FOUR EMINENT POETS OF PALESTINE 1. MIHHUB DARWISH 2. IBRAHIM TUQJLN 3. FiBWA TUQiN 4. S i L M i KHiDRA I&TYUSI

Dissepidtlon Submitted for the Degree of

Mnittx of l)ila«0pl)p IN

ARABIC

ABDUL HAQUE HAQQANI

Under the supervision of

DR. S. KAFEEL AHMAD QASMI READER

DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC ALIGABH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

1991

9 J^^^,

((5r>*)Ji.f*:fl

'• -

Ilfiiiitf?

J)i • 2 2 OS'

DS220S

DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH-202002

C E R T I F I C A T E

It is certified that Mr. ABDUL HAQUE HAQQANI

Enrolment No.U-4892 has completed his M. Phil.

Dissertation, entitled "FOUR EMINENT POETS OF

PALESTINE 1. MAHMUD DARWISH 2. IBRAHIM TUQAN 3. FADWA

TPQftN 4. SALMA KHlte)RA JAYYUSI" under my

supervision. I also certify that his work of M.Phil.

Dissertation is original.

(Dr. S. Kafeel Alimad Qasmi)

Supervisor

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stentlalism

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'^ ly f ' / v , O ' H <^ (Nat ional is t uptopia ) U y y _twXi*. (J"!

Shah A. Qayyum, The Arab- I s r ae l Conflict (Aligarh 1975), _^ p . 5 . P-5-

l U

lAAr L^J^I . l U / Z l l i : - ( L e o P i n s k e r )

^s/j^^\S-J^\ d^^^ ( Auto-Emancipation ) -^^^^ip L/*

U^^d^y^iT^i}^ L- L- oC * I' ' f • \^^^'^^, - ^ V c/cA^ <U^

Ezra ^o'^iL. o;i u^ uyi^^^/'/.^ ^uu?i dy 0>ri ojiu^

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Der j u d e - ) - ^ t j ^^W- / r > ^ ' ^ ^^^A/' " <>?' ' ^ "^^ t C5 ->>i' O / ^

Shah A. Qayyiim, op, c i t ; p . 6 ' ^ I b i d p . 6

\ \

dy^^^ c/<^ i . .k_^ jJ/- djt*"L. jJiifr^^- L/:u^ (SMJ^

%^ >iMcjjU i^(jr'. ^d'^' ->i c/ ( w. Z.O. ) A^

Czar Nichol^6u/-' '>»' l-fjTVJ^i ( Kaiser will iam ) ( J t ' i ^ ^ -^

ij^\ Ctpj\ j)\ . I/CJ^J - ^ ( I ^ - r ^ / '^JU^:^-^^^

Chaim Weizman )

Shah A. Qayyum, o . p , c i t , pp, 7-8. - ^

u /^6yf{i^'^/^'&>'^:>l^(S^ zangwill ) (J'^U J:!/^^

Ui 'UJ '(iij^;^(jr'' C}*> ^\^ (S1^Oyf 0^-^i j J t ^

\ Cohn

;^| ' \,))\){ Philanthropic ) yyjJy 2,|ii (J ly ^ l y AAAJL* b'^A^' ^

;V J l ( Montefiare ) ^ ^ > >>^ X_ ( j ^ ^ O " ^ ' t r - ^ / i r '

(Alexander )^^'J^I (J'/' L- ( Boa < of Deputies) > y ^ O T

XiSr^ii} (J ( Jacob Schiff ) _le>i^6j -7-*^ . U ?-If^ / _!-> lb i l

Shah A. Qayyum, o p . c i t ; pp. 8-9 — A

13

( L l o y d George ) Dyl? i-V ^ V > CiV tt/»l d ^ > » l c J U i _ ^

Arthur );,>i!y>?^W >»>! ( J ^ U y J j ^ 0>»lju.^i;j^. J^lJ^/y>Z. J I ^

.Balfour

Z> OtJk7C5>r', f ^ / -^Edmound de Rothschi ld ) /XJiJ>} ^^^'^\/^

i_(jy(Jy ^"i 1J_XUJ!;A>^, U^ (J^ - ^ ^ J > - - ^ . ^iy;

Shah A. Qayyum, o p . c i t ; pp. l O - l i "'^

( Leace of ) f'^' U ^ ^ J T ''"••• ^"^^^ ' H ^ S ^ • ^ ' ^ ' R a t i o n s •

Shah A. Qayyum; o p . c i t , (t^M*^^^i/ ) J^Jj-^Ofi s^/ i C fjli t/y^ ~ <

Shah A. Qayyum; o p . c i t ; p . 11

\5

wbU- j j ^ - : ^ > (>^-^-Vli t -'•'' • ' ^ ' -^^•'" (^"^''^

,\ iLo-' •»> J ^ > ; (jyli^U I U;i-'>- •<>, . c/Crtil cj"

' ^ l . GJ J l » / " / ^ I ' ' _ l ^ . r ^ ^ l j f _ , ^ l< ' ( Herbert Samuel )

* • •

Winston) j , ^ ^ ^ (i>/- Jufy -L^J'y'Uii::!r c/f . u'

L^l\^\ J '*0 -'jj> " U ^ i . OlUl ^ f Churchill

Economic absor-

(}ll^6t^\6^{^.ij/y.'^/,/^ (Ji»l ( ptive capacity

Asaf Hussain» P o l i t i c a l Terrorism (London,1988).

16

Peel commision

J*^>ff^/ u" cyf/ e^ r /Oi^'» ^ r' cArf ' '-^'-^

Shah A, Qayyum, op, c i t , p ,13 - ^

17

» * •

(f;? fstreengang ) SJKj}-'^ »\ ( Irgun > O/'''

'-I^lUiJ cf ^ Nazi Holocaust ) CT-'V' ^*^

L^\^L z^^KSt u Jryi />m 6fty.' ^>'<J:<J^ tT

» *

• , £ •

18

Oifo: "U-; O V 'L^ c/r * ">''' '''- ' tr*-^' <-''' • ^ •'' • L/O^/JK' 6 ^ ^ILv^W Z—C/'y^ y''-> ^ ' ( Ben-Gurion )

( Baltimore programme) / l / ^ ^y^ '^^ f^ii>^ c/^' C/* CT J l

wilsaj)

j't*'/_0^.(jy I_f\jS'0>yi O^ *« rr c/.-^ (Harding

tjZ_(Rooseve2:t ) J^jjfj Ji^ 'jLkJ!^>^l y ^hjl^d

19

LKS.^J L T ^ / ^ i l fU jf>i. ^ . . ciY. ^ ^ ^ ' * » *

^^^^l>y^_.I ( Truman ) yjfjf/JMf a^^ijn

) ^ J r ^ wiJUajYUr Q ^ Z - O r ^ ^ ' T ^ ( s t a t e Dqpartment ^ •,£_

(ijjjJ' Uf ^jj^j d^( E. G.Harrison ) CT^y^J.'O''^ ^^' ^^^ H " ^

%(i^h J: crH*'/uy>^,/^^i u^^ x^k^jXx /}^\yj>

Shah A. Qayyum, op. c i t ; p. 15 » )y

20

Self determination

jij-Ci /,ui / j:.u;i;i isi^' - ^ r ^ • (?^^ c5 j-.iii o

shah A. Qayyum, op . c i t , p p . 16-17 , "'iT^

l\

^yi>Loif^ "•^ ^ j/'c^z-uo-:^!*! i r}-^ ' ^Oy- -^'X

» . ** •» •

> * *

II

hL ^w I ^^ Oiv '' JV • (>:: ' A^' -^» ^ - ^

<>^ U>I/(J/*J*-^' - J U \COJS*/\^\ ^^ I z _ ( James v , F o r e s t a l )

(-C c h a r t e r » *

jy^/}^iii\ (r*>'Yf> • g[>/6^(jff (Gorrilla ) IX /U

Shah A, Qayyum ; ©p-*citi p . 2 1 .

Shah A,Qayy\ira ; p p . c i t ; p . 22. ,

Z3

m

( Trusteeshii) ) ^ ^ (} d/S*^\^\ / ( j ^ A^ J^ilkfl jL^lJJ.1

• ^ O T V -::-f J O- Ll- liu-. v ( c. a i f ford ) J^^yj^lfc'/^l

b u ur-fe^ t^-£ ^„^,,, ^Ji^Ji,^J,^^ /c ^^ , J

Asaf Hussaln, Po l i t i c a l Terrorlsm(Loncbn, 1 9 8 8 ) . ~

^i, Is jXijit i^OK-r^ i_>'i^.i >^<J; J^ -^1 ^c^

^ / \ ' ^ > j . > i ^ u J'jfy'i av"^u* -I'lir-i ci-'U-' "A:;.!'

*^^ ( / l /O-^U^y (Elisha Epstein ) (JJ^'^l^^i ^A/-

^}^ij^tjj.^^jjfjiji.ij :>_(G.Ross ) '>.(j(j- jb^ i .u Asaf Hussain, P o l i t i c a l Terrorism (London,1988) - r*

25

« •

• y C * i

De-fecto

(Rabbi) ci l . J iy- i . l£__ _:.^ :^xy\ ^i/i,> il c/' X ^^'>^ ^»

l ^ ! ' / ^»;, . J*} L^yi J'UyiJ'i synagogue ) ^ ^ , cJuV^^',

6'>:f ' ^ J i L ^ L ^ y ^ i u r ^ ^ ^ ^ } ^ J^>-'y-u-i i/y^il

c/i.U}Ji^y;c;>/( c.i.A. ;z_i -^r-^r -^i^JvWcr^J j "

Asaf Hussain, Political Terrorism ( London, 1988) TTJ*

Ibid.

>*

Ui

26

2—(jri ^ C l » l / ( Debacle ) " *UU t ( Disaster ) K^C

t ^ Tf ' r-y -^X p>t^ - ^ - H ^ i l o u ^ c r i - c/r^'

^ > i jUj^i ^ i . b V . ^ / ^ , / , U / p ^ (s ,^^^ ^,^^^ ^ ,

l i d A fto^4«=^ Pales t ine and'Mode ' (London,1984) p ,88.

Khalid A Sulaiman, ^f f s t ine^and Modem Arab Poetry _ ^^

11

^>i\ £~ [\y >• V OkJ"' ^ ^ - ^ V J 0 ^ O ( E. B. Chi lders

J . B . Glubb )

* m

Khalid A, Sulaiman, op, c i t ; pp . 89-90, " **

of property What used to be tl ie M.igti'.c b.i quartci

Jerusalem. jk-

As soon ns the ceisc-nre came inc^ effect in J . j

1967, Israeli bulldozers set to work to nnk: :

car-park for v is i tors to the Wa i l i ng Wa l l . As ;

result , 4.000 Arabs were nude homeless anj 1;J

houses were destroyed.

i

The towa ol Qualqi lyah wis ra i = d to the grj^.-.J.

t

Afte;- ttie destruct ion of Wcs i Banl^ viii..^

people have to gather their belongings , i n j ^

28

^ ^ r ^ O - » y y ^ ^^ ^y ^(Jf \yj ( camp David ) ^JjU^

•• *

j V > 4 ^ ' -^t^ • ^ •J'lJy.1 ^ ' * o^-Vj-:rr" •' giJi"

KhaliaA.sulalman, op, c i t ; p . 90 T ^ I l b l d . p . 9 i '

29

S } (Uprising ) " ^ ^ l O - l ( *ll' < ) / : ^ ^ ^ * w>IAiil->0'^/f? i'UCi^

Asaf Hussaini P o l i t i c a l •terrorism (London, 1988), - r'A

r

O^^jM^y^i:^

30

It

» c/'l-j^r J^'y> ^ / v (^3/ {/^ ^)L/t

rc<<j'0«\-.-^>^ >>'o' ^ o^^tkf-^

3\ J

^( Dante ) Z_J5 . ^L^fjf ^/JJ^^/OJ^!^^ L ^ U

l i ^ Ov^l^^eTt-^-'-*' C5.t J^^'>'-> Divine comedy J ^ U

y

^ - ' ^ ^ 0 ^ ^ ' -^«°J<J/ii(j:: ^b j ( /b j ( /uv^

Fer ia l Ghazoul "The Poe t i c s of t h e P o l i t i c a l Poem" "'t^ Arab Studies Quar ter ly V.8 No.2 Spring 1986.

33

/ ( commited poet ry L 5 / ^ 0 ' / ^ ' ^-Oy>* C5j' •

34

>[j\yi'->:>> Y^'^' '^•'•'^^^ '•^\r^-r'J'^

(^

Abdelwahah M. Elmessir i "The P a l e s t i n i a n wedding." " r Journal of P a l e s t i n e Studies (Washington) V. 10. No.3, 1981,pp.77-99,

Ib id .

-6

35

r/.>i f'H<=>- ) /^lyJ'i^l^ r ) ^ ' » 0 - ^ M j y ( 'no)

»

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ci^ JWUl (jY'^ «^^r < ^ ' ^-^^^ ^ >?.' ^/ >

36

^^(j^Lxji c/.^ c; ^ ^^ c{V-^^

Abdelwahah M.Elmessiri "The P a l e s t i n i a n Wedding",-*f Journal o f P a l e s t i n e s t u d i e s (Washington) Vol .10 No. 2, 1981,pp. 77 -99 .

37

» * * * ' *

tAA) JGJI 4» vX>\S%olui»U>i Ills-"

11 (/(•^vr /J^>)^,^JL>^>;^/>J/^;^//^yi/)^ ^A

38

-J-^

o^si^iij^Kl.» PJjCi Jf ^ O M r - H ' ^ ? ^ ^ '

o u ju;ji j-.> • ow-J!' o- J' j f? c/*'-

• • *

•» .

39

*

- • »

particularisin

>

l.^t/f/ -yit^-^f -V ^j^ w/i v ^ i Cry*

40

^t^oM*'^:^-. of;>Al ^ 1 _ ^ J.UZ, ^ > / u r i L / u y .

Abdelwahab M. Elmessir i"The P a l e s t i n i a n we^ding"-M Journa l of P a l e s t i n e s t ud i e s (Washington) V,10 No.3 , 1981,pp. 77-99.

4t

J _• "

(ijy>^ )P JJ^^JLOO ^ 6!?C5J> ^ ^ J^yO - l o ^ i l ^ j ^^ - r - ^ /

Abdelwahab 'M. Elmessir±''The P a l e s t i n i a n wedding"-!^ Journal of P a l e s t i n e s tud i e s (Washington) V. 10 No. 3, 1981, pp. 77-99.

I b i d . - •^

42

^ t ( / . ( Job ) _.^i . ^L_U9l/>l^ / ' / ^ / . C / ' U ^ ' L T ^ /

• * - •

^A^/__j\^^ I-^J^,>J^L.\^^ jy\ wanderings O ^ J ( J ^ y

^v>V 1 J ^ ^-UJ^ Z_Fanelope ;^ | {^?J Ji^U (S °^y^^^^

43

(5/C(SJ yj^ L 2^\h / ( prometheus )°Lr'^V,

J: u Salma K. Jayyusi"The contemporary Arabic

Poetry " i n R.C.Ostle (ed) . Studies i n Modern Arabic L i t e r a t u r e ( England,1975)p.48

44

' • » . *

^»^y-Z r Bourgeois ) i t / t ..i CLT/ f t/l ' j ^ 2^/,l>I

Esoteric ) (f^ L-0^^0\ . d',{i^Jn>'»^ 0^ ^MLJ^J'C (3li]Jl

1^* Mikhail Ashraw, The contoi^orary Li te ra ture of Pales t ine , University of Virginia, 1982 p, 18.

45

Ljipid^^yj\sdi^jj\ ^ t iu ' ^ u i ^JLJJ 6\JM\ '^^

ybu. J / l i< • ^/!i< ^ l ^ > / Z_0^a>^>/^y^Zlr W.B.Yeats

* • ' Mikhail Ashrawi , The Contanporary Literature of Palestine^ p. 16.

46

t

47

22. Abdel Wahab E l m e s s i r i , " T h e P a l e s t i n i a n Wedding" J . P . S . , V. 10 No. 3 ,1981 .

r

jisaigi

J^3MJ^

«iO

uii^o^'^i iJu^d/ wiTi ^U::0I(J::.^I . : i>^

49

' - • I ; * • • •

/o (jri _ .iX/gy (// (jiQi oto9 yr<^/^&.

4, Lotus July, 1971.

5. Ibid,

50

» J

i> ( T / Ji^' ^iJ^Jj^i 0^-L^ i - / ( j - 'U >i <

fV ' (/V t/l^ ^. ^'^^'<V-^'^"^^ ^/^ '^U^' . ^^L^^'

Kjho^ij^>^>>j}/C^\yLji^/f-{i\)tt\(jr. ijr^kij^ J. f ^MAM

juiil -l-^O at/ >l . ( J ( / U ' (committed ) JU'> -JiTl , J » • *

51

^\f. ' Of^ 0 ^ ^ t^^C/' Kj-^^^d (Jf- (*»V.» ) O^'0-r<^»

^)\ O U L T / ^ 6 ^\)^ ^ '^}&} 0 ^ ^ rcommitment )

-_ :l_(i ;>>>l ^U>^ 0: Ivorytower 'l* ••^4^ ^ 0 > l

<j; Uy:^' > > Z- OLJ >»l r t^ ••• j - ^ - * ! / Escapis t > ^ _ > ^ i > U ^ ' ^ ^ '

— I 2 ^

Lotus, au ly , 1971 .ij

52

Federico ) l6> '^ l_U! ' » ^ J l / ^ ' J V -^t -^/f"^^ ^ U ^ ' • ^ '

I ^V^L ( MayakOusky ) (|-^/lU . J^J^'t (barcia Lorca

^ 1 ' Ij^-* i^(J^ I/^l^cJ f Louis AragofiOy'''' ->->' (Pablu Neruda )

N e o r e a l i s « ^ b y U r H - - ^ O h ^ ' ^ H ^ • t u / ^ , l > ^!lq;'

realism ^ b j ' ^ UT-;-^! d"^^^ L lS\> U'l\

Lij/jy^ 6 ^i'i (yf /u/:>i JU t > ^ 0>^ '^ur' '^ ^Z ^>^

/ ( P ro l e t a r i a t ) O^^^^/, j ^ '^ ^jJ*^ U\ O^ ^ ( Wilson

t ^ / - y ^ i — y <i^ ^ / ( E x i s t e n t i a l i s m ) _l >>f> i__U->^>'(T-'t.

sl-o»>b(jLJl ( Indiv idual i s t ic Philosophy) i/^ii : ' '>J^ J>^yJI - ; - /

1/5 J : ^ y;(j;^i ZOi y'^vi^jjiGi (f-'^ ^^^^ (if^p^ cr'^^i'- ^

(II) *. sJ;--^vJ*j.^X«^J>

S.K Jayyus i , Trends and Movements i n Modern Arabic (Poetry (Leiden, 1977) pp.574-583.

54

L oi • 11^/li 0"» -J^" /A»^ ^ ^ p v ' ' <= - ^ ; ^ i

^=^ i^^j/^^i ^ ^ ^ u: ' . ufi ^ > . b.y _^>;- ui /

(jl ,;i ii- lyU ,' L^Oi J OK t / j r ^A -rC ' U' ci ^

Lotus . J u l y , 1971. ^)r

Mr -Mr (/{^fi^ ' jy^i))0^u^ i^^J-sy-

55 L 0/^ 0^' o ' -/i u ' u a '^ ^/^ f> J'> > ^

' * ? » » '

Lotus,July^ 9171. ^^^

l^J^i^ (j\ ^ L \,^/h>l ^K/ O^ ^OKiI

(}'-,•(/: 1} O V c)" ^ M '' o!>' ^<J' ^ ^ ' ^ • ^'

„i cJiS} ^(}> ^o^ ' • ^if>ur^'^'rf- ^^' ^ 'o;-

t 4 »

.1^

58

m

•

.. (J>y->' ... J^^^—^ «

-. a> 6x cH " "^ f ^1^'^ ' '^^' ^ ^'"' '^' 9^ •

59

()>•>. u f o ^ t: C: L u^.i// -y- rx ' 5t 5 ^u f . - u>if

L—Tt,y\ Jj LJJ^ '{J[ O'^-^ ijj^.iJ:^^^^j^U^"-^^

» »

^ > 3 l b X%JI U^l -'If-* f* -» 3 - Mr-I O'-l^'

>

^^J-yb 6>t/t>'^' '^^'^- ^'^ ^^' • ' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^

^> it}(f('-Xi • or- • • ^^^ u^Pi'--'' u^>'—^

JUT. c( / u>V.ji x^y I GJ (J:- O;-; ' :-> i i i / r

62

i .jC.U. ^UJtOil • '^i>t/J'

• %

»

63

Sljr' '^y: ^>y f '^t\-^^ fk ' ^^^/tf-^^

64

; p . O-'y. Jt^ir- ^ ^ ^ - / • ^ ^ ^ - ^ ^^ ' Monologue >

65

. 5j^a>

v-iJ' tj V Jr ^ • 0>^»^ ^ ^ * d^-*

J j ^ l < 5 ^ l ^ • <^

Khalid A. Sulaiman, P a l e s t i n e and Modern Arab -fA Poetry , p . 201-204.

67

^"OUi iJ i * >U»J)1

68

M^u.o/" oroc^f^-^ .i-uJi^ou;-^<!:>>/?.•

Panelope / ( / W i Vlysses / ^ l ^ I •? UT U ^ / ' i ' , '

69

^,y Loi s^\)^ - iT- U ^ ^ > ' iS(^^^^-fC

70

• \ Images

JJCXJ" LJ^^'' \ ^ / ^ 0 ^ » Uf^O^.-r-/ ' ^>\r^^^

( Renascance ) ^ l o L i J --^y/^ ' IL-X^)^j}\ -^^A i O^^ f'>\

.<ij_i/t/: u>/*^- •^OY' J i ' ^ ' /^^ifc X. 6>(j-ij^j £_

i KJ-<'J-Kf P ~X\ » » ' ' I •

^ ^

Pawwaz Tuqan, Selected Poems of Mahmud Darwish (V.K. Carcanet Press Publications, 1973),p,9.

71

)J . ^ Ji^'>^ (/(J-i ,:L-l>y ^^>' <L0» ^V(/>^--Xl

^U^^i ^ / c / : C^t^C/,' ^^>^ • ^' ^ V ^^v-iUi^^^J

» • « • * , » • • » » ^

21,Pawwa2 Tuqan, Selected Poems tfMahmud Darwish (y.K. Carcanet p r e s s PublicJafeion , 1973, p . 9 .

22.1bid.p . 10. 23.1bid .p . 11. 24.1bid .p . 12. 25. Ibid . p . 12.

72

« < *

Leitmo-

Lu^ ( -/ a dX-of cTo-'y > » *

26. Paw\?a2 Tuquan, se lec ted poons of Mahmud Darwish (U.K. carcane t p r e s s . Pub l i ca t ion , 1973) p . 7.

27. I b i d . 7.

/o

(cosmic )>r>J Jlir i l / ' U J y i l 0 ^ ' --^l^'>^y u ; u v i s i o n '^ * , • • t • ^

^6/ y i -Z- oi":»U2l iL-U <ji-j>»>i ^ l i i i i^o^ cT 6/'-' - (^

(jk-/i /;i ^1 <j/u (/ >/y Lbia > ^i^i (jri . c/,J-L:

' > * -

74

f Iff' » A > / v * ^ > /^^//f^c/:^" ( ^ ' - ^

yi^ii/^^ V y > V *^^cP '.t j r*«;> c ' u'> ^ >

75

•

vl

-- 'J

76

"^(Jyil ( J i y ' C (Avant-garde ) *Xib^U'->''—-*' L^>^->^

77

(Lyricism )^1>^U-/. c^ij. ^ U (J 0/C {^(j\

<L_. cZ-iSi c3 b V>^->l UC*f U''^'' ^ 1 • C T ( / ^ / y f * (Z''

37. S.K, Jayyusi: "Contemporary Arabic Poetry vis ions and Atti tudes" in R,C.Ostle(ed), studies in Modem Arabic L i te ra tu re ,p . 55,

i <fio^4^iJ^0;> ' ^ '^/y^^J^ItcH-«>/f.y- .Vyip r*

c^U>|C^i<< •PiBHBMBIBnmm

78

\y^y\J'j>^P. ^J ( Flavia Neapoli " ^J>\f\})^ " f^yl/'

ty/i^ 5 u ' 0''' 7 / / " - r ^ ' - ^ ^ 1 / ' (Jru^^r', -i

' ... Ji 2- / ^>\^L/ tj ^ > OV' <4/' • Vc/- ^

cons

79 i

< » «

S.K. Jayyus l , Trends and Movements i n Modem Arabic " T Poetry ( Leiden, 1977) p .285 .

80

(3^^^( in.f) O'^^i/ OUr,0b c//^'/' ^ t - ; ^ ( ' • ^ / ^ ' ^

S.K.Jayyusi , Trends Movements i n Mocern Arabic - ^ Poet ry (Leiden,1977) p .285 .

81

(3M ^^U>^^ ^ l i O u Jur' • i/r"' ^ r"' ' ''•'- ''''"

ul/, >U: ( ^uuui ^Kf}'^ ° or' (3> c/ ti^ > > '^^^

uC

rtti':^ cJ* '= t; -' ' 4- '"••'/ '^ <-'' ' =-' ^ ' ' ^

- 1

82

# » 1

• a'A>i^ cry? ^z"' t / . ' / ^ ^^^ c/,^'/'oi/o^ o-i

( ^ - X l y ^ ^ . . (j (JI ^ ' ^ Ci/ ' J ' >^^J> (J^ (J^(^^ ^jy^>

83

... ij !jy: ^j\s^ i^^\/'j>\ <jr^-i^P oY' oTcj; rC*' ^

^>ui. cj (/ > -p ^ {Sr^/ c/O' ^ (ir^ /(j"i'>'^' ^ ^ f V

a

w>. J (Jl- Cr. 01? ' i L 5 11- ^i<r t>^^^ O^/' ^ W Z-

6/ 'A-L-y; L.J:U':0\j? ( / c j y t ^ i ^ ^6>>'C/ ' ur

85

0^ . ^ U ' ^ U ^ *>- A* /(Jj>» CX^iiu^^Oi ^ u V - ^ i ' t » I " *

..bOj , ^ ^ -V^ <:!_ - ^ ^c f (J'/^X ^T^^f^ ^ ^>''^' Oiy^

ire/ 'Oyi^cJ^^ ' >/ ->•

86

(I <L ^ i O U ^ O"--' "^ ^'•> '•"-'^ ' '-'V. • '^'' "-"

»n- '<n/*Oyi^Ci i / ' t^ ' ' t^ ->»

87

'(j-'' ;>>? ^^ (jOyr^^^ ^^^'p at;(/oi . ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ ' - ^ ^ -^^6

— L, .

88

89

/ l / (J >:K_J ^ ^ (j"l tj^ ^ . -^Ut - y* 6}y('^^. ^O'^ /*

ur'Jit J ^ ^ (>:>y. O^i^ (jr. ^ ^ /

: ^ i/ou (jy, Lt v ^

90

91

» )9^!

92

"oi'i^^p/'^L\ yjjio/'/c^i .c^(s>//!i2Ly:>L^j^^

( j - • - - /

93

p • {/, if </(. Pornographic PoeAsfjJ^ UJ>* •^—OJ^I

( i / r^ ' r'^'^ ^ Catharsis )^"C/* '>^ ^'-^ ^ y ^ O ' V ^ ' ' ^ ' (^CT^

S»K''g«»nHU5%,T»o>^di otv^A »%owc%>*%^A.s - n

94

Olb- U Aggression )/^^' ^^V' ^^^. ' ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^

- r i

95

96

'* n i^ .U2.{ / i f^y?^ J ^ ^ U ^^i f)(J/: ^ I

(^eu.")-—

V IA . u ( / ( \ ^H i ^ ^^ / .>^ H)'0^>flJi ''vfJy^jJ^^J^ - r f

a/

Dogmatism )-^l^^'Ji'>^^' J U oLj >:. ^ ^ L / ^ I ^ - I - O

I

V • « .

('•••f'-)

1 1 , 1—I »

S.K, Jayyus i , Trends >tovements i n Modem Arabic -r^ Poetry(Leiden, 1977) p . 285.

98

1 /^^Ul (J*/. l£^/ ^ ' / / ^ d ! ^(J-i i U? UJ^I' "-M

» •

>

t •» ( v / » .- '

... J^lr^Lt.)! USJ JUL • l U . ^ i L i I (J' >XJ'j*l'

y} —^ ' jo

^ 9

100

jjoj^ CJU-f -'-'I J ^ . ( J ; 2 {? JU-? J^^ Z . C/A IC' y ^ O f ^ ^

101

• it

WJX^I a^JL^ LU\ . (/-.i;;^ j / Oi^^ i^ 4 l/u^:

Uy^yr /,:L-U M-ui- /•> / / i ^ * <j"i^ otVj j^\s^j\j^\

yiiJ..! .^.ujytv/s^yy^ (/>>'!' 6>cr' ^^!<'

( '

• *

(l g^U.)

103

.juj-Lr r>^ (j^(J:> Z l (jj^^^i u \j\^\^ ( ^ ) VXJL-L' ^ U > J " ^

>J • iSiJ^/ii ^y^ ' '^ - y>' « -^>!/^ utrUl Z - / ^ i ^ jj>>^(^Jj (jj

Khalid A, Sulaiman, P a l e s t i n e and Modern Arab -T^ Poetry (London, 1984 ) pp. 124- 126.

104

»

' ^ - ^^ 'W ' /V^^ i : (.:.^yi/jrV^> • ^* C( ( Wilde

105

( )

j\>})yf^L ( The Merchent of J J^tzL^^rcJ-? _- - , l jl^'-^lJ Venice

7 - ^

m

** » ' *

107

( Stereyo -type style ) >-r-M)^/A'^.<S,-^^ '>• V ' ^ '

«

*

Vi <i ^ ^ ^ ^ •^^'^ -^Q-> • 4-i/(j^ro>j';i>iy>*y/u>

r/* 1—'— \ S,K. Jayyus i , Trends and Movanents o p , c i t , '

p . 295,

108

Z/j/( Keats ) ( J — T ' ( Shel ly ) J ^ JL_ V^ < J ^ ^

^ > y / U * ^ j f ( 5 ' ^ / ^ J l _ ( Byron ) U ^ t >»->' C Coleridge )

6

d'iij'i/jj nj

109

jji^Cf^y ^,L L^A ^^> u: -->>• • u f^ '>; c/ ^:»iyiio^

-py c/^c/ j i l^ ' /O/ . i ^ f->(/ ^ i > c3>i/;i .^t> • u^ (J-'U(J

» ' / »

V*f - Y d

110 »

0> '>i o.^ (jvV -!> i • t/q'!/'^' OiV^ £-> c/^vc/^'

Uj l i i " »>.>LJ W ili^>^'l I't^' l ^ ' C? •^ l ' c /y fy f U:} '(^

j ^ ^ 6j . (jb>^ o^f/ O^U^ _^Ui <^(j-i^^l d / f l j ^ ' / 4 - ^ i^' iS:(} Lis} ;^^^0)^>^y^ Oyi^\ ^ iLU 2luyi->' '

Ill

iM('-iir ( /(f; jr i i •^4'i';c^u>yVi^ -r

112

Cy//^ Ci ^ •»«-»' « - ) OJUh>(jlj^j)\ (\*\^i,^t'^>K^) )\ij)\)J(j\^

^^^J /{y^(S>^\ (/.<£^U>Ui o u J r ^ u t - ^ • O^AAj^^y^

(pyodor Dostoyevskey -) ( J ^ ^ y ^ j (L.Tolstey )

113 I

j

(Jj{\v^ D.H. Lawrance ) (J- -*i - j»- > ( Huxley )

^J^^^M ) ^\*>1^/^ i Grahamg Green ^

^^ySj'^ fWilliam Faulkner ) )^f,^ ^ Earnest Hemingvay >

Marcel Prous t i

'u'l:i<:r_C^ . : r ^ ( j ^ ^ ^ 6l-^j ^^ f^^^^>Lf^^'^ ''^

•» >

114

UUi (J\i^\jji ii^y^^L ooM>>y L^u/^ cjiy '^ J ^ ^ ^ ^

' ^/•'o> o'si-^^i^i/j^'^Jyil o/i cji o.; .l/o(r

o ^ ^ l ' xJjU JAILS'jUb I ^ i(Jc(f*^oj

-J» ->v/*l>i^ • tfsU wA^jJj . 6\p6 JL^C (>^' V-^l-> A-iiUI OVli^

» » •

115

ai/u^o/j-^/- ' V' '"'* ^^''^ < ^ * yjo.? ' oy' i>i j . u 6 / ^ z. (7^ I /y« t^ cj>:»yf </ vvf v--/

KJI )S^ U^ ( I v o r y t o w e r ) 2^U 6jU* o^ >9,y\c-. ^^/**'> (j/^ Jf^ 1

4*'li'L/>''' 0-»lA* • ^ ^ V y ^ ^ > ^ (J^'" i ^ y ^ ^ > r ^^' 1 - ^phenomenon

Hf j ' c f M n i ' j/^9) cj/:C^ ' UJ ..^ {

vic/CM. * '•5/ra>i)^)^j>/;j^<t>!^^^»>^';*

116

^\!'^j >C^ :^z^jiju '^y.L.O'Jij^ a / ^ u / u f

y

J.x

(jji>5^i - ^ ( J - ' U ^ L : - ! ( / b / u y ' U ' c / c / ' u : c i > ^ ^ ^

117

>

I,

^r (/(t-^Av* i »jj)y^f^j^iSi^ '^CJLA> - )r

118

C^li (J/ >yf (-M^/ " I j .i:- f J err' ^ ^ -^>'-' ^ - ^

6jj>i3 ruji V . > i l J i i • L/i ell'-' 0'^ '^ ^Vy^ f} ^

» • •

* •

^;;;p;^.^^^c/'^'/—^^-^-^~-^' //-'>C/'' ^0^6!:^/

y'*i/''.:X^6^^'''(S^^!/^''A>'^^^ -yr

119

» •

120

> '''

^ j^A (fj9\ (i^y^O^h) O; ^i*Ua d^.Oj^ {S>. ^ • f -

f r ' - n ' < / ^w 1

121 ^ «

O -;- ! *^L.I^/'>--V/M;^ ^ oyu'; .c/.^l^.L/il

m

U3

r 6^*^b<Lvj^ -^^^ ^'^^' t^^"*—•^ '^U" '^ '

>

»

124

CJi l y l ^ b ^ ,S^,> ( ] / / 0 ^ ^ - f • KSK^ - ^ ^ -^ -XJ- '

. *^l7 <L ^ ::L o^>y J^y XL jji^ / L , (J[ Ur'l U'^J^

^ ' ^ (iT ^ - ^ 4^ - >r?^ (Soh>i ^ o^'>^ -^>7j i oj/u;-

f>^»0^O^0^ (Vi ^ j ^ , J o ^ ^ • vxi»v

1' 'r'Ac/-/^^CU^(i^-^''^*^i^ - ^

m

: . . . . ^

^>>y' c>"<> d ^ J^'^ o V ^

(schizophrenia )^_Jli>^l / "^U; ^-^y>9^^ ^:^jji> (J^ oj . (J^

^>i--ji 2L3u«iji c \ ^ o y (Ji>lJl.wOii (5^i • sT

126

_.y <2:.U y -4 ' MJ^/^ O;- ' ^^cj/->ij ^U^:^<*V-

127

((iL 'U (J- j^j, j-Ji- i\\J^»i —u» ' (/A" ' -^y^' (Jir

>

Lob v-^>»«>Ji->^'

• • »

ly>l ^ijf O / ^Ut' <: '>/ ^ i - ^ ^:> b- J ^ l ^ ^ I oC Y* -^ ' ^

^^} OJJ/ (JLi i y_ L . ( j> ; J l » (J; Z ' (jPUl / ^ U^

128

4-16 7 ^J^> c^^t (j-i - . ^ ' -^/^^ c/^^-^'' ' ^

'(Sc (Jj t^y ^ij>o^ i// ^\^y>X(J. crl^i r: £L JL^y

129

130

/ ^ •: ^KJ\!^ U: C ^ >=^ ^ 0 > (J!- (pathetic FallaciJ CT t (Jl-^

£-' ^ ^ ^ U ! 0' - (Ji^^y > c5/*^*>^/ ^ f ^ <^^^ - * • »

(/u> > • c/' O''^ - - / ^ ^x^^ -^' ou> 6> y^crH*

3 / * - ' O^ J''/:^\r^ Jp (SiJ^ i iS^C^l/o ^ic>

131

W^A Ly^/^o^i i^O'0'>^t>> (J^ .^LZ-»L>

U^-i»Uo;uy-' u/">'^i « ^ , . u". ^-/A^^i.dl-iU:'cTa

• »

109

Andre ) O^yT-;'>•> -^ ^J" {J^ • O.l'*>Jr-'-»' ^ ' • ' ^ > ^ J - ' ^ ' ^ O l V

^yj^>. J>»I>J| 0^'>'^' ^ ^ f /^>*6 ^.j)(J^^ '^—^ Breton

• '«:!l ^-^ OJ*^ Cyj i Jr^' ^LT' -4 V-*^

133

I so la t ion i sm ) i—A*

J^y _ ^ O''-'•J ^ ( R e a l i s m ) - ^ ^ ^ l ^ dL^ ( and romanticism

>

134

c5. - / .

. £-^'£^y 'd-~^)\j\/> )LLl^y, —'V-*^^ ^ JLO^IJIJJI

' * • ' . . • —

U.3jU iJi_^^l . ^ L J ^ ^ L l ^ b vJ: ^JL- i -5t')--««iJ»

28, Khalid A. Suleiman, P a l e s t i n e and ^iodern Arab: Poetr^'^ (London, 1984) pp 124-126,

135

» > , •* I '

J £^\j ^ o . c-Sy ^jt>} /Cy, ^^} i-^y ' C-S/\J^

136

^ ^ ai> o/ i^ *- >> « 0 \ > i ^ ^ l*-^ij O n O ^ -r^o ^

137

•^.t» .yf £—iS*./ (H unan sentiments ) .lA^\^\ (JLj / jp . £.—

i ->u«j3 J - ^ ( i / - ' ^ ' ^ ( r e l i g i o u s enthusiin)^^->-» C / ^ C?-* >*

/ ju^^ (T l (Racial Fanat ic i -^ ;|>iJ v-/* ^ . ' ^ ^ ' t ism

, v / , - » * - •

^ ( ^ ? > ^ « • i ^ t

Khalid A, S^laiman, op. cit5>«ll6 , ,^,*

138

_ _ _ _ _ « _ - _ - > - * ••' '

>

^'oy- (io --' c/'-ur ^ (Sor^^ - • -^c)'^^'' (/<->i /

Khalid A. Sulaiman, o p . c i t , pp. 177-180. ' T"*

pj

o^

139 n

d;j^ > u/ i : (J' /vy. J>- (SJ^. \' ''^ ^> ^ Sisyphus )

« • I •

JiKt^yj ^J^jf" "^^'d'jM 3*>l <:- ^ J'' cr^-'^ > ' ji ^^ i ifjii'iyis^' rt

140

(j^oJ! o;JLJI ( j ^ < j ^ '

* *(^^^^r ^^'^^^^ cTor-' out Jbrf /u-" ^L!7 ( , .ir-^.,1 ^ ^ ^ t - ^ ^ / ^ .

( Image ) g^ I (j> >» J ^ Ci"^^^ CJ"^V ' ' ^* ¥->Cf^

141

* ' I I

m

»

•.1-^ J r r ' ^L_J^I^ L^hj>\ ^ U U b j -^c j^b _;.U7Zlo-^U.

originality J .UUJ C* ;br ( j /^ JO ' . TU-? J(J-=' UT 0^ /

143

: (J*; ^ / ojlil _^> cl

am • * • •

OJU J;- (/' ^ J '^iy^\J^^ d»V' -' ' '' ' >^ - r o ^ -^-'^ -:"

144

i I-

> >

JL>^ii l «1.!>>L^ ^/jy^ >^^^ <J>'L>' V>'^i (JI^;'>(J^'->/f:'^-»'

145

". yV, L. JijiXl^. (JeJ) ^ " / U l / i _ C Dayan

4 « <6> 4 <i

4

Oi*^ *y» 3; u i' ^,i;) > ^ j(,;>^,> «>i>4^W' ^ •• Jc^^^-j - r<

c 2 ^ ^ ^

146

y'cJ'u/-i>'>f^(j'o^^''r^ ^^ ^ (Jyi (J.Ji u* ultx--

*

147

Trend and movement i n contem- {J^ / A A - ^ I O T > ^ ' ^ ' ( J ^^ - ' '

(J**b Cy^^O ^ t f i j y ^J^<i : : :_0 ' ->*^ < ^ ' pena ry Arab ic P o e t r y

- i ^ ^ j ^ cH< f * ' '

148

•I-. 0,^-7 / -^ y« Trends and movements in s^Cf OJSH/'(Jy ^^^ jy ^U^ . m o d e m Arabic Poetry

( J / . V ^ ^ J l f l ^ Clssa Boullatta ) > a ( j ^ / ^ l ^ ^ ^ ' / ^ !^ /

«>>» u^ o> u;* ^^>\ / L / ' ob r iiL -i^.tc/j 0 • £^\j o/^ij-

(pervasiuness ) C/Z ^ JL>*-' (3

creat ivi ty )..:JU/(J:>I (J^ (JU / ( J l • c/c (jV (J^ ^ ^ ^ ( JcT^^^

149

<^ . ^\> S^J^\^ y^ -^^J^i, J'.^^^O^

» » '^ '

I s s a J , B o u l l a t a "Reviev.- on Trends and Movement --c> i n Modern Arabic P o e t r y " , The Muslim 'World London,

150

y ^ » \ ( Anthology ) . Is l 2i\ \^ 6/^ 6/ '^(j^

I -.Bakir Alv;an"Reviev; on Trends and Movements" - i Middle East Journal (V.'ashington) VJinter, 1980.

'^^fit^jt '<'*< ' Jj\Z^^O^i^^ Modern Arab Poetry •-, /, • ,

^ y / j ^ l ^ . £ ^ J . | ' ^^f. Li terature of , '(W^jL^J ' modern Arable. (^"''y.^U^r

i 'Jt y.. ^ l / k - / t Z (dAf j / t ^V^^The Secret ^ ^ / ^ l ^ . Gas sick.

151

cjL- 1 iJ^(j-i • c/z d/.i/ -<^' ^ L X (jp/;r(j (jy^y / ^ / ' ^

I . . . - ». m • m t

'^ Ij^^ AJu**3» ( j - ^ ' i ^ - 5

^ U ^ •^^>I>i/0/^ (J^tr Jvby^i . -i-7 'c5"' i 'O r

152 ( Lonesomeness

153

154

-^V^^> i^ ' _,>j'. -i 'U ur^i-' ^^<^ cJ;> '

155

^ ^ U"!- ' \^(Jj^L )ijf(J/^ ^Uu //\J:(jr^ • l i V ^

a— /^

/ O'y^ ^>^ jL-^^j (J, • u*"t v- k L iv^ i -I' c:: (ji>;> _L.ui HI j>>:v

( i 5 t . / > ^ ^ .

156

' ( j l / -jCl (f .l^l/> - ^ . : ^ _ ^ ^Xy\pj^\ (\bjL U^}>A' V ^

^^-^ Or^ CSO 61^ t G>!iU)i 1 iSj>\i\

157

^\J \^JL.jjy^ Sd^J ^-o^ JL : i«>> - U ^ 0> ^ol ^ ' /

<i— (George o rwe l l )

158

_-«-aie)» 2^^1(3 5J>«JJI K5J^\^ UjCJ-J

( . . ^ ^ o r ^ - i J , JO ^ )

( / jb ^ j>^ JUi (J (j/Xb>^-» ^ y < ^ ^ . -^ 0 ' > * ^ "J:>^%

^^r^\^y>l^) (Alienation ) Jcit-^ Z^x tjV ^ Jt^. ^ _ ^ ,

159

160

y'(j'' / u / > ^ - ^ ' ^ u ' ' 01//*=- >'' >'' —>< ^ d ^

Ol ^ i ? ' ^ (• surrealism ) fjijy^ (J^ U /^ l ^c f / ^

^(/c^i V ^^^^p,j'A'o'J^ - ^'cJ.iSj^ o^^o-^ot"^ a

161

o^\ j d ^ 3 (•-D Ji t ^ C r

r • -> .- I I •

M* - M£ (/(tio** * > ^ ' ^ *^^-' ^^^^^ ^ *>W!x>^ ": 6jy^^J ~ ^'

162

( j i

M* 'ti u uwM '^r^) o^/j' v'-''' ^ 'a>^"d(i^^;^{/^"-c^cC^* - ^

^ly 11/- C5/Ii JOI ^ • U^ ^ • .'' ^ ^UL^I / -^^ h S^yf

.(J. jj^/ c^i V i t a l i t y ) ^ly^y> ^-'' ^ C). CDreamy ;

^U : >'" J ^ Ji/> o^L- ^« -:!'/' Je /^ / / X ~^^P^ /

Aa^.Tibevi. "Visions of t he Return" Middle East Journal K«| Washington V.17 Kc.S Autumn, 1963. "

164

• • >

•» •

^iby_ Z yU-'l i^ J:^i;:? i / / ^ I o . c/: ^ b 1-1 oU>i

165

/ ^ ^ 1 J ; ^ ^ij- "u^'^^3i" o^or; -i/i 6>^i

X Jl/^j i ^ ^ ^U>^'

j i ^ j < y (/u'-" ' Cf/li (/u' -'' <V==- - ^U"' -'•"' M

166

. <- I b LL (Y >

(j fc/ LiL. ^ / L- 0/C (J//i > v / ^^^ ^''^'

I/O;U:L^I ^ u-v^cf ^i^e/'—-^'ci//^' ^cjr ' i .u;^(^^

• U t U 7 j l ^ ' U^-^'^l^. •^.'^(J' O ^ ^ - C ^ " ^ ( Folklore

GU (*> « (siA^

-V '>' <ir '^^ V ' -i t'^^r^J^' (Jj(j^^ ^^ ^ '"^''^ ;l(il>''(Clieche ) .^r^ ^^ ^ j^\a o^) . ij) OJ <^y^ O

i M

168

O ^ A > J ^ 0 ^ 1 ^ ^ J ^ " ' " - ^ ^ - T ' ^ ' O O P / ^ ^ ^ I __.uJ'y^^^>

L . ^ ijy^ (J^b _ : > ^ (j' (Vanguard ) jDl^,^ J^

/

(hH. v » ^ ' .y > ^>rw ' W ^ ^ / y ^ ' '0'V.>^c5?^>i ^ :i^>>e"^ - r -

169 i ^ . y j ^

t v* '-o-j^hh^oj^, "o^^^fiiyjOU^^ 'O^^fyy

(1v^ .-yU// >^(/>^ AyO^/ J y ^ ^ - C / ^ ^ ' '

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173

1

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174

M <> ' j - ^ - ' (^^.:> ' i ) :y^^ hh lO ^ 6 u^j^/ ^^

175

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176 C^^ i V

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177

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179

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