disorder relate of stress

8/14/2019 Disorder Relate of Stress

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Disorder relate of

StressChanxin Liu


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Stressor

Hypothalamus

SympatheticNervousSystem

AdrenalMedulla AdrenalCortex PituitaryGland

Neural impulses

activate various glandsand smooth muscles

Stress hormones carried

via blood stream torelevant organs and muscles

Fight-or-flight

response

(1)

(3)

(2)

(5)

(4) (7)

(6)


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Fight-or-flight Response

A stressful situation activates the

hypothalamus, which, in turn, controls two

neuroendocrine systems: The sympathetic system The adrenal-cortical system


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The sympathetic nervous system (SNS),

responding to neural impulses from the

hypothalamus (1),

activates various organs and smoothmuscles under its control (2).

SNS also signals the adrenal medulla (3) to

release epinephrines and norepinephrine intothe bloodstream (4)


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ACTH also signals the other endocrine

glands to release some 30 hormones.

The combined effect of the various stress

hormones carried via the bloodstream plusthe neural activity of the sympathetic division

of the autonomic nervous system constitute

the fight-or-flight response


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Stress and Disease

Direct effects of stress on health Chronic overarousal (e.g. Coronary heart disease)

The immune system


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Diathesis-stress Paradigm

Diathesis refers most precisely to aconstitutional predisposition toward illness

But the term may be extended to any

characteristic or set of characteristics of aperson that increases his or her chance ofdeveloping a disorder.

Possessing the diathesis for a disorder

increases a persons risk of developing it butdoes not by any means guarantee that adisorder will develop


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Diathesis-stress Paradigm

Both diathesis and stress are necessary in

the development of disorders

The psychopathology is unlikely to result

from the impact of any single factor, e.g.childhood experiences, coping strategies,

culture influences, etc


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Low High

Level of stress

High

Low

Psyc

hopathology

High diathesis

(individual X)

Low diathesis

(individual Y)

(a) An individual with a large dose of the diathesis requires only a moderate amount

of stress to develop psychopathology, whereas an individual with a small dose of thediathesis requires a large amount of stress to precipitate a breakdown


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Low High

Level of stress

High

Low

Psyc

hopathology

Diathesis

Absent

Diathesis

present

(b) The diathesis is dichotomous; stress level has no effect on those without the

diathesis


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Low High

Level of stress

High

Low

Psyc

hopathology

Diathesis

Absent

High loading

(c) The diathesis is continuous; increasing stress increases psychopathology for all

people with at least a minimal amount of the diathesis

Minimal loading

Diathesis

present

(low to

high

loading)


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Somatic-weakness theory

Genetic factors, prior illnesses, diet, and the

like may disrupt a particular organ system,

which may then become weak and vulnerable

to stress E.g. a congenitally weak respiratory system

might predispose the individual to asthma


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Specific-reaction theory

Each person has his own patterns ofautomatic response to stress

The bodily system that is the most

responsive becomes a likely candidate forthe locus of a locus of a subsequent psycho-physiological disorder

E.g. someone reacting to stress with elevated

blood pressure may be more susceptible toessential hypertension

disorder relate of stress

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