegreloSi saqmiswarmoebis, ganaTlebisa da presis

enad qarTuli enis SenarCuneba (l. beria, al. gegeWko-

ri...);

2. "nacionalur sakiTxSi" i. stalinis xedvis Sesabamisad,

megruli metyvelebis damkvidreba dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad.

dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom meore midgomis

momxreni ar warmoadgendnen samegrelos, maTi ideebi ar efuZneboda samegrelos qarTvelobis interesebsa da sur-

vilebs. isini iyvnen ara separatistebi, aramed sabWoTa

imperiis enobrivi politikis brma mimdevrebi, romle-bic ver acnobierebdnen, rom am gzaze dadgomiT uars am-

bobdnen maTive winaprebis mier Seqmnl mravalsaukunovan

16 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 152


15

samwignobro kulturaze. am jgufs pirobiTad vuwodebT

stalinel kolaboracionistebs. stalineli kolaboracionistebi, Tavis mxriv, or Ziri-

Tad jgufad iyofodnen:

a) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos SeerTebas ru-

seTTan, an nacionaluri avtonomiis gamocxadebas 1922-

1936 wlebSi arsebuli "amierkavkasiis socialisturi fe-

deraciuli respublikis" farglebSi; aseve, samegreloSi

megruli metyvelebis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad (bukonia-beselias jgufi, gr. axalaias jgufi da beglar

berias jgufi17. lavrenti beria 1925 wels am jgufis li-

derad asaxelebs miSo dadians. es jgufi "CxouSieli av-tonomistebis" saxeliT aris cnobili18;

b) pirebi, romlebic iTxovdnen samegrelos gamocxadebas

"amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli respublikis"

administraciul olqad da megruli metyvelebis

damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad, saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad (isak Jvanias jgufi).

Cveni gamokvlevis konteqstSi arsebiTia is, rom orive

jgufi iTxovda umwerlobo megruli metyvelebis qcevas samwerlobo enad da qarTulis nacvlad (Tu paralelu-

rad) mis damkvidrebas dawyebiTi ganaTlebis enad,

saqmiswarmoebis enad da presis enad 19 . cxadia, kremlis

17 beglar beria, galdava, nikoleiSvili, Sonia, cimentia... dasaxe-lebuli pirebi 1923 wels partiidan garicxes avtonomiis moT-xovnis gamo (saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR. 1, s. 493, furceli 17; dokuments vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvara-mia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009 gv. 146-148 18 ix.: vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciSvilis wigni, gv. 135-144: Tavi VII - "CxouSieli" avtonomistebi da maTi moTxovnebi. 19 es moTxovna dResac ismis xolme: zogi dResac Tvlis, rom samegreloSi qarTuli bevrs ar esmis, amitom swavla-ganaTlebi-saTvis aucilebelia megrulenovani skolebi; megrulenovani sko-lebisa da samegrelos administraciuli olqis moTxovnis kanon-zomierebis mtkicebas isaxavs miznad Cven mier araerTxel citi-rebuli wigni: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sa-kiTxi", Tb., 2009 (ix., mag. Tavi V, "ra awuxebs samegrelos gle-xobas", gv. 102-114). am avtorebmac ar ician, rom msoflios


16

mier orive jgufi xelovnurad iyo Seqmnili. maT Soris

arsebuli mcire sxvaoba saerTo scenaris nawilad unda

miviCnioT; scenari ki aseTi iyo: ufro radikaluri moT-xovnis fonze qarTvelobis Segueba SedarebiT kompromi-

sul variantze. "scenaristebis" Canafiqri iTvaliswinebda

imasac, rom megruli enis (da samegrelos avtonomiis) sa-

kiTxi iseT doneze yofiliyo aqtualizebuli, rom jansaRi

azris gamosaTqmelad adgili aRar darCeniliyo. rogorc

qvemoT vnaxavT, gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi dasaxele-

bul orive jgufs erT konteqstSi ganixilavdnen rogorc

qarTveli moRvaweni (T. saxokia, k. gamsaxurdia...), ise

bolSevik xelisufalTa erTi nawilic (aleqsandre gegeWko-

ri, lavrenti beria...).

mokled stalinel kolaboracionistTa orive jgufis

Sesaxeb. "CxouSieli avtonomistebi"

1925 wels cibak bukoniam, solomon beseliam da kidev

18 pirma "samegrelos mSromeli xalxis" saxeliT mimarTes

"sruliad ruseTis starostas, mama mixeil ivanes Ze kali-

nins"; dokumentSi ori ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo:

1. samegrelos avtonomiis uSualo daqvemdebareba moskovze

saqarTvelos suverenitetis gareSe, rom "samudamod gan-

mtkicdes samegrelos da ruseTis mSromelTa kavSiri". av-

tonomiis saxelis ori varianti iyo SemuSavebuli: an:

laz-kolxida, an: margalistani.

TiTqmis yvela enas aqvs iseTi dialeqtebi, romelTa mflobelebs ar esmiT samwignobro ena, Tuki es ena ar Seiswavles. qarTuli samwignobro enac bevri sxva kuTxis qar-TvelisaTvis iqneba gaugebari, Tuki ganaTlebas ar miiRebs - ar iswavlis istoriul samwignobro enas da mxolod kuTxuri ki-los farglebSi darCeba misi enobrivi msoflaRqma. vfiqrobT, amgvari moTxovna dResac saxifaToa qarTveli eris enobriv-eTni-kuri erTianobisaTvis, ramdenadac megruli metyvelebis gadaqce-va saqmiswarmoebisa da mwignobrobis enad am kilos mflobelT gauucxovebs mravalsaukunovan istoriul dedaenas - qarTul enas da enobriv-kulturulad daanawevrebs qarTvel ers.


17

bukonia-beselias argumenti: samegrelo ruseTs SeuerTda

1804 wlis traqtatiT da aleqsandre meoris 1867 wlis

4 ianvris brZanebiT;

2. samegrelos "samSoblo enaze" - "megreli tomis", megre-

li xalxis enaze - megrul enaze - gazeTebis gamocemis aR-

dgena "leninizmis xazis mkacri dacviT", romel xazsac

ewinaRmdegebian "qarTveli uklonistebi" da "samegrelos

mSromeli xalxis saTaveSi uklonistebis mier dayenebuli

megreli amxanagebi".

bukonia-beselias azriT, megreli xalxi calke eria, megruli ki aris damoukidebeli ena20.

1925 wlis 13 seqtembers gamoqveynebul werilSi: "meg-

reli avtonomistebis Sesaxeb"21 lavrenti beria am jgufis winamZRolad asaxelebs mixeil (miSo) dadians, romelsac

dauweria naSromi: "filosofia da ubrZnesi ena"; am gamo-

uqveynebel naSromSi gatarebulia azri, rom megruli ena

msoflios margalitia, megruli Zvelsityvaoba pirveldaw-

yebiTi enaa aziisa da afrikis xalxebisaTvis, rom megrele-

bi pirveli xalxia dedamiwaze..."22

rac Seexeba gr. axalaias jgufs: 1925 wlis 20 marts grigol axalaias, aliko kvaracxe-

lias, bagrat xufenias, marzi xubutiasa da ilia janjalias

xelmoweriT werili gaegzavna ssr kavSiris saxalxo komi-

sarTa sabWos Tavmjdomares; xelmomwerTa azriT, kacobrio-

bis uxsovari droidan megreli xalxi qarTveli (qarTve-

luri) tomisagan gamoirCeva rogorc CveulebiT, ise sala-

parako eniT; megreli xalxi iCagreba imitom, rom megruli

eniT ar miewodeba komunizmis ideebi da iTxoven belade-

bis wignebis Targmnas megrul enaze. avtorebi emijnebian

qarTvel ers da miiCneven, rom xelisufleba maT, rogorc

20 moTxovnebs vimowmebT lavrenti berias werilidan: "megrel av-tonomistebis Sesaxeb", gazeTi komunisti, 1925, 13 seqtemberi. l. beria am dros iyo saqarTvelos Cekas saidumlo operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi. 21l. beriasa da msgavsi Sexedulebebis mqone sxva avtorTa Tval-sazrisebis kritikisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 22-27. 22 iqve, gv. 136-137.


18

damoukidebel ers, ise unda moeqces23. avtorebi kategori-

ulad iTxovdnen megruli enis qcevas saqmiswarmoebisa da

swavlebis enad. am jgufis mier gamoicemoda gazeTi: "no-

Te" (redaqtori grigol axalaia)24.

l. beria dadiani-bukonia-beselia-axalaias jgufSi aerTianebs isak Jvaniasac, Tumca, faqtia, rom bukonia-be-seliasagan gansxvavebiT, isak Jvania iTxovda samegrelos

administraciul olqs. am cdomilebis miuxedavad, vfiq-

robT: cnobili sazogado moRvaweebis kvalad, l. beria mi-

So dadians, gr. axaliasa Tu isak Jvanias erT rangSi imi-

tom ganixilavda, rom samive maTgani cdilobda, megruli

metyveleba eqcia samwignobro enad da saqmiswarmoebis enad, rac, erTi mxriv, qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri daSlis Seuqcevad safuZvels Seqmnida, meore mxriv ki, sa-

megrelos mosaxleobas daukargavda winaprebis mier Seq-

mnil, sul mcire, 16-saukunovan samwignobro kulturas.

logikuria, amave jgufSi ganvixiloT bolSeviki tarasi

Sengeliac, romelmac 1933 wels msgavsi moTxovnebiT mi-

marTa skkp (b) ck-s mdivans, amx. i. stalins, ssr kavSiris

ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da ssrk saxkomsabWos

Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs; kerZod, igi samegrelos saxe-

liT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis msgavs avtonomiur olqs

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi da megruli enisa da lite-

raturis Seqmnas25.

23kritikisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxe-

lebuli wigni, gv. 149-151. 24 "noTe" daixura 1925 wels. sainteresoa: am saxeliT 1990 wels "saqarTvelos saxalxo frontis" zugdidis regionalurma organizaciam zugdidSi gamosca orkvireuli gazeTi; redaqtori: jambul arqania. amave saxeliT gazeTi gamoicemoda 1997-1998 wlebSi (saintereso iqneba am gazeTebis Sinaarsis analizi). 25 saarqivo dokumentis Targmani rusul teqstTan erTad gamoq-veyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mier mzaddeba gamosa-cemad. dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 117


19

isak Jvanias jgufi isak Jvania, i. stalinis Tvalsazrisze dayrdnobiT,

bolSevikuri reJimis damyarebisTanave cdilobda samegre-

los administraciuli olqis Seqmnas, megruli skolebis

daarsebasa da megruli gazeTebis gamocemas. am Tvalsazri-

siT, sainteresoa 1925 wlis 24 agvistos zugdidis samaz-

ro komitetis prezidiumis wevrebisa (i. Jvania da sxvebi)

da centris warmomadgenlebis (maTikaSvili, giorgaZe, ego-

rovi) erToblivi dadgenileba:

1. samegrelo "gaformdes", rogorc saqarTvelos ssr Se-

madgenlobaSi Semavali kulturul-teritoriuli erTeuli.

2. neba daerTos partkomis organos saxiT yoveldRiuri

gazeTisa da sxv. politikur-literaturuli da sasoflo-

sameurneo xasiaTis broSurebis gamocemas.

3. pirveli safexuris skolebSi SemoRebul iqnas megruli

eniT swavleba.

4. yvela dawesebulebaSi saqmiswarmoeba SemoRebul iqnas

megrul „enaze"26.

dasaxelebuli moTxovnebi gaimeora saqarTvelos komparti-

is centraluri komitetis (wevrebi: kaxiani, okujava, elia-

va, gegeWkori, orjonikiZe, maTikaSvili, suxiSvili, ivanov-

kavkazski) 1925 wlis 3 seqtembris dadgenilebam "megruli

sakiTxis Sesaxeb"; dadgenileba iTvaliswinebda: 1. samegrelos im raionebSi/soflebSi, sadac mosaxleobam

ar icis qarTuli ena, "aucileblad CaiTvalos urTierTo-

ba megrul enaze";

2. raionis sasamarTloSi, sadac ar esmiT qarTuli ena,

daSvebul iqnas sasamarTlo laparaki da sasamarTlo gana-

Cenisa da dadgenilebis gacema megrul enaze;

3. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos glexebis gazeTis da saagitacio

xasiaTis furclebis gamocema megrul enaze;

4. SesaZleblad CaiTvalos samegrelos pirveli safexuris

skolebSi megrul enaze swavleba27.

26 saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6, 226 furc. 53/3. msjelobisaTvis ix., aseve: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvi-li, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 108.


20

amgvar gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen aleqsandre gegeWkori da lavrenti beria, romelTac egorov-maTikaS-vil-kaxian-Jvanias moTxovnebi faqtobrivad gaaigives miSo

dadianisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis moTxovnebTan; kerZod,

1925 wlis 8 seqtembris gazeT "komunistSi" maT winaaR-

mdeg gailaSqra aleqsandre (saSa) gegeWkorma weriliT:

"ianovski-vostorgovis Rirseul memkvidreebs". kolaboracionistebis orive moTxovnas (samegrelos avto-nomia da megruli enis statusi) al. gegeWkorma aseTi ar-

gumentebiT upasuxa:

1. samegrelos arasodes ucxovria saqarTvelosgan mowyve-

tiT; samegrelo aris saqarTvelos istoriuli da ganuyo-

feli nawili, iseTive, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTi, mTa, guria,

imereTi.

2. megrelebi warmoadgens qarTveli eris iseTive Stos,

rogoricaa: imerlebi, gurulebi, fSav-xevsurni... megreli

ar aris calke erovneba, rogorc amas acxadebda ianovsk-

vostorgov-aSordia; garda amisa, megreli dasabamiTve Se-

moqmedia qarTuli saliteraturo enisa (al. gegeWkori

imowmebs anton Wyondidelisa da Tedo Jordanias istori-ul saxelebs; aseve, samegrelodan gamosuli partiuli da

upartio inteligenciis pozicias, romelic dafiqsirda

1924 wels - avt.). qarTuli ena aris megrelTa "samSoblo

ena"; Sesabamisad, megruls ver vuwodebT damoukidebel

27 saarqivo dokumentis gansxvavebuli interpretaciisaTvis ix.: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 90-92 (saarqivo dokumenti: fondi 14, aR. 2, s. 359, furc. 29). Ceni azriT, umwerlobo xalxis enas namdvilad esaWiroeba aseTi mxardaWera; Sdr., dRes daaxloebiT aseTi aqtivobebia gaTvaliswinebuli "regionul an umciresobaTa enebis evropuli qartiiTac"; Tumca, aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: megrelebi, svanebi, lazebi arian mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone qarTvelebi; Sesabamisad, megrulis Sesaxeb ze-moxsenebuli dadgenilebebic da amJamindeli moZraobac megruli-sadmi regionuli enis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb, erT mizans emsaxureba: qarTvelTa nawils gauucxovos istoriuli dedaena da qarTvelebi daanawevros enobriv-eTnikurad (msje-lobisaTvis ix. qvemoT).


21

enas, radgan megrulSi ZiriTadad igive qarTuli sityve-

bia; metic, megrulis "uklebliv yvela Ziris sityvebi

mTlad eTanabreba qarTuli sityvebis Zirebs imdenad, rom qarTuli literaturuli enis Sesaswavlad aucilebelia megruli dialeqtikis gacnoba... megruli marTla dialeqtia, mxolod dialeqti, qarTuli enis erT-erTi StoTagania"... "araviTar damoukidebel megrul kulturaze ar SeiZleba laparaki. samegrelos kultura mTlianad qarTulia, qarTul safuZvelzea moqarguli, qarTuli fesvebiTaa moarsebe"28.

lavrenti beriam al. gegeWkoris msgavsi argumentebiT

gaakritika samegrelos avtonomiis moTxovna 1925 wlis 13

seqtembris gazeT "komunistSi (№210) dabeWdil werilSi:

"megrel avtonomistebis Sesaxeb", romelSic miSo dadianis

antiqarTuli jgufis wevrad gamoacxada zugdideli bol-

Sevikebis erT-erTi Zveli lideri isak Jvania; es ukanaskne-

li am dros iyo zugdidis mazris komunistTa xelmZRvane-

li.

isak Jvania rbilad, magram mainc sajarod daupirispirda l. berias; kerZod, 1925 wlis 15 seqtem-

28 al. gegeWkoris werilis gaumarTleblad subieqturi analizi-saTvis ix., vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 5; kerZod, avtorebi weren, rom gegeWkoris es sityve-bi simarTlea, magram "am simarTlesTan erTad man (gegeWkorma) araferi sTqva, rom istoriis bedukuRmarTobis gamo samegrelos mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili realurad mxolod megruli eniT funqcionirebda; radgan samegrelo-afxazeTSi mosaxle meg-relTa erT nawils ar esmoda sxva ena, garda Tavisi mSobliuri megruli enisa, saWiro iyo im Taviseburebis gaTvaliswineba. amasTanave, megrel mosaxleobas uxsovari droidan hqonda Sesis-xlxorcebuli salaparako megruli ena, romelic damaxinjebuli qarTuli ki ar iyo, rogorc es zogierT sabWoTa Cinovniks ga-mohyavda, aramed qarTuli enis paralelur, Zma enas warmoadgen-da". vaxtang gvaramiam da giorgi ciciSvilma, iseve rogorc qar-TvelTa enobrivi samyaros istoriis armcodne sxva pirebma, ar ician, rom megruli metyveleba aris qarTvelTa dedaenis kuTxu-ri saxesxvaoba, maTive terminologiuri perifrazi rom gamoviye-noT, qarTuli enisagan miRebuli "Svili saxesxvaoba" da ara - "Zma saxesxvaoba".


22

bers gamoqveynda isak Jvanias pasuxi saTauriT: "samegre-

los avtonomistebis Sesaxeb".

gazeT "komunistis" sxva publikaciebi cxadyofs, rom

saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisufleba imxanad lavrenti

berias Tvalsazrisze idga; kerZod, al. gegeWkorisa da l.

berias statiebs mohyva qarTvelTa erovnul-enobriv erTianobasa da separatizmis mxilebaze orientirebuli sxva werilebic, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen: d. TofuriZe, sof. xobSi dabadebuli uxucesi social-demokrati ("sameg-

relo da aSordistebi"; gazeTi "komunisti", 15.09.1925); m.

kvaracxelia ("upasuxismgeblo gamosvlis Sesaxeb"; gazeTi

"komunisti", 16.09.1925); zugdidis samazro komitetis agi-

tacia-propagandis yofili gamge b. SogiraZe ("axali aRmo-

Cena"; gazeTi "komunisti", 17.09.1925)29 da sxv.

stalineli kolaboracionistebisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuflebis gegeWkor-berias frTis kursi, agrZelebda ra tradiciul kalapots, misaRebi iyo farTo sazogadoebisaTvis; amas cxadyofs imave periodSi Catarebuli ori masStaburi Sexvedrac da maSin moRvawe pirTa memuarebic; kerZod:

- 1925 wlis 22 seqtembers axal senakSi Catarda "mas-

wavlebelTa da inteligenciis warmomadgenelTa" kreba,

romelsac 60 warmomadgeneli eswreboda. warmomadgenelTa

yrilobam daadgina, rom samegrelos avtonomiis moTxovna

aris saqarTvelos danawevrebis mcdeloba (rezolucia dai-

beWda 24 seqtembers gazeT "komunistSi"; es faqti cxad-

yofs, rom krebas mxars uWerda bolSevikuri xelisufle-

bis ufro Zlieri frTa).

- 1925 wlis 23 seqtembers TbilisSi, SoTa rusTave-

lis saxelobis TeatrSi Catarda samegrelodan wamosuli

29 es is SogiraZea, romelic am werilis gamoqveynebamde ramdeni-me TviT adre yrilobaze megrulad gamovida (ix. zemoT). es faqtic cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos bolSevikuri xelisuflebis politika metad labiluri iyo "megruli Temis" sakiTxSi; arse-buli gaoreba male gadaizarda isak Jvaniasa da lavrenti beri-as samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispirebaSi, romelsac axangrZliveb-da i. Jvaniasadmi i. stalinis Tanadgoma. Cans, 1933 wlidan l. beriam i. stalini gadaarwmuna. ix. qvemoT).


23

sazogado moRvaweebis, mwerlebisa da sxva cnobili adamia-

nebis Sekreba, sadac Tavisi cnobili sityviT gamovida Te-

do saxokia 30 . sayuradReboa prezidiumis Semadgenloba:

cnobili erovnuli moRvawe giorgi Jordania (Tedo Jor-

danias Svili), Tedo saxokia (prezidiumis Tavmjdomare),

akaki faRava (prezidiumis wevri), diomide TofuriZe (pre-

zidiumis wevri), barTlome pataraia (prezidiumis wevri),

andro Todua (prezidiumis wevri) da al. gegeWkori,

prezidiumis sapatio wevri. cnobili adamianebis Sekrebam Tavis rezoluciaSi nega-

tiurad Seafasa rogorc samegrelos avtonomiis, ise meg-

rulad swavlebis dawyebis moTxovna31. mas Semdeg 85 weli

gavida, magram megrulad swavlebis sakiTxi isev gaaqtiur-

da; swored am konteqstSia gansaxilveli v. gvaramiasa da

g. ciciSvilis winaaRmdegobrivi pozicia: isini, erTi mxriv,

gmoben ianovski-levicki-aSordia-vostorgovis qmedebebs, mag-

ram, meore mxriv, cdiloben, dadebiTad warmoaCinon isak

Jvanias "saqmianobis arsi" da amarTleben 1931 wels daw-yebiT safexurze megrulad swavlebis SemoRebas; kerZod,

weren: "1886 wlis seqtemberSi levickis kategoriulad

mouTxovia samegrelos skolebis megrul enaze gadayvana.

amiT TiTqos qarTulis armcodne megreli bavSvebis pir-

veldawyebiTi swavlebis problema ixsneboda, magram, sinam-

dvileSi misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyo samegrelos sko-

lebSi qarTuli literaturuli enis gamoricxva... levic-

kim sxva mzakvrobac gadawyvita: man T. aSordias saRvTo

werilis qarTulidan megrulad Targmna daavala da sameg-

relos eklesiebidan qarTulis gandevna daisaxa miznad" 32 .

Sdr. imave wignSi vkiTxulobT33:

30 werilad gamoqveynda ramdenjerme; ix. http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=44&id=2111 31 krebis masalebi daibeWda 25 setembris gazeTebSi: "komunisti", "muSa". sagangebo masala gamoqveynda aseve, 27 seqtembris gazeT "muSis" damatebaSi saTauriT: "tartarozi". 32 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv.52. 33 iqve, gv. 331


24

"i. Jvania ibrZoda samegrelos mosaxleobis specifikuri

megruli eniT, saerTo regionalur erTian xelmZRvanelo-

bas daqvemdebarebuli centris da saerTo regionaluri

administraciuli olqis kompleqsuri da ufro efeqtiani

RonisZiebebiT mogvarebisaTvis".

1925 wels TbilisSi Catarebul krebaze sityviT gamo-

vida cnobili mwerali konstantine gamsaxurdiac; megrul-

Tan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa misi Sefaseba: "aSordia-le-

vickis agentebs - am gamoTayvanebul xalxs - undaT, rom

Cven uarvyoT rusTavelis, CaxruxaZis, guramiSvilis ena da

mis nacvlad SemoviRoT aSordias mier SeTiTxnili megru-

li marTlwera. Cven erTxel da samudamod unda movspoT

saqarTvelosagan samegrelos CamoSorebisa da saqarTvelos

daqucmacebis yoveli cda".

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT: konstantine gamsaxurdias msgavsad, yvela gamosvlaSi

megrulad swavlebis moTxovna gaigivebuli iyo qarTveli

eris danawevrebisa da saqarTvelos daqucmacebis mcdelo-

basTan; rac aisaxa krebis rezoluciaSic34.

Tavisis gatanas cdilobdnen isak Jvanias moskoveli

mxardamWerebic.

1925 wlis bolos mkafiod gamoikveTa kremlis intere-

sebi; romelic mokled ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT:

34 Sdr.: vaxtang gvaramiasa da giorgi ciciSvilis azriT (iqve, gv. 28-32), "isak Jvania icavda samegrelos interesebs". ix., aseve: gv. 95: "yvelaze RvarZliani kritika samegrelos interesebis damcvelebma ganicades saqarTvelos kompartiis VI yrilobaze. aq l. berias da m. kaxianis azris mimdevrebma raRa ar moigones da ra ar daabrales i. Jvaniasa da g. gabunias"; ix., aseve: "i. Jvanias da misi Tanamoazre-TanamebrZolebis mTavari sazrunavi iyo qarTulis armcodne megreli glexebis, maTi SviliSvilebis enobrivi barieris, meurneobriv-kulturuli problemebis dro-uli mogvareba" (gv. 228)... aSkaraa: vaxtang gvaramia da giorgi ciciSvili "samegrelos interesebis" damcvelebad Tvlian pirebs, romlebic, rbilad rom vTqvaT, samegrelos qarTvelobas uucxo-veben winaparTa mier Seqmnil did samwignobro kulturas (ni-Sandoblivi faqti: dasaxelebuli wigni gamocemulia Cveni Tana-medrove prorusi politikosis - aleqsandre WaWias monawileo-biT).


25

- rusuli enis rolis gazrda adgilobrivi nacionaluri

enebis Seviwroebis xarjze;

- specialuri "saerTaSoriso" terminologiis damkvidreba,

romelic xels Seuwyobda bolSevikuri propagandis gav-

rcelebas;

- erovnuli identobebis darRvevis mizniT sagangebo ling-

visturi ideologemebis SemuSaveba.

saqarTveloSi kremlis politikis gansaxorcieleblad

filipe maxaraZem 1925 wlis 8 dekembers Seq-

mna„”saxelmwifo samecniero sabWo”, romelsac evaleboda saxalxo ganaTlebis sferos dagegmva. konkretulad sameg-

reloSi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesamowmeblad 1928 wels

moskovidan Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi parti-

is centraluri komitetis instruqtori pSenicini, romel-

mac Semoiara samegrelos soflebi da daaskvna: "megrel

glexebs unda mivceT skola, sasamarTlo da popularuli broSura mSobliur enaze".

1929 wlis 25 marts "saqarTvelos komunisturi parti-

is centraluri komitetis mdivanma m. kaxianma kremlis mi-

TiTebiT miiRo dadgenileba megruli enis

privilegiebis aRsadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTlo saqmis warmoebisa da gamoZiebis saqmeSi. am dadgenilebis mixed-viT, im adgilebSi, sadac mosaxleobis umetesma nawilma

qarTuli ena ar icoda (!), saqmis warmoeba da sasamar-

Tlos warmoeba megrul enaze unda Sesrulebuliyo... (i.

Jvania, 1931, gv. 147). niSandoblivia: dadgenilebis I da II

punqtebSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba qarTuli da megruli;

mag. IV punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom dadgenilebebi, gankar-

gulebebi unda gamoqveyndes rogorc qarTulad, ise meg-

rulad... rusuli imperiuli manqana XVIII saukuneSi daw-

yebul svlas ganagrZobda; "mavris" rolis Semsrulebelni

ki sxvebi iyvnen (bolSevikebi: ioseb stalini, filipe maxa-

raZe, isak Jvania...)35.

35 i. Jvania namdvilad ar gamoxatavda samegrelos mosaxleobis pozicias. vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, r. Serozia, ev-ropuli qartia regionuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb da sa-qarTvelo, quTaisi, 2010, gv. 29-48.


26

Cans, lavrenti berias winaaRmdegobis gamo, arc 1929

wlis dadgenilebas mohyolia realuri Sedegi; amitom

1929 wlis 12 seqtembers soWSi i. stalins Sexvda i. Jva-

nia, romelic wers:

"amx. stalins vTxove, rom mas Tavisi miTiTebebi moeca

Semdeg sakiTxebze:

1. megrul olqTan, an saolqo aRmaskomTan dakavSirebiT,

2. megrul enaze gazeTis da sxva glexuri literaturis

gamocemis Sesaxeb,

3. samegrelos pirveli safexuris skolebSi megruli eniT

swavlebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb.

yvela samive sakiTxze amx. stalinma dadebiTi miTiTeba

gasca"36.

am Sexvedris Semdeg i. Jvaniasa da mis Tanamzraxvelebs

xel-fexi gaexsnaT:

saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma 1929

wlis 21 dekembers miiRo dadgenileba megrul enaze gle-

xuri gazeTis gamocemis Sesaxeb, romelic daamtkica 1930

wlis 12 ianvars amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma. Sede-

gad, 1930 wlis 1 martidan daiwyo megruli Jurnal-gaze-

Tebis beWdva37.

es dadgenileba negatiurad Sefasda maSindel farTo sazogadoebaSi. sanimuSod moviyvan mRvdel nikita TalakvaZis Sefasebas:

”aseTi dadgenilebaa dRevandel gazeT ”komunistSi”

(25/XII) moTavsebuli! is Sesdgeba eqvsi muxlisagan. xels

http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/links/shesavali.htm 36 vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "meg-ruli sakiTxi", 2009, Tb., gv. 262. 37Sdr. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 264: "gazeTis redaqtorad dainiSna i. Jvania. gazeTs mieca saqarTvelos kompartiis cekas organos statusi da ukve 1 marts zugdidSi gamoica "yazaxiSi gazeTis" pirveli nomeri. ma-Sasadame samarTalma puri Wama"; avtorebi aqve imowmeben "yazaxi-Si gazeTis" erT citatas, sadac qarTuli gaTanabrebulia sxva enebTan: "megruli weriT Cven vexmarebiT skolis gareT darCe-nil axalgazrdebs, qarTulis ar mcodne glex axalgazrdebs. Cvenma organizaciebma wuTiTac ar unda Seasuston yuradReba qarTulis da sxva enebis mimarT, maTi Seswavlis mimarT" ("ya-zaxiSi gazeTi", 1932, 2 marti).


27

awers mas - cakis Tavmjdomaris (mixa cxakaia - megreli)

magier qalaqis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare v. bolqvaZe, saq. sax.

komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe da cakis mdivani

s. Todria! eg samnive gurulebia!.. esec simptomatiuria.

Cven Tavis adgilze gvqonda aRniSnuli, rom samegrelo av-

tonomias Txoulobso!.. Cven viciT ”aSordia-„mafalus” mim-

devarTa midrekileba patara saqarTveloSi aseTi didi se-

paratizmis - ganxeTqilebis, gaTiSvis Camosagdebad! wineT

dek. vostorgovis zurgs ukan imalebodnen eg vaJbatonebi,

maSin qarTuli enis da masTan erTad megruli kilokavis

gandevnas skolidan, eklesiidan Tu dawesebulebebidan

scdilobden rusuli enis gasabatoneblad! exla ki„”megru-

li ena” daupirdapires - ”qarTuls”,„”rogorc samSoblo

ena” (mux. 2.) aramSobliurs - qarTuls (?!). etyoba, aSor-

dia-mafaluelebma imzom Tavi Seabezres xelisuflebas,

rom mizans miaRwies da saqarTvelos uzenaes dawesebule-

bebs aseTi uxamsi da gamxrwneli dadgenileba gamoatanies!

aq aravin ifiqros, viTomc ubralo saqme iyos es dadgeni-

leba!.. is ar Semoifargleba martooden zugdidis mazris

zogierTi adgilebiT, sadac TiTqos ”mosaxleobis umetesma

nawilma qarTuli ena ar icis”!.. ara, es gangrena bolos

da bolos mTeli samegrelos organizms gamoxravs, gamofi-

tavs! yiramala daayenebs iq qarTul kulturas da miss

progresiul msvlelobas! uxsovari droidan qarTuli eniT

sargeblobdnen megrelebi yvelgan da yvelaferSi! qarTuli

ena miaCnda maT ”mSobliur enad”! qarTul enaze locu-

lobdnen, swerdnen da mwignobrobdnen megrelebi da raRa

exla - meoce saukuneSi, ”Tavisufal saqarTveloSi” unda

moxdes eg sabediswero nabiji! wineT zugdidi-samurzayano

saqarTvelos sxva nawilebze mowyvetili iyo, daSorebuli

miuvali gzebiT, aTasgvari ukuRmarTi politikuri viTare-

bebiT! (gv. 554-555)”.

l. beria cdilobda, daebrkolebina samegrelos olqis

Seqmna da megruli skolebis gaxsna38.

38 logikuria davuSvaT, rom bolSevikuri reJimis damkvidrebis pirvel etapze l. beria ufrTxoda qarTveli inteligenciis cnobili warmomadgenlebis gaRizianebas da amitomac dauWira


28

i. stalinisagan mxardaWerili isak Jvania ki cdilobs,

sabolood daamarcxos lavrenti beria. am mizniT i. Jvania

1931 wlis 20 noembers saqarTvelos kompartiis

centraluri komitetis mdivnis, amx. l. berias saxelze wers oficialuri werils, romelSic ayalibebs Tavis xed-vas samegrelosa da megrulis Sesaxeb; i. Jvanias moTxovne-

bi ase gamoiyureba:

"1. gaformdes megruli olqi im raionebisagan, romleb-Sic mSromeli mosaxleobis umravlesobas ar esmis qarTu-

li ena.

2. neba daerTos miTiTebuli raionebis dawyebiT skolebSi

swavlebas mSobliur, e.i. megrul enaze"; iqve CamoTvli-lia Semdegi raionebi: zugdidi, walenjixa, Cxorowyu, xobi,

senaki; xolo nawilobriv - martvili, abaSa da foTi39.

saqarTvelos faqtobrivma mmarTvelma l. beriam ar Seq-

mna samegrelos avtonomiuri olqi, magram win ar aRudga

ra sabWoTa imperiis pirveli piris, i. stalinis nebas, i. Jvanias gunds saSualeba misca 1932 wlis dasawyisSi

gaexsna pirveldawyebiTi megruli skolebi. niSandobli-via saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros 1932 wlis 16

martis dadgenilebaSi arsebuli aseTi punqtic (sadac meg-

ruli gaTanabrebulia berZnul Tu afxazur enebTan): "wi-

nadadeba mieces saxelgams, uzrunvelyos, gansaxkomis mier

damtkicebuli gegmis Tanaxmad, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da sas-

wavlo nivTebis gamocema 1-l seqtembramde, maT Soris -

mxari qarTvelTa enobrivi erTianobis SenarCunebas da winaaR-mdegoba gauwia samegrelos avtonomiis Seqmnas. 39 saarqivo dokumenti: prezidentis arqivi, fondi 14, aR. 6, s 266, furc. 103. vimowmebT wignidan: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi" (redaqtori oTar janeliZe; recen-zentebi: daviT sandoZe, guram kutalaZe), Tb., 2009, gv. 90-92. arqivSi daculia, aseve, saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is 1931

wlis 28 noembris saidumlo gzavnili (№82/87/s), romelic gvam-cnobs: "saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is biuros wevrebsa da wev-robis kandidatebs: amxanag berias davalebiT gasacnobad gegzav-nebaT megruli sakiTxis Semdegi masalebi"


29

gamocema afxazur, osur, megrul, berZnul da sxva eneb-

ze"40.

l. berias am droebiT daTmobas mohyva, didi albaTobiT, misganve dagegmili ramdenime sapasuxo qmedeba:

- 1932 wlis gazafxulze samegrelodan organizebulad

wamovida mSromelTa werilebi, romelTac fatobrivad er-

Tnairi Sinaarsi hqondaT. maTi avtorebi mizanSeuwonlad

Tvlidnen megruli skolebisa da gazeTebis daarsebas (ix. qvemoT);

- megruli skolebis funqcionirebis Sesamowmeblad, ganaT-

lebis saxalxo komisariatis saxeliT, samegreloSi

gaigzavna cnobili enaTmecnieri arnold Ciqobava; - sxvadasxva avtorisgan organizebulad daiwyo 1932 wels

didi tiraJiT dabeWdili i. Jvanias wignis: "rogor ibrZo-

da samegrelos mSromeli glexoba sabWoebis xelisuflebi-

saTvis" mkacri kritika41;

- 1933 wlis gazafxulze saqarTvelos mTavrobam enaTmec-

nier vukol beriZis monawileobiT kidev erTi komisia amu-

Sava samegreloSi da 1933 wlis 25 maiss cnobili mecnie-

rebisa (arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, v. beriZe, v. Tofu-

ria...) da samegrelos politikuri elitis monawileobiT

Caatara kolegiis sxdoma, romelsac daaswres cxinvalSi

gadayvanili isak Jvaniac (gamosvlis teqstebi ix. qvemoT). - 1933 wlis bolos daixura megruli skolebic da megru-

li gazeTebic.

vfiqrobT, CamoTvlil nabijTagan lavrenti berias ga-

marjvebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa arn. Ciqobavam, ro-

melmac, n. maris (da stalinis!) sapirispirod42, daasabuTa,

40 vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 294. 41 isak Jvanias wignis kritikosebis Sesaxeb infrmaciisaTvis ix. vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sakiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 374-384. 42 migvaCnia, rom 1932 wels i. stalinisa da Tavisi karieris ze-nitSi myofi n. maris principuli debulebebis sawinaaRmdegod wasvla iyo arn. Ciqobavas didi gabeduleba; aqve aRvniSnavT, rom arn. Ciqobava win ver aRudga Crdilo kavkasieli xalxebis


30

rom megruli ar aris calke ena; megruli aris

umwerlobo zanuri enis dialeqti da rom ”qarTuli

ena megreli da svani bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da pedagogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri da guruli bavSvebisaTvis". am istoriis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad visa-ubrebT.

arn. Ciqobavasa da sxva enaTmecnierTa roli 1933 wels megruli skolebis daxurvis istoriaSi.

saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculia 1932 wlis ga-

zafxulze samegrelos raionebis komunist aqtivistTa da

mSromelTa werilebi, romelTa avtorebic mizanSeuwonlad

Tvlidnen samegrelos avtonomiur olqs, megrul skolebsa

da megrul gazeTebs. amgvari qmedeba rom centridanaa or-

ganizebuli, amas cxadyofs koleqtiuri werilebis

"Sabloni": imxanad bevrs ar hqonda sabeWdi manqana, amitom, Cans,

soflebs/raionebs dauriges erTi da igive teqsti, romel-

Sic gamotovebuli iyo soflis saxeli da xelmomwerTa

gvarebi. "Sablonis" gamotovebul adgilebSi iwereboda Se-

sabamisi soflebisa Tu raionebis saxeli da am raione-

bis/soflebis im warmomadgenelTa (ZiriTadad, partiul aq-

tivistTa da deputatTa) gvarebi, romlebic xels awer-

dnen am dokuments. xelisuflebis (l. berias!) davalebiT

es Sabloni Seivso da xelmoweril iqna bevr sofelSi;

swored am werilebiT gaCnda aucilebloba, xelis-uflebas samegreloSi gaegzavna specialuri kompeten-turi komisia.

enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis mimarTulebiT moqmed sabWoTa im-

periis gegmas.


31

Sablonis teqsti ase gamoiyureba:

oqmi №

.......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli krebisa 1932 wlis” „” martidan da eswrebodnen partiis wevrebi” ”“,

kandidati ” ”“, komkavSiris wevr-kandidati ” ” , mdivnob-

da: amx. ..........

m o i s m i n e s:

informaciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivnisa, amx. .............

samegrelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb.

d a a d g i n e s:

1. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebulma krebam moismina in-

formaciuli moxseneba kom. ujredis mdivani amx. ......... sa-

megrelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebu-

li kreba aRniSnavs, rom zugdidis raionis zogierTi xel-

mZRvaneli amxanagebi amxanag i. Jvanias meTaurobiT didi xania cdiloben, rom samegrelo gamoacxadon avtonomiur olqad (aq da qvemoTac xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.). am mizniT isini mimarTaven yovelgvar Ronesa da sa-

Sualebas. zog SemTxvevaSi Tavs acxadeben samegrelos warmomadgenlebad da laparakoben mTeli samegrelos saxeliT. .......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba ka-tegoriul protests acxadebs zugdidis raionis zogierT

xelmZRvanel amxanagebis mier uflebebis ukanonod miTvise-

bis gamo da gadaWriT acxadebs, rom amx. i. Jvanias da mis Tanamoazreebs araviTari ufleba ara aqvT ilaparakon ....... mSromeli mosaxleobis saxeliT. Tu mas aseTi mindobiloba aRmoaCnda, igi usaTuod yalbia da

usafuZvlo.

2. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategori-

ulad acxadebs, rom samegrelos avtonomiur olqad gamoc-

xadeba an yofili zugdidis mazris olqad gamocxadeba, an

zugdidis yofili mazris raionebis erT raionad gaerTia-

neba .......... soflis zugdidTan SeerTeba ar aris ..........


32

soflis mSromeli mosaxleobis survili, aramed igi sur-

vilia mxolod zugdidis raionis zogierT xelmZRvanel am-

xanagebis da amitom part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba kategoriul protests acxadebs samegrelos avtonomiur olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, an zugdidis yofili mazris olqad gamocxadebis cdis winaaRmdeg, agreTve zugdidis yofili mazris erT raionad gaerTianebis cdis winaaRmdeg da .......... zugdidis raionTan SeerTebis cdis winaaRmdeg. 3. ......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba iwonebs

saq. k. p. /b/ da saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebas

samegrelos raionebSi pirvel dawyebiT saswavleblebSi gamoyenebuli iqnes megruli ena, rogorc damxmare ena qarTuli enis swavlebiT. magram ar iziarebs samegrelos pirvel dawyebiT skolebSi megruli eniT dawyebis cdas. 4. .......... part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kreba mxurva-

led esalmeba saq. k.p. /b/ centraluri komitetis da sa-

qarTvelos umaRlesi mTavrobis megrul enaze gazeTis ga-

mocemis gamo, magram aRniSnavs, rom zugdidis raionis

xelmZRvaneloba, romelic faqtiurad xelmZRvanelobs meg-

rul gazeT„”yazaxiSi gazeTs”, amaxinjeben megrul enas

da ”yazaxiSi gazeTs” xdian qarTuli enis ucodinari

mSromeli megreli glexebisaTvis gaugebars. rom qarTuli ena, romelic Zalian monaTesavea megrul enasTan da qarTul enaSi auarebeli megruli sityvebia Sesuli da piriqiT, megrul sityvebSi auarebeli qarTuli sityvebia Sesuli, es garemoeba qarTul enas advilad SesaTviseblad xdis megrelisaTvis, amasTan erTad, part. komkavSiris kreba aRniSnavs, rom qarTul kulturasa da megrul kulturas, romlebic warmoadgenen erTi da igives, gaoreba-gaTiSva yovlad dauSvebelia. miuxedavad amisa, zugdidis raionis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli, maT So-ris, ”yazaxiSi gazeTis” redaqtori, miuxedavad Cveni ara-

erTi gancxadebisa, mainc amaxinjebs megrul enas. SeaqvT ra

megrul leqsikonSi megreli glexisaTvis sruliad gaugeba-

ri, maT mier axlad gamogonili sityvebi /yazkomi, dudmax-

venji, melamose, sxunu, da sxva uamravi aseTi sityvebi/.


33

eZeben agreTve samegrelos feodalizmisdroindel arqiveb-

Si daviwyebul sityvebs /marqvali, verwemi, orTa lma kan-

Cxu, obuWolaia, tabakis unCaSi da sxva uamravi aseTebi/.

imisaTvis rom daaSoron megruli ena qarTuli enisagan da amiT gauZnelon megrel bavSvs qarTuli enis Seswavla, cdiloben ra Seqmnan megruli literatura, megruli kultura, rac dRevandeli gaSlili socialisturi mSeneblobisa da kulturuli revoluciis xanaSi megrel mSromelTaTvis yovlad miuRebelia. meores mxriT, megruli enis qarTuli enisagan daSorebiT cdiloben daamtkicon megrel mSromelTaTvis miuRebeli samegrelos avtonomiuri olqis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. walenjixis raioni iTvleba mTel samegreloSi yvelaze CamorCenil kuTxed,

miuxedavad amisa, am raionis mosaxleTa ojaxebSi ar aris

iseTi ojaxi, sadac erTi, ori an sami an kidev meti, da

mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, mTelma ojaxis wevrebma qarTuli

ena ar icodes. is foqusi da eSmakoba, romelsac Cadis zugdidis zogierTi xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi, im dros, rodesac maT evlinebaT centridan qarTveli xelmZRvaneli amxanagebi da umtkiceben maT, rom ujredis umniSvnelo nawilma icis qarTuli da amis dasamtkiceblad gangeb gamowveuli glexi, Tundac qarTulis mcodne iyos, mainc malavs da qarTulis ucodinrad aCvenebs Tavs, rac yovlad miuRebeli saqcielia. 5. saq. k.p./b/ meTeqvsmete yrilobis dadgenileba mazrebisa

da olqebis daraionebis Sesaxeb da am dadgenilebis cxov-

rebaSi gatarebam dauaxlova xelisufleba masas, didad ga-

aumjobesa konkretuli operatiuli xelmZRvaneloba da di-

dad Seuwyo xeli soflebis politikuri, kulturuli da

sameurneo zrdis swrafi tempiT warmarTvas. gansakuTre-

biT metismetad TvalsaCino daxmareba gauwia mTagoriani

zemo samegrelos, miTumetes Cveni raionis soflebs. sof-

lel mSromelTaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada xelisufleba

da maT igrZnes meti Sveba.

mSromeli glexi didad afasebs partiisa da xelisuflebis

am saukeTeso RonisZiebas. yovelive es uRviZebT mSromelT


34

did enTuziazms da socialisturi saxelmwifos yvela dak-

veTebs pirnaTlad asrulebs. sul sxva mazris arsebobis

dros siSorisa da cudi gzebis gamo Zalze cudi iyo

mazris xelisuflebis konkretuli operatiuli xelmZRvane-

loba. is daSorebuli iyo masas an naklebi yuradReba eq-

ceoda iseT daSorebul soflebs, rogoric iyo walenjixis

raioni. glexebisTvisac naklebi misawvdomi iyo mazris xe-

lisufleba. glexi erideboda xarjebs da drois dakargvas, amitom mTeli rigi glexis kanonieri moTxovnileba rCebo-

da daukmayofilebeli. erTma naxevarma welma ganvlo dara-

ionebis Semdeg da es gancxadeba glexebisaTvis naTlad

warmodgenili gaxda. part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli kre-

ba igebs ra yvela zemoTxsenebul pirobebs, daraionebis

upiratesobas da sargeblianobas, raTa ar Caqres is enTu-

ziazmi, romelic gamoiwvia daraionebam. ......... part. komkav-

Siris gaerTianebuli kreba sTxovs saq. s. p. /b/ cekas, ra-

Ta ar gaauqmos walenjixis raioni da misces mas arsebo-

bis saSualeba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

biujetisaTvis namdvilad autanelia yofili zugdidis maz-

ris zemomTagorian nawilSi ori walenjixisa da Cxorowyus

raionis Senaxva. maSin part. komkavSiris gaerTianebuli

kreba sTxovs saq. k.p./b/ centralur komitets, raTa gaaer-Tianos walenjixisa da Cxorowyus raionebi erT raionad,

im adgilas, sadac amas airCeven orive raionebis mSromeli

mosaxleoba.

6. Tu vincobaa Cveni Txovna dakmayofilebuli ar iqneba,

im SemTxvevaSi ecnobos saq. k. p. /b/ cekas, raTa yovelive

zemoT Tqmulis gamosarkvevad, yoveli mizezis gareSe miavlinon avtoritetiani komisia, romelic gamoarkvevs da Seiswavlis .......... mTeli mSromeli mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas am sakiTxSi.... 7. eTxovos agreTve, walenjixis raionis partiul komitets,

raTa dasvas es sakiTxi raikomis sxdomaze da daicvas Cve-

ni kanonieri moTxovnilebani.

8. am dadgenilebis partiis centraluri komitetisaTvis

misarTmevad da Cveni soflis mdgomareobis da survilebis

centraluri komitetisaTvis sityvierad asaxsnelad arCeu-


35

li iqnes delegatad amx. ........... .......................... , romelsac

daevalos Cveni dadgenileba miarTvas saq. k. p. /b/ cekas

mdivans da sityvierad auxsnas Cveni soflis survilebi da

suliskveTeba.

zemoT aRniSnul dadgenilebas xels vawerT:

krebis Tav-re: ..........

m d i v a n i: ...........

partiis da komkavSiris wevr-kandidatebi43.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samegrelodan TbilisSi am

tipis koleqtiuri werilebis gamogzavna iyo isak Jvaniaze

lavrenti berias Setevis pirveli etapi. meore etapad unda miviCnioT saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis komite-

tis saxeliT samegreloSi cnobili enaTmecnieris - arn.

Ciqobavas gagzavna; kerZod, Cvens xelT arsebuli informa-

ciis mixedviT, 1932 wlis aprilSi samegreloSi muSaobda

zugdidis raikomis mier Seqmnili komisia ("brigada"), rom-

lis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: zugdidis raionis ganaTlebis

ganyofilebis gamge, zugdidis raikomis warmomadgeneli da

gansaxkomis warmomadgeneli amx. arn. Ciqobava44.

1932 wlis 23-27 aprils sssr ganaTlebis saxalxo

komisaris saxelze momzadda komisiis (/"brigadis") 45

43 Sss arqivi, f. 14, aR. 6. №266, furc.220-223. 44 1898 wels dabadebuli arn. Ciqobava 1926 wlidan aris Tbi-lisis saxelmwifo universitetis leqtori. Tbilisis universi-tetis kursdamTavrebulTagan pirvelma daicva sadoqtoro di-sertacia (1929 w.). 1932-36 wlebSi iyo saxelmwifo terminolo-giuri komisiis swavluli mdivani. 1933 wels damtkicebul iqna universitetis profesorad. 1933 wels arn. Ciqobavas ini-ciativiT universitetSi daarsda kavkasiur enaTa kaTedra, ro-melsac xelmZRvanelobda 1960 wlamde. 1933-34 saswavlo wels arn. Ciqobavas TaosnobiT Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis fakultetTan Camoyalibda kavkasiur enaTa ganyofi-leba. 1936 wlidan gardacvalebamde xelmZRvanelobda Tavis mier daarsebul mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ganyofilebas enaTmec-nierebis insitutSi. 45 komisia brigadis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis oqmSi.


36

moxsenebiTi baraTi. dokumentSi Camoyalibebulia Semdegi ZiriTadi daskvnebi46:

1. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mSromelTaTvis (mxedvelobaSi gvyavs qarTuli gvartomobis mosaxleoba) mecnierebisa da literaturis ena iyo da aris qarTuli ena, saqarTvelos saxelmwofo ena. socialisturi mSeneblobi-sa da kulturuli revoluciis ena.

2. ZiriTadi pedagogiuri sakiTxi, romelic amJamad

ismis, am xasiaTisa aris: warmoadgens Tu ara megrulad molaparake bavSvebisTvis qarTuli iseT iaraRs, romelic

mis bunebriv ganviTarebas zRudavs?

unda iTqvas, rom fsiqologia megrul metyvelebisa im-

denadve axlo sdgas qarTulTan, ramdenad axlo sdgas

qarTulTan romelime xevsuris fsiqologia. imdenadve meg-

rulad molaparake bavSvebisaTvis qarTuli ena normalur

iaraRs warmoadgens, rogorc vsTqvi warmoadgens imave xev-

surisaTvisa, svanisaTvis. qarTuli ena megreli da svani

bavSvebis normaluri ganviTarebisaTvis iseTive bunebrivi da pedagogiurad mizanSewonili iaraRia, rogorc xevsuri da guruli bavSvebisaTvis. ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom saliteraturo qarTuli ena gansxvavdeba

(zogjer TvalsaCinodac) TviT qarTuli kuTxuri metyvele-

bisagan (mag. TuSuri, xevsuruli, gurulisagan). salitera-

turo qarTuls TviT qarTulad moubarnic swavloben.

3. istoriulad megrulis uflebebisaTvis iRvwoda

(anbanis Sedgena da sxva) TviTmpyrobeloba (igulisxmeba

mefis ruseTi! - t.f. m.T.), e.i. swored is Zala, rome-

lic qarTuli enis uflebebs xSavda: megrulis uflebe-bisaTvis zrunva qarTulis Seviwroebis saSualeba iyo.

kulturul-istoriulad sazogadoebriv-politikurad meg-

ruli enis uflebebis sakiTxis gaCena saqarTveloSi iseve

warmoudgenelia, rogorc warmoudgenelia ”daCagruli meg-

ruli”. amJamad megruli enis qarTuli saliteraturo eni-

saTvis dapirispireba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aris feodalu-

46 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba 2018 wels wignSi: t. futkaraZe, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi".


37

ri saqarTvelos kuTxuri karCaketilobis da wewa-glejis

fsiqologiis recidivi.

4. qarTulad swavleba savsebiT SesaZlebelia pirveli jgu-

febidanve. pedagogiurad saWiroa da praqtikulad

aucilebeli swavlebis procesSi gamoviyenoT megruli, rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulad mocemuli masalis SeTvisebis gasaadvileblad” (uaxlesi istoriis

centraluri arqivi - f. 300, a.12, №26, f. 44-47); meore

dokumentSi ufro dazustebulia es sakiTxi:

megrulis sakiTxi aris praqtikuli sakiTxi. samegrelos

mosaxleoba aRmosavleT sanapiros gamoklebiT ojaxSi qar-

Tulad ar laparakobs (iqac ki, sadac yvelas esmis ojaxSi

qarTuli). bavSvebi skolaSi rom modis, man qarTuli Cveu-

lebrivad ar icis, amitom praqtikulad aucilebelia

megruli iqnes gamoyenebuli, rogorc damxmare saSualeba qarTulis SeTvisebisas da SesaTviseblad. ara Tu pirvel jgufSi, ufros jgufSiac maswavlebels mouxde-

ba megrulis waSvelieba; amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, arc meg-

ruli saxelmZRvaneloa saWiro da arc megruli termino-

logia, romelTac ebRauWebian swored isini, visac surs

megrulis sakiTxi principuli-politikur sakiTxad aqcios

da megruli qarTulisagan gasamijn saSualebad gamoiyenos,

rasac, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvs saerTo leninur poli-

tikasTan” (uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi - f. 300,

a.12, №26, f. 1-6)”.

Cans, am moxsenebiTi baraTis Sinaarsi maleve cnobili

gaxda stalineli kolaboracionistebisaTvis; amas mohyva

tarasi Sengelias saCivari, romelic 1933 wlis aprilSi gaegzavna skkp (b) ck-s mdivans, amx. i. stalins, ssr kavSi-

ris ck-is Tavmjdomares, amx. kalinins da ssrk saxkomsabWos

Tavmjdomares, amx. molotovs. i. stalinis zemoT damowme-

bul koncefciaze dayrdnobiT, t. Sengelia samegrelos

mosaxleobis saxeliT iTxovda aWaris avtonomiis msgavs av-

tonomias samegrelosaTvis da megruli enisa da litera-


38

turis Seqmnas 47 . amave saCivarSi galanZRulia arn.

Ciqobava; kerZod, vkiTxulobT: "ganaTlebis saxalxo komitetma zugdidis raionSi miav-

lina ”megreli”“ Cinovniki, ”profesori” Ciqobava davale-

biT, rom am ”megrel vai mecniers” ”mecniereuli” Tvalsaz-

risiT Seejamebina dawyebiT skolebSi megrul enaze swav-

leba. am mecnierma zustad Seajama Sedegebi da dawe-

ra: ”marTalia megreli bavSvebi ukeT iTviseben masalas

mSobliur megrul enaze, vidre maTTvis gaugebari qarTul

enaze, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom SemdgomSi megru-

lidan qarTul enaze gadasvla gaZneldeba, amitom megru-

li skolebis pirvelive jgufebidanve amoRebuli unda iq-

nas megrul enaze swavleba; anu samomavlo ”perspeqtivi-

saTvis”, ukve dRes gavwiroT megruli ena”. aseT„”safuZ-

vlian” ”mecniereul” antileninur gamosvlas daeTanxma

zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xelmZRvaneloba da ga-

dawyvita momavali saswavlo wlidan samegrelos dawyebiT

skolebSi daekanonebinaT qarTul enaze swavleba. am "Wkvia-

nuri” gadawyvetilebiT zugdidis axali xelmZRvaneloba

ganaTlebis saxkomTan erTad cvlis skp(b) ck-s dadgenile-

bas kavkasiis nacionaluri komitetis da saerTod leni-

nur-stalinuri swavlebis nacionaluri sakiTxis Sesaxeb48.

47 saarqivo masala 2018 wels gamoqveyndeba wignSi: t. futkara-Ze, "qarTvelologiis Tanamedrove gamowvevebi." 48 werilis am monakveTis gansxvavebuli Targmanisa Tu komentare-bisaTvis ix.: vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, "megruli sa-kiTxi", Tb., 2009, gv. 299-300; 192-294; Sdr., Targmani: "saqar-Tvelos gansaxkomma zugdidis raionSi moavlina "megreli" Cinov-niki "profesori" Ciqobava im mizniT, rom am vai "mecniers" "mecnieruli" TvalsazrisiT Seejamebina dawyebiT skolebSi meg-rul enaze bavSvebis swavleba. am "mecnierma" zustad Seajama Se-degebi da dawera: marTalia, megreli bavSvebi mSobliuri meg-ruli eniT ukeT iTviseben, vidre gaugebari qarTuli eniT. mag-ram mxedvelobaSi misaRebia. rom Semdeg megrulidan qarTulze gadasvla Zneli iqneba, amitom megrul skolebSi pirvelive jgu-febidan amoRebuli iqnas megruli ena... ase damajerebel "mecnie-rul" daskvnas daeTanxma zugdidis partiis raikomis axali xel-mZRvaneloba da gadawyvita momdevno saswavlo wlidan dawyebiT megrul skolebSi qarTul enaze swavlebis dakanoneba".


39

am danosis 49 daweridan 1 TveSi, 1933 wlis 25 maiss

sssr ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars arn. Ciqobavam waru-

dgina damatebiTi ganmartebiTi moxseneba 50 da 1933 wlis 25-27 maiss zugdidis raionSi momuSave axali komisiis -

vukol beriZis51 komisiis - daskvnac. axali komisiis Semad-

genloba ase gamoiyurebodaa: xobis raikomis mdivani, Cxo-

rowyus raionis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamge, galis ra-

ionis ganyofilebis gamge, enisa da samecniero terminolo-

giis komisiis Tavmjdomare vukol beriZe, xobis raionuli

ganyofilebis gamge. komisiis daskvna xelmowerilia 1933

wlis 27 maiss. am komisiis daskvnaSi gameorebulia arn.

Ciqobavas komisiis ZiriTadi punqti:

"megrul enaze swavlebis SemoReba Tundac 1-l

jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas. swav-leba pirveli jgufidanve qarTul enaze unda mim-dinareobdes, xolo megruli ena gamoyenebuli unda iqnas, rogorc damxmare ara marto pirvel jgufSi,

rogorc vxedavT, gvaramia-ciciSvilis citirebaSi ramdenime fra-za xelovnuradaa damaxinjebuli; mag., fraza "megreli vai mecnieri" Secvlilia fraziT: "vai mecnieri". 49 msgavsi miznis mqone danosebi postsabWoTa periodSic ar aris iSviaTi movlena; mag., zustad aseTi bolSevikuri suliskveTebi-Ta daiwera koleqtiuri danosi saxelwodebiT: "qarTveluri ene-bi da dialeqtebi (erTi "samecniero polemikis" gamo)", romelic broSuradac gamoica (redaqtori mariam manjgalaZe; gamomcemloba "meridiani", Tb., 2007); ix., aseve, giorgi gogolaSvilis, Wabuka qirias, zaqaria furcxvaniZis, gia okujavas... paskvilebi (romle-bic Sorsaa akademizmisganac da adamianuri faseulobebisganac). 50 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mi-er mzaddeba gamosacemad. 51 vukol beriZem 1912 wels daamTavra peterburgis universite-tis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti. 1922-1932 wlebSi amier-kavkasiis komunistur universitetSi kiTxulobda qarTuli enisa da literaturis kurss. iyo saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis saxeliT 1925 wlis dasawyisSi Seqmnili„”centra-luri samecniero-saterminologio komiteti” Tavmjdomare. 1932 wlidan moRvaweobda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. misi uSualo monawileobiT damuSavda sxvadasxva dargis terminolo-giuri leqsikonebi.


40

sadac megruli ena ufro farTod gamoiyeneba, aramed zeda jgufebSiac"52.

samive daskvna ganixila saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxal-

xo komisariatis kolegiam 1933 wlis 25 maisis53 sxdomaze.

sxdomas eswrebodnen: ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari amx. er-

mile (eriki) aleqsis Ze bedia /saq. kp(b) centraluri ko-

mitetis propagandisa da kulturis ganyofilebis gamge/,

gabriel goguaZe (kolegiis mdivani), zugdidis ganaTlebis

ganyofilebis gamge, amx. Salva faJava (brigadis wevri), ga-

naTlebis saxalxo komisariatis warmomadgeneli,

enaTmecnieri arn. Ciqobava (brigadis wevri),

enaTmecnierebi: vukol beriZe, varlam Tofuria, giorgi axvlediani; aseve: amx. gviCia (qarTuli jgufis maswavlebe-

li), beriZe, amx. anjafariZe (megruli jgufis maswavlebe-

li); ganaTlebis ganyofilebis gamgeebi xobis, Cxorowyus,

galis raionebidan da afxazeTidan: amx. pertaia, amx. zam-

Taraia (galis raioni), amx. danelia (xobis raioni), amx.

qacarava, amx. karpez beriZe, amx. isak Jvania... CvenTvis sa-

interesoa am sxdomaze gamosuli vukol beriZis, giorgi

axvledianisa da arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebebi megrulis sta-

tusis Sesaxeb:

vukol beriZe (gv. 29-30): arqivSi aris daculi (cno-bebi), saidanac rusi moxeleebi amtkiceben, rom megrulze

SesaZlebeli aris mwerloba dafuZndes, 1884 wels cirku-

liari aris gagzavnili ianovskis mier; maTi mizani iyo

ara megrulis damkvidreba, aramed qarTulis gandevna sko-

lebidan: "megrelebis CamoSoreba, rom qarTvelebis mTlia-

ni ojaxi dasustebuliyo"... rac Seexeba kiTxvas: aris Tu

ara megruli damoukidebeli ena? "aris midgoma

lingvistikuri da aris midgoma sazogadoebriv

politikuri (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.)... udidesi mecnieri niko mari garkveviT laparakobs: "megruli lingvisturad

enaa, romelic saintereso masalas iZleva saerTo qarTu-

52 dokumenti gamoqveyndeba wignSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mi-er mzaddeba gamosacemad. 53 27 maiss xelmowerili daskvna ganixiles 25 maiss? dasazuste-belia arqivis pirvel an meore dokumentis TariRi.


41

lis Sesaswavlad, magram sazogadoebriv kulturul-

istoriulad igi dialeqtia (xazi Cvenia - t.f. m.T.). sa-

zogadoebriv-kulturulad megrelTa mSobliuri samrewve-

lo kulturuli ena aris qarTuli..." (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.T.).

giorgi axvlediani (gv. 41): "enis fsiqologia qar-Tulsa da megruls erTi da igive aqvT. es is aris, rom

azrovnebis iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis erTi da

igive aris ZiriTadad. maSasadame, azrovnebis iaraRi ar

maxinjdeba. mxolod aq aris leqsikis ambavi: aq ki damaxin-

jeba aris. maSasadame, kvadratSi ayvanili damaxinjebis, rad-

gan /enis/ struqtura erTi da igive yofila".

arn. Ciqobava (gv. 52): "qarTuli ena megreli bavSvis kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis aris bunebrivi iaraRi".

sxdomas ajamebs kolegiis Tavmjdomare, ganaTlebis sa-

xalxo komisari ermile bedia (gv. 59): "nuTu iseTi brme-

bi varT, rom ar davinaxoT, rom samegrelos axalgazrdo-

bis aRzrda saSualo, umaRlesi unda moxdes qarTul ena-

ze. ra saWiroa niko maris Teoria megruli damoukidebe-

li enis Sesaxeb?!"54

1932-33 wlebSi SemuSavebuli warmodgenili Tvalsazri-

si arn Ciqobavam Semdgom periodSi ufro srulyo; kerZod,

gaiTvaliswina ra realuri istoria, stalinis

Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, megrelTa, lazTa, svanTa

istoriul samwignobro enad (/dedaenad, erovnul enad)

gamoacxada qarTuli ena. Tumca, bolomde ver SeewinaaR-

mdega ra i. stalins, svanuri da zanuri (megrul-lazuri)

tomobriv enebad CaTvala, magram statusiT isini mainc ga-

uTanabra qarTvelTa sxva dialeqtebs 55 ; Sdr., am Temaze

54 kolegiaze sityviT gamomsvlelebis teqstebi srulad ix. wig-nSi, romelic avtorTa jgufis mier mzaddeba gamosacemad. 55 bolSevikuri diqtaturis periodSi SeuZlebeli iyo, vinme ra-dikalurad dapirispireboda i. stalins. petr Waraiasa da si-lovan xundaZisagan gansxvavebiT, arn. Ciqobavam (aseve, ak. SaniZem, g. axvledianma, v. Tofuriam) Sualeduri pozicia arCies: ar uaryves umwerlobo (tomobrivi) qarTveluri enebis stalinuri


42

sxvadasxva dros arn. Ciqobavas mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsaz-

risebi:

arn. Ciqobava, 1936 weli (Wanuris gramatikuli anali-zi, Tb., 1936, gv. 3): ”Wanuri da megruli orive kiloa

erTi enisa, romelic qarTvelur enaTa jgufis mesame

wevrs warmoadgens; calke enebad Wanursa da megruls ise-

ve ver miviCnevT, rogorc xevsurulsa da guruls; es uka-

nasknelni, rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli enis kiloebs war-

moadgenen; fonetikurad, morfologiurad da sintaqsurad,

leqsikiTac ki, Wanuri da megruli, rogorc qveviT davina-

xavT, ufro axlos dgas erTmaneTTan, vinem guruli da

xevsuruli; xevsuruli da guruli kiloebia qarTuli eni-

sa; Wanurica da megrulic kiloebia, oRond qarTuli eni-

sa ki ara, aramed calke enisa, romelic qarTulTan gaci-

lebiT ufro axlosa dgas, vinem svanuri. am enas p i r

o b i T zanurs vuwodebT”.

arn. Ciqobava, 1938 weli (Wanur-megrul-qarTuli Se-

darebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1938, gv. XII): "zanuri (Wanur-

megruli) miCneulia qarTulis (zustad rom vTqvaT, im enisa, romlis gagrZelebasac istoriuld cnobili qarTu-

li warmoadgens) diferenciaciis Sedegad (da ara difu-zuri bgerebis mqone raRac X-metyvelebis diferenciaciis

Sedegad); am qarTuls Camoyalibebuli saxiT ukve

gaaCnda yvela is foneba, rac masSi dRes mogvepoveba (r, h da s-s garda).

arn. Ciqobava, 1952 weli (”enaTmecnierebis Sesava-

li”): ”qarTuli saliteraturo ena yvela qarTveli tomis

mwignobrobis ena iyo istoriulad da aris amJamadac, qar-

Tleli da aWareli, kaxeli da imereli, TuSi da megreli,

xevsuri da afxazi, fSaveli da svani, ingilo da lazi...

am enaze swavlobs skolaSi, am enas iyenebs kulturuli

winsvlis iaraRad. asea es sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros;

ase iyo es mravali saukunis manZilze: arc afxazebs, arc

svanebs, arc megrelebsa da arc Wanebs (lazebs), sxva sam-

werlo ena ara hqoniaT. mefis mTavrobis cda (mecxramete

idea, magram uaryves megrulis, rogorc tomobrivi (umwerlobo) enis, arseboba.


43

saukunis meoTxmoce wlebSi) megrulad SemoeRo swavla sa-

megrelos skolebSi da miT qarTuli ena samegrelos sko-

lebidan ganedevna, marcxiT damTavrda: Tu deda-enas as-

wavlidnen qarTvel bavSvs skolaSi, es ena qarTuli iyo

yvela qarTveli tomisaTvis (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, 363).

arn. Ciqobava, 1958 weli (gazeTi ”komunisti”, 1958:

3): ”qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seqmnilia mTeli qar-

Tveli xalxis mier, igi kuTvnilebaa mTeli qarTvelobisa, - iqneba es qarTveli - xevsuri Tu svani, kaxeli Tu megreli, qarTleli Tu aWareli... TviT daquc-

macebul feodalur saqarTveloSic ki sxva samwerlo ena

ara hqoniaT arc megrelebsa da arc svanebs. qarTuli sa-

literaturo ena erTaderTi erovnuli enaa mTeli qar-TvelobisaTvis; ase iyo warsulSi da miT ufro asea axla,

roca sabWoTa saqarTveloSi socialistur qarTvel erSi

SeduRabebulia rogorc qarTvelobis ganuyreli organuli

nawili, megreli, Wani da svani iseve, rogorc qarTleli,

kaxeli, aWareli, TuSi... didma qarTvelma pedagogma i.

gogebaSvilma deda-ena uwoda im wigns, romelsac yoveli kuTxis qarTveli bavSvi, svani iseve, rogorc fSaveli, megreli iseve, rogorc aWareli, qarTleli da kaxeli... iRebs pirvelad xelSi, rom erTian nacionalur qarTul enas daeuflos, daeuflos im enas, romliTac iliam, akakim, vaJam Seqmnes qarTuli literatu-

ris SesaniSnavi nimuSebi, im enas, romelic ganviTarebis

axal safexurze avida sabWoTa drois saxelovani qarTveli

prozaikosebisa da poetebis Semoqmedebis wyalobiT".

arn. Ciqobava, 1969 weli (gazeTi ”samSoblo”; 1969: 4): "kuTxuri kilokavebis mTeli wyeba gvaqvs, saliteratu-

ro qarTuli ena ki erTia yvela kilokavze moubarTaTvis,

erTobliv yvela kuTxis qarTvelTaTvis. qarTleli iqneba

igi, aWareli, fSaveli Tu svani, xevsuri Tu megreli. es

erTi saliteraturo qarTuli ena qarTvelobis erovnuli

enaa, skolisa da sasamarTlos ena, Teatrisa da radioga-dacemaTa ena, igi sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas

warmoadgens"...


44

sruli safuZveli gvaqvs yovelive zemoTqmuli ase SevajamoT:

i. stalinis (da niko maris) Tavdapirvel "sociolin-

gvistur" "Teziss", romlis mixedviTac sabWoTa imperiis

enobrivi politika igegmeboda 1913-1932 wlebSi (da rome-

lic enobriv-eTnikurad anawevrebda qarTvel ers), imTaviT-

ve SeewinaaRmdegnen qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi (kon-

stantine gamsaxurdia, Tedo saxokia...), bolSevikTa erTi

nawili da qarTveli enaTmecnierebi: silovan xundaZe, ar-

nold Ciqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi axvlediani, akaki Sa-

niZe, varlam Tofuria... Tumca, maT Sorisac SeiniSneboda

garkveuli sxvaoba; kerZod, aleqsandre gegeWkori da

silovan xundaZe ukompromisod daupirispirdnen i. stalinis midgomas, rac saboloo jamSi maTi sruli igno-rirebiT dasrulda (SemTxveviTi damTxveva: orive gardaic-

vala 1928 wels)56.

imxanad ufro pragmatuli aRmoCnda arn. Ciqobavas, g.

axvledianis, v. beriZis da sxva lingvistebis garkveul-

wilad kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi; kerZod, maT ar gai-ziares ioseb stalinis (da niko maris!) e.w. oTxi qarTve-

luri enis Teoria da xeli SeuSales samegrelosa da sva-

neTSi qarTuli enis, rogorc istoriuli dedaenis, Canac-

vlebas adgilobrivi kuTxuri metyvelebebiT. am mimarTu-

lebiT liderad Cans arn. Ciqobava. zogadad Tu vityviT,

i. stalinis represiuli reJimis pirobebSi i. stalinis

enobrivi politikis uaryofa enaTmecnieris mier

samoqalaqo gmirobis tolfasi iyo.

56 t. futkaraZe, silovan xundaZisa da akaki SaniZis polemika qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb; akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetisa da ioseb ocxelis saxelo-

bis №2 sajaro skolis erToblivi samecniero konferencia, mieZ-Rvna cnobil sazogado moRvawes, pirveli qarTuli gimnaziis

/ioseb ocxelis saxelobis №2 sajaro skolis/ erT-erTi damfuZ-neblis - silovan xundaZis dabadebidan 156-e wlisTavs. quTaisi, 16 aprili, 2016 w.; t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, silovan xunda-Zis„”qarTul gramatikaSi” Setanili megrul-svanuri masalis Se-saxeb qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XX, 2016.


45

friad faseulia, aseve, megrulis statusis Sesaxeb ga-

moTqmuli vukol beriZisa da giorgi axvledianis

kompromisuli Tvalsazrisi: "sazogadoebriv kulturul-

istoriulad megruli dialeqtia, sazogadoebriv-kultu-

rulad megrelTa mSobliuri samrewvelo kulturuli ena aris qarTuli..." (v. beriZe); "enis fsiqologia qarTulsa

da megruls erTi da igive aqvT; es is aris, rom azrovne-

bis iaraRi CvenTvis da megrelebisaTvis erTi da igive

aris ZiriTadad (g. axvlediani).

raSi mdgomareobda arn. Ciqobavas, v. beriZis, g. axvledianis kompromisi?

1913 wels daweril wignSi: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri

sakiTxi" i. stalini werda, rom megrelTa dedaena aris

"dagvianebuli eris" umwerlobo ena (!).

Sdr. silovan xundaZis sapirispiro pozicia: "megru-li aris qarTuli enis dialeqti (maSin es Tvalsazrisi

bunebrivi iyo qarTveli moRvaweebisTvisac)"57.

Sdr. kompromisuli pozicia: megrelebis dedaena aris istoriuli qarTuli samwignobro ena, xolo megruli ar

aris damoukidebeli ena; igi aris umwerlobo zanuri enis

(da ara - qarTuli enis) dialeqti. es mosazreba

Camoayalibes arn. Ciqobavam da 1933 wlis ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis sxdomis monawile sxva lingvistebma.

SemdgomSi arn. Ciqobava ufro vrclad msjelobs am mi-

marTulebiT; kerZod, arn. Ciqobavas azriT, megreli, saqar-

Tvelos sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelTa msgavsad, didi samwig-

nobro kulturis patronia (ar aris umwerlobo CamorCe-

nili eri); megrelis erovnuli ena aris qarTuli ena; sa-

kuTriv megruli ki aris qarTuli enisgan warmoqmnili

57 silovan xundaZe (”qarTuli gramatika”, 1917, gv. 20): ”qarTu-li enis kilokavebia - svanuri, megruli, lazuri, ingilouri, fSauri, TuSuri, xevsuruli da sxv. saqarTvelos yovelis gansa-kuTrebuli kuTxis enas Tavisi gansxvavebuli gamoTqma da for-mebi aqvs, magram yvela kuTxes erTmaneTis saubari kargaT esmis. mxolod svanuri da megruli ena (da am ukanasknelis maxlobeli dialeqti lazuri) deda-qarTulisagan gansakuTrebiT gansxvave-bul saxes warmoadgens”.


46

tomobrivi zanuri enis dialeqti58 . ”diferenciaciis pro-

cesSi zanuri (romlis erT-erT kilos megruli warmoad-

gens) imdenad daSorda qarTuls, rom qarTulis kilod

misi miCneva SeuZlebelia” (arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramati-

kuli analizi, 1936, gv. 6).

arc am naSromSi da arc sxvagan arn. Ciqobavas ar warmoudgenia procentuli zRvari, Tu qarTuli enis diferenciaciis romeli etapidan iqca zanuri "tomobriv enad". aseTi zRvris dadeba SeuZlebelicaa,

ramdenadac metyvelebis dialeqtad Tu enad kvalificire-

bas ganapirobebs ara fonetika-morfologia-leqsikaSi war-

moqmnili sxvaobebi, aramed mocemuli sazogadoebis

samwignobro enis istoria da enobriv-eTnikuri TviT-aRqma (sociolingvisturi kriteriumi); Sdr.: arn. Ciqoba-vac, vukol beriZec, giorgi axvledianic da ufro axali

Taobis mecnierebic 59 "sazogadoebriv-kulturulad" anu

sociolingvisturad megruls miiCneven qarTuli enis

dialeqtad60 ; Sesabamisad, qarTuli "erovnuli enis" para-

lelurad arn. Ciqobavas mier zanuris/svanuris "tomobriv

enad" gamocxadeba SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod i. stali-

nisadmi kompromisiT da ara - mecnieruli safuZvliT.

58 arn. Ciqobava. 1952, gv. 99-101: ”tomobrivi enebis nimuSad Cveni sinamdvilidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT qarTvel tomTa enebi: svanuri, zanuri (megrul-Wanuri)... tomobrivi enebia, agreTve daRestnis enebi: aRuluri, waxuruli, ruTuluri, andiuri, di-douri. 59 ix., qvemoT. 60 umwerlobo enisa da kilos (dialeqtis) statusis ganmsaz-Rvreli kriteriumebis Sesaxeb diskusiisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, saerToerovnuli saliteraturo enisa da saSinao sametyvelo kodebis mimarTebis sakiTxi qarTuli saliteraturo enisa da dialeqtebis mixedviT, XX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri sa-mecniero sesiis masalebi, zugdidi, 2000; k. gabunia, qarTvelu-ri enebis sakuTriv lingvisturi da sociolingvisturi kriteri-

umebis gamijvnisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, №1, 2004; t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTve-lur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva, humani-tarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, t. VII, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ”qarTuli universiteti”, 2016...


47

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare aSkaraa, bolSe-vikebis periodSic megruli "enis" (da samegrelos avtono-

miis) sakiTxi wamoiWra ara samegreloSi, aramed - ruseTis

imperiis centrSi, amjerad ukve i. stalinis koncefciis

mixedviT. Sesabamisad, usafuZvloa e.w. megrul

"separatizmze" saubari; ufro logikuria, visaubroT kolaboracionist pirebsa Tu mcire jgufebze, romelTa antiqarTuli mimarTulebiT aqtiuroba provocirebuli iyo imperiuli centridan (aseTi subieqtebi yvela kuT-xeSi da yvela droSi SeiZleba arsebobdnen)61.

qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri danawevrebis rusuli gegma dResac aqtualuria; mag., 2002 da 2010 wlebis ruseTis mosaxleobis aRwerebis dokumentebSi sxvadasxva

erovnebebadaa CaTvlili: qarTveli, megreli, svani, aWare-

li 62 ... sabWoTa inerciiTa Tu mizanmimarTulad, qarTve-lebi oTxi Tu sami enis mixedviT arian dayofili ucxo-

61 mefis ruseTis droindel procesze, aseve, st. gaguas, b. dadi-anisa da gr. axalaias jgufebis qmedebis Sesaxeb swori daskvna aqvT gakeTebuli v. gvaramiasa da g. ciciSvils: "1922 wels s. orjonikiZe ambobs: "politika iqmneba ara aq da ara - Cvens mier, aramed moskovSi; amis gaTvaliswinebiT gasagebi xdeba, rom "meg-ruli sakiTxic" principSi moskovis doneze wydeboda" (vaxtang gvaramia, giorgi ciciSvili, dasaxelebuli wigni, gv. 97); Tumca, igive avtorebi amarTleben isak Jvanias, metic, isak Jvanias "erovnuli" moRvaweobis dasabuTebas dasaxelebuli sqeltaniani wignic ki miuZRvnes. 62 t. futkaraZe, 2002 da 2010 wlebis saerTo-saxalxo aRwerebi ruseTSi da qarTvelTa identobis sakiTxebi; ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis samecniero konferencia, Tb., 14-17 ivnisi, 2010; t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikuri aRwera "msoflios enaTa reestris"

(inguarium.iling-ran.ru) mixedviT da arsebuli sinamdvile, saqarTve-lo da msoflio (warsuli da Tanamedroveoba), baTumi, 2009. wakiTxul iqna moxsenebad samecniero konferenciaze: ”saqarTve-lo da msoflio (warsuli da Tanamedroveoba)”, baTumi, 2008

w., 14-15 noemberi. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14098229/Putkaradze-Msoflios-EnaTa-Reestri-Da-Sakartvelo msjelobisaTvis ix. qvemoT.


48

el Tu qarTvel mecnierTa erTi nawilis mierac63; kerZod,

zogi amJamindeli ucxoeli Tu qarTveli eqspertis mier

qarTvelur qvesistemaTa nawili dResac iwodeba: "umwer-

lobo enad", "tomobriv enad", "ganviTarebad enad" Tu

"aRorZinebad enad"64. arada, dRes yvelam kargad icis, rom

eTnografiul literaturaSi "tomi" velur sazogadoebas

niSnavs; aseve, namdvilad saxarbielo statusi ar aris:

"umwerlobo ena", ”aRorZinebadi ena”, ”arasamwerlobo

ena”,„”tomobrivi ena”“... Sdr., mag., erTi citata a.onianis

erT-erTi bolo naSromidan: ”qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri

aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur

enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT,

ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba,

xelovneba)... qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis

bunebrivi (da ara - Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo

erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena da erTaderTi

saliteraturo ena. es aris is didi tvirTi, rac

istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqar-Tvelos saerTo-saxalxo erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis

erTianobis burji. danarCeni qarTveluri enebi ki, romle-

bic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT Cveulebrivi enebia, fun-

qcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT)

qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian. naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris msgavsad)

umwerlobo enaa” (a. oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4).

Cveni komentari: lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, bunebriv enad SeiZleba

kvalificirdes aRqmadi bgeriTi niSnebis yvela sistema, romlebic gamoiyeneba komunikaciis saSualebad. msoflioSi

63 Tanamedrove realobaSi. roca aRar aris i. stalinis reJimis msgavsi zewola, "gaugebaria" i. stalinis mecnierulad dausabuTebeli Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis motivi. 64 ix., mag.: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GE sadac qarTveluri qvesistemebis mimarT igive kvalifikaciebia am weri-lis gamoqveynebis periodSic (damowmebulia 02.12. 2017).


49

arsebuli enebis/kiloebis saxeldebis principebidan gamom-

dinare, metyvelebis enad Tu kilod kvalificireba xdeba

mxolod "sazogadoebrivi funqciis mixedviT".

Sdr., aseve:

akademiuri doqtori nazi miqelaZe: "tomobrivi enebi amJamadac arseboben, magaliTad, to-

mis enebia: Crdilo, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi

mcxovrebi indielebis ena (maia-ena, actekuri da irekozu-

li enebi da sxva). Cveni enebidan tomis enas warmoadgens:

megruli, Wanuri (anu lazuri) da svanuri. sxva tomobri-

vi enebia magaliTad: daRestnuri enebi: didouri, naxuru-

li, ruTuluri da sxva"65.

mravalsaukunovani qarTuli samwignobro kulturis

Semqmneli samegrelos mkvidrebis gamocxadeba umwignobro

tomebad, samegrelos mkvidri qarTvelebis (megrelebis)

kuTxuri metyvelebis - qarTuli enis kuTxuri saxesxvaobis

- gamocxadeba tomis enad (tomobriv enad) 66 rom didi

Secdomaa, vfiqrobT, yvela saRad moazrovne

adamianisaTvis naTelia. ix., aseve:

akademiuri doqtoris rusudan gersamias citata: "eleqtronuli bazebi umwerlobo qarTveluri

enebisTvis dRemde ar arsebobs. CvenTan cifrulma humani-tariam axlaxan aidga fexi, ukve Seqmnilia ramdenime kor-

pusi qarTuli enisTvis, qarTuli enis dialeqtebisTvis da

65 http://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/news/5599 (damowebulia: 11.04.2018) 66 tomobrivi ena - tribal languag; Indigenous language - An indigenous language or autochthonous language is a language that is native to a region and spoken by indigenous people, often reduced to the status of a minority language.This language would be from a linguistically distinct community that has been settled in the area for many generations. Indigenous languages are not necessarily national languages, and the reverse is also true. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_language. племенной язык - Бесписьменный диалект, форма существования языка в первобытно-общинную эпоху, когда границы лингвистической и этнической группы совпадали https://www.psyoffice.ru/5-sociolinguistics-518.htm


50

Cveni kolegebi dResac agrZeleben muSaobas. Tumca sxva

qarTveluri enebisTvis jer amgvari bazebi ar Cans"67.

am SemTxvevaSic mokle komentariT SemovifarglebiT: saerTaSoriso samecniero velSi saqarTvelos (/samegre-

los) mkvidrisagan imis mtkiceba, rom megrelebs, lazebs

(Tundac saqarTveloSi mcxovreb lazebs!), svanebs dedaeneb-

ze mwignobroba ara aqvT, safrTxis qveS myofi "umwerlo-

bo enebis" gadarCenis sababiT evropuli grantis miRebis survils ufro hgavs.

winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca garkveulwilad saintere-soa prof. kaxa gabunias Semdegi msjeloba:

"vfiqrobT, sruliad marTebulia mosazreba, romelic b.

jorbenaZis mier aris formulirebuli: "enaTmecnieruli (da-

vazustebT - sakuTriv lingvisturi) TvalsazrisiT megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTulis moZme enebia, magram eTnikur-

politikuri (aqac davazustebT - sociolingvisturi) 68

TvalsazrisiT, maT igive statusi aqvT, rac dialeqtebs

(jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 36). sainteresoa es sakiTxi TviTindeti-

fikaciis TvalsazrisiT: enaa Tu dialeqti megrul-lazuri

da svanuri? - es iyo respondentebisTvis dasmuli erT-erTi kiTxva CaRrmavebuli interviuebis Cawerisas. Tumca, cxadia,

am saubris mizani ar yofila da verc iqneboda sakiTxis er-

Txel da samudamod gadaWra da saTanado argumentaciebis

moTxovna-warmodgena. saintereso iyo ubralo adamianebis

(romelTac enaTmecnierebasTan araferi akavSirebT) damokide-

buleba megrul-lazurTan da svanurTan, mis rolTan dakav-

SirebiT. respondentebisTvis megrul-lazuri da svanuri,

67 https://sputnik-georgia.com/people/20180323/239777724/qartuli-ena-rusudan-gersamia.html budapeStis konferencia: me-18 saerTaSoriso morfologiuri

Sexvedra (18th International Morphology Meeting). 68 b. jorbenaZis Tvalsazrisis dazustebebi ekuTvnis kaxa gabunias.


51

Cveulebriv, kuTxur-tomobrivi ena (xazi Cvenia - t.f., m.

T.) an qarTuli enis dialeqtia69. Tanamedrove realobaSi megrel-laz-svanTa dedaenis aR-

saniSnavad sakamaToa termini: "kuTxur-tomobrivi ena". am

avtorTanac xelovnuria "enaTmecnierebisa" da "sociolin-

gvistikis" gamijvna, radganac sociolingvistika enaTme-

cnierebis erT-erTi dargia! ufro arsebiTia is, rom msoflioSi arsebuli uklebliv

yvela civilizebuli xalxis enis statusi dadgenilia ara

e.w. lingvisturi, anu Sidastruqturuli (bgeraTSesatyvi-soba, enobrivi struqturebis msgavseba-gansxvaveba) 70 , aramed

swored sociolingvisturi kriteriumebiT (damwerlobis

qona-arqona, standartuloba, prestiJuloba, saxelmwifo enis

statusi; reestruli kriteriumi, TviTSefasebiTi kriteriu-

mi; aseve, idiomis kvalifikacia mocemuli eTnosis samwignob-

ro kulturis istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT); zogjer metyvele-

bis statusi gansazRvrulia eqstralingvisturi

midgomebiTac - religiuri an politikuri niSniT) 71 ;

69 k. gabunia, enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi International Journal of Multilingual Education (IJME saerTaSoriso Jurna-li, multilingvuri ganaTlebisTvis, № 3, 2014, გვ. 45-69 http://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/141215024122. pdf http://www.multilingualeducation.org/ 70 bgeraTSesatyvisoba gamoiyeneba enaTa naTesaobis dasadgenad da ara - enaTa/kiloTa statusis gansasazRvravad. umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gammijnavi kriteriumebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.: t. futkaraZe, enisa da kilos gasamijni kriteriumebi da qarTvelur idiomTa kvalifikaciis politizebis retrospeqtiva, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pir-velwodebuls saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, VII, Tb., 2017 gv.115-134. 71 eqstralingvisturia "gagebinebis" kriteriumic, romelic SeiZle-ba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki monaTesave sa-zogadoebebs ar gaaCniaT arc winaprebisgan Seqmnili saerTo mwig-nobroba da arc koine; roca ar arsebobs erovnuli meobis Ca-momZerwavi, gamaerTianebeli enobriv-kulturuli sistema, magram velur tomebs aqvT mkafiod Camoyalibebuli tomobrivi identoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi umwerlobo kontinuumebi damoukidebel enebad SeiZleba iqnen miCneuli.


52

Sesabamisad, 1933 wlis diskusiis monawile arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, v. beriZe da diskusiaSi gvian CarTuli: a.

onianic da k. gabuniac megruls (/svanurs, lazurs)

qarTuli enis dialeqtad Tvlian. sakamaToa, aseve, prof. ramaz qurdaZis xelmZRva-

nelobiT gamoqveynebuli "xuTenovani leqsikonis" koncef-cia, romlis mixedviTac, qarTulTan mimarTebiT inglisu-

ris gverdiT damoukidebel "enebad" ganixileba: megruli,

lazuri, svanuri. "monaTesave enad" saxeldeba bevrs ara-

fers cvlis, ramdenadac r. qurdaZe xazgasmiT ambobs, rom

xuTenovani leqsikonis Seqmnis idea gauCnda "inglisur-

frangul-espanuri leqsikonis" naxvis Semdeg 72 : dasaxe-

lebuli indoevropuli enebi sxvadasxva erebis damoukidebeli enebia.

Sdr., erTi citata e.w. xuTenovani leqsikonidan:

"qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikonis ga-

mocema umTavresad ori TvalsazrisiT aris aqtualuri: er-

Ti, is warmoaCens qarTveluri tomebis enobrivi erTianoba-

siaxlovis suraTs, meore mxriv, aq Cans aramonaTesave enebis

(kerZod, rusulis, berZnulisa da Turqulis) gavlenis kva-

li. orive fenomeni saintereso masalas iZleva Semdgomi

kvleva-ZiebisTvis. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma warmoaCens

samxreTkavkasiuri monaTesave enebis: qarTulis, megrulis,

lazurisa da svanuris Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomareobas,

kerZod, leqsikur viTarebas. faqtobrivad, es kidev erTi

saintereso gzaa umwerlobo qarTveluri enebis (xazi Cve-

72 r. qurdaZe: "xuTenovani leqsikonis idea gaCnda ilia WavWava-Zis prospeqtze seirnobis dros, rodesac bukinistur maRaziaSi vnaxe inglisur-frangul-espanuri leqsikoni... es idea gavacani baton gunters..." ramaz qurdaZis gamosvlis sruli teqsti ix.:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chSKfvqWc1k (damowmebulia 1917 wlis 22 dekembers). ix. agreTve, m. TandaSvilis gamosvlis teq-

sti: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBIdCz_f5B8 (exeba "damwerlobis armqone qarTveluri enebis" aRniSnul xuTenovan leqsikons. misi gamocema ganxorcielda samxreT kavkasiaSi Sveicariis TanamSrom-lobis ofisis finansuri mxardaWeriT https://edu.aris.ge/news/tsu-shi-xutenovani-qartul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri-leqsikonis-prezentacia-gaimarta.html (masalebi damowmebulia 1917 wlis 22 dekembrs)


53

nia - t.f., m.T) leqsikis ara marto Seswavlis, aramed mox-

marebis gaaqtiurebisaTvisac, rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi Ta-

vidan agvacilebs ama Tu im ZirZveli qarTveluri leqsemis

daviwyebasa da gauCinarebas"73.

komentaris nacvlad, am SemTxveaSi davimowmebT prof.

aleqsi Jordanias ritorikul kiTxvas: "ratom unda gamovacxadoT megrelebi, lazebi Tu sva-

nebi umwignobro sazogadoebebad? miT umetes, yvela megre-

li, svani Tu taoeli mravali saukunis manZilze qmnida

saerToerovnul saliteraturo enas?!74

Cveni msjeloba ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: dapyrobil teritoriebze "gaTiSe da ibatones" princi-

piT moqmedi mefis ruseTi cdilobda, qarTvelTa erTi na-

wilisaTvis (megrelebis, svanebis, lazebisaTvis...)

RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad, mravalsaukunovani qarTulis nacvlad, jer kuTxuri dialeqti SeeTavazebina,

Semdeg ki rusuli ena daemkvidrebina. cxadia, bolSevikebs

RvTismsaxurebis ena ar ainteresebdaT, Tumca qarTveli eris dasanawevreblad igive politika gaagrZeles ganaTle-

bisa da kulturis sferoSi. am mizniT Seecadnen, qarTu-

li ena SeecvalaT, erTi mxriv, rusuliT (revoluciis

eniT), meore mxriv ki - adgilobrivi dialeqtebiT: bolSe-

vikebma qarTveluri dialeqtebi "ganuviTarebel enebad" - "umwerlobo enebad", maTi mflobelebi ki ukulturo

"xalxebad" gamoacxades; paralelurad Seecadnen axali sa-

literaturo enebis SeqmniT mravalsaukunovani civiliza-

73 ramaz qurdaZe, dodo Sonia, lile Tandilava, lela niJaraZe, qarTul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri leqsikoni http://unicumfiles.vible.solutions/tmp/10903_20171128195045. pdf. ix. aseve: http://www.multilingualeducation.org/storage/uploads/articles_contents/160128041403. pdf: r. qurdaZe: "qarTveluri tomebisaTvis swavla-ganaTle-bisa da wirva-locvis ena qarTulia, romelsac 16-saukunovani istoria aqvs"... vfiqrobT, 16-saukunovani samwignobro tradiciis mqone sazogadoeba tomebad namdvilad ar unda kvalificirdes. 74 aleqsi Jordania, diglosiis zogierTi aspeqti arabulSi, qar-Tulsa da germanulSi, qarTvelologiis aqtualuri problemebi, t. I, 2012, gv. 172-189.


54

ciis mqone qarTvelebis am nawilis "kulturul xalxebad"

qcevas. am mizniT 1922 wlidanve samegreloSi gaaaqtiures

ramdenime jgufi, romelTac Tavdapirvelad i. stalinis

mxardaWera hqondaT. maT daupirispirdnen saqarTvelos

(/samegrelos) Rirseuli Svilebi. diskusia mimdinareobda

1922-1932 wlebSi; gamoikveTa ori ZiriTadi midgoma:

1. qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli danawevrebis gza: sa-megreloSi, lazeTsa da svaneTSi dawyebiT safexurze, qar-

Tuli enis nacvlad adgilobrivi "eniT" swavleba; adgilob-

rivi "eniT" gazeTebis gamocemac da saqmiswarmoebac... sabo-

loo jamSi, sakuTari istoriuli samwignobro kulturis

gaucxoeba qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis;

2. qarTvelTa istoriuli enobrivi erTianobis

SenarCunebis gza: tradiciis Sesabamisad, samegrelos (sva-neTis, lazeTis) skolebis dawyebiT safexurzec qarTuli

eniT swavleba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi dia-

leqtebis gamoyeneba damxmare saSualebad; mTlianobaSi, is-

toriuli samwignobro kulturis dacviT qarTveli eris

erTianobis SenarCuneba.

aTwliani farTomasStabiani diskusia dasrulda 1932-33

wlebSi arn. Ciqobavasa da sxva enaTmecnierTa mier Camoya-

libebuli daskvniT, romlebic l. berias mxardaWeriT ar-

sebiT sakiTxSi i. stalins daupirispirdnen; kerZod, naS-

romSi, saarqivo masalebze dayrdnobiT, detaluradaa gaa-

nalizebuli "megrulenovani" (aseve, "svanurenovani") skole-

bis mizanSeuwonlobis Sesaxeb 1933 wlis saqarTvelos ko-

munisturi mTavrobis Sesabamisi struqturis sagangebo ko-

misiis daskvnis momzadebis procesic da arn. Ciqobavas

kompromisuli poziciis arsic.

statiaSi, aseve, dokumenturi masalis safuZvelzea war-

modgenili qarTveluri idiomebis statusis Sesaxeb dRes

mimdinare diskusia, romelic faqtobrivad, agrZelebs ga-

suli saukunis 30-iani wlebis diskusias; kerZod:

- ramdenadac saerTaSoriso fondebi dainteresebuli ari-

an safrTxis qveS myofi umwignobro enebis gadarCeniT, grantebis ioli gziT mopovebis msurvelebi, yovelgvari

logikis gareSe, dResac cdiloben, "ganuviTarebel enebad"


55

Tu "umwerlobo enebad" gamoacxadon qarTvelur zepir

idiomTa erTi nawili. isini xelisuflebas sTavazoben, um-

werlobo qarTvelur "enebzec" gavrceldes "regionuli an

umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis" debulebebi

(rac daakanonebs qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikur danawevrebas).

- mecnierTa Tu eqspertTa meore nawili samarTlianad

Tvlis, rom qarTvelebs mravali saukunea gvaqvs erTi de-

daena - qarTuli ena, romelic, amave dros aris saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo ena. am enis kuTxur saxesxvaobebs warmo-

adgenen zepiri qarTveluri idiomebi. ramdenadac "regio-

nuli an umciresobis enebis Sesaxeb evropuli qartiis"

debulebebi ar vrceldeba saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaobebze,

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas aqvs konstituciuri valdebu-

leba, mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan daicvas rogorc qar-

Tuli samwignobro ena, aseve, qarTveluri dialeqtebi.


56

TARIEL PUTKARADZE, MARIKA TEDORADZE

Discussion About the Status of the Megrelian Speech in the 20-30-ies of the 20-th century

/In the scope of the modern context/ In the occupied teritories the Tsarist Russia, which was always acted with the principle “divide and conquer”, had been tried to offer the regional dialect to one group of Georgians (Megrelians, Svans and Lazes) as the language of the church and education, instead of the multi-century Georgian language. After the offering the regional dialect the next step by the Bolshevik Russia would probably be the offering of the Russian language.

The Bolsheviks did not care the language of the church, though they had developed the same policy in the educational and cultural domains in order to separate the Georgian nation.

With this aim, on the one hand , they tried to substitute the Georgian language with Russian (with the language of revolution). On the other hand, they tried to substitute it with the local dialects.

The Bolsheviks established the Kartvelian dialects as the “undeveloped languages” – “unwritten languages”. The holders of these languages were considered as “peoples” without culture;

At the same time, the Bolsheviks tried to create the new literary languages and this action can be qualified as their effort of remaking this group of Georgians (who had long century civilization) as the “cultural peoples”.

With this aim, since 1922 the Bolsheviks have activated the several groups in Samegrelo, who were supported by J. Stalin. The worthies individuals and heroes from Georgia (/Samegrelo} were against to them. The discussion had lasted from 1922 to 1932. Two main approaches were shaped:

1. The way of separating Georgians linguistically and culturally: in Samegrelo, Lazeti and Svaneti in the first years of education the language of education should be the local “language” instead of Georgian. The local “language” should also be the language of Press and administration… In sum, their goal was to remake


57

Megrelian’s (Svans’s) own historical literary culture like foreign for the major part of these Georgians.

2. The way of the preserving the historical linguistic unity of Georgians. Accordingly to the tradition, teaching in Georgian language at the beginning of the education at the primary schools of Samegrelo (Svaneti, Lazeti); in case of the necessity, using the local dialects as the auxiliary means. In sum to save the unity of the Georgian nation with the saving the historical literary culture.

The broad discussion had been lasted for 10 years and finalized in 1932-33 by the conclusion made by Arn. Chikobava and other linguists, who were opposed to J. Stalin with the support of L. Beria. Particularly, in our article on the basis of the archival data we analyze the inexpedient idea of the “Megrelian language” (also, “Svan language”) schools in details, also the process of making the conclusion by the particular committee of the Georgian Communistic government in 1933; we also analyze Arn Chikobava’s position of compromises. The present-day discussion about the status of the Kartvelian Idioms is also discussed in our article on the basis of the archival data; Actually, this discussion is the continuation of the discussion in 30-ies, particularly:

- Because of the special interest from the international funds to preserve the endangered unwritten languages, the individuals who would like to obtain the grants easily, are ready to establish these Kartvelian oral idioms as the “undeveloped languages” or “unwritten languages”. They offer the government to adjust the frame of “the Charter of the regional or minority language” to the unwritten Kartvelian “Languages” (this action will cause the linguistic and ethnic separation of Georgian). -The other groups of the scholars or experts fairly think, that we – Georgians have one mother tongue – Georgian during the so many centuries, which, at the same time is the National language of Georgia. The regional varieties of this language are oral Kartvelian idioms. As far as the statements of the “Charter of the Regional or Minority languages” could not be spread on the state language varieties, the government of Georgia have the constitutional obligations, to preserve the Georgian literary language and Kartvelian dialects from the possible danger.

diskusia megruli metyvelebis statusis sesaxeb xx saukunis...

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