Northumbria University

Department of Humanities

Honours Dissertation

Philip IV and the Knight’s Templar

By

Alex Toes

BA Hons History

2012

(WORD COUNT)

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

HISTORY

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1: How important were Philip IV’s motives in the Trial of the Knights Templar and how liable

could his accusations be perceived to historians in reference to his political and financial history?

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Conclusion

Appendices

Bibliography

Introduction

In the height of Crusading years, a hybrid society of warrior monks came into existence. Military

Orders, aiding royalty and pilgrims on their quests, fought to defend the right to Christendom

within the Holy Lands of Jerusalem and the surrounding regions. The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of

Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, or the ‘Knights Templar’ for short, were founded with the

ultimate duty of the protection of pilgrims and defending the Holy Land against the infidel. Holy

and pious, having sworn an oath to the Rule of the Cistercian monks, they lived their lives as

simple, obedient monks. In the first years of their existence, the very idea of a monk not sworn

to living an entirely pacifist lifestyle even in times of war was unheard of, until the successes and

aid provided by such orders as the Templars, the Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights and others:

aiding them militarily, financially and in terms of sharing knowledge of the surrounding terrains

as well as enemy tactics and habits. Such successes gained them substantial influence among

commanding generals and royals, who in favour, granted them gifts of lands and power in their

provinces, increasing their considerable affluence so they may further partake in military

campaigns, plus their offside roles in banking and moneylending, for which they attained

significant notice particularly among the monarchical and papal powers.

Chapter 1: How important were Philip IV’s motives in the Trial of the Knights Templar and how liable

could his accusations be perceived to historians in reference to his political and financial history?

The crusades proved tiresome upon royal funds for every participant involved. Some kingdoms

struggled to gather the funds more than others, creating an atmosphere of poverty in the home

countries. Some versions of the English history of home life during the crusades partake in the

storyline of Prince John taxing the people relentlessly to fund the wars his brother Richard

fought. These to some extent can be proved to be true. Some Kingdoms, such as that of the

French King Philip IV, the Fair, went to particularly extreme measures to acquire more funds for

their holy wars. In order to achieve his goals to acquire such funds, certain circumstances had to

be under the king’s own control. Groups he aimed at during the early Fourteenth century; the

French Jewry and the Knights Templar were extremely wealthy and powerful and so were

protected by their status. Such actions turned into a constant power struggle for supreme power

between the papacy and the monarchy. Philip’s personality played a major role regarding the

powers he could control in higher circles in terms of the French Inquisition and the Pope’s

Boniface and Clement; all of which became part of a plan which is deducted by the majority of

historians as part of the King’s plan for greater wealth and power.

Upon studying the French King, the phrase most popularly connected to him and his aspirations

was that concerning his overwhelming desire and belief in the concept of a French ‘absolute

monarchy’; a complete separation from the religious boundary lines created by Rome, in order

for the monarch to take control. Such a motif creates a sensation of French nationalism among

Philip’s people, however it created problems concerning the Catholic faith as an organised

religion. Philip himself was often described as a pious man, however according to Fawtier, ‘the

endless quest for revenue brought the monarchy into conflict with the church’ 1 and so the

French king and the two Pope’s concerned became part of a power struggle, both attempting to

prove themselves to their subjects as supreme ruler over the kingdom of France. This provides

motive for Philip against the Knights as their wealth and power in the France as well as the Holy

Lands, Paris having becoming a secular administration base, became a particular threat to the

King’s own authority, the popularity of the knights also being a major concern in social and

religious outlooks. With Philip’s strong belief in and ‘absolute monarchy’, the Temple’s power

was comprehended as a threat, yet it was more likely that the King was merely jealous of the

wealth and power and so sought to commandeer it for himself.

The view of Philip’s motives regarding subjects such as the Jews of France, the Papacy and the

Knights Templar are contested between various historians due to Philip’s characteristic nature.

The French King’s character had always been described by contemporaries in a similar way, even

if views on his personality varied. Whilst some view him as a strong and powerful king, able to

manipulate his surroundings for his own gain, others saw him as a weak and negligent king who

allowed himself be led astray by dishonest counsellors.2 However the overall interpretation of

Philip can be presumed from Fawtier’s description of Philip; ‘a pious man, but also a proud king,

with great faith in his dynasty, which enabled him to defeat and humble the pope and suppress

the Templars, claiming God as his guide.3

As contemporary views vary and are debated, as are the opinions of those surrounding the King

during the events themselves. According to Charles T. Wood, William of Nogaret was the only

one of Philip’s advisors to leave a description of Philip in his memoirs.4 His account portrays a

man worthy of complete adoration; he doesn’t say a negative word about his king, which,

1 Robert Fawtier, The Capetian Kings of France: Monarchy and Nation, (Macmillan and Co. Ltd., St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1960), pg 372 Charles T.Wood, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London, 1967) pg 873 Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328, (Longman, London and New York. 1980) pg 2784 Appendix A

naturally, leaves the historian having doubts about his account. As one of Philip’s closest and

most trusted counsellors, it could easily have been written under the watchful eyes of the king, it

being treason to write or speak negatively of your king anyway, as to leave a positive image of

himself. In reference to Nogaret’s position on Philip’s council, it would be advantageous for him

to leave such evidence of a purely respectable king. According to Edward J. Martin, Nogaret had

his own reasons for wanting to bring the Templars to suppression having his own private

grievance against such a group since his father had been burned at the stake as a heretic for the

families involvement with the Cathar branch of Christianity; which were labelled as heretics by

the papacy.5 Through cleverness and cynicism, Nogaret was able to climb the hierarchy to

become the king’s keeper of seals.6 When collating his account with the king’s actions against

the parties mentioned, Nogaret’s statements of Philip ‘never getting angry’, ‘envies noone’,

‘agreeable to all’ for example, may be perceived as misrepresented. When referring to his

conflict with the papacy. It could be supposed that it was his anger and envy towards both

Boniface’s nd Clement V’s claims to power and authority that pushed him to make moves to, in a

way, break from the authority of the Roman Church. The same motives could easily be applied

to his actions towards the Jews and the Knights of the Temple, both of which held enviable

wealth, which from Philip’s position in royalty, as he eventually proved, was not impossible to

attain for himself, his successes of which gave Philip further evidence to prove the notion of his

supreme authority in the kingdom of France.

However, it is not only positive opinions of Philip that have survived. Bernard Saisset, Bishop of

Parriers’ famous description presents a particularly different point of view to Nogaret:

“The King is like an owl, the most beautiful of birds, but worth nothing. He is the most handsome

of men but he stares fixedly in silence…He is neither man nor beast, he is a statue.”7

5 Edward J. Martin, The Trial of the Templars, (George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 1928) pg 296 Michael Haag, The Templars: History and Myth, (Profile Books, London, 2008) Page 2227 Elizabeth M Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328, (Longman, London and New York, 1980) page 278

Saisset’s depiction of Philip can be perceived as the most agreeable among historians as most

have used his account in their own studies. All agree that he was a fair king in appearances,

however it can be debated on the bishop’s comment that he is ‘worth nothing’. According to

Elizabeth Hallam, hostile writers of the time pointed to Philip’s silence as a sign of lack of interest

in government and administration.8 Geoffrey of Paris wrote that his ‘obsession with hunting

allowed him to be duped by his counsellors who were in control of his affairs.’ 9 These depictions

of the King may have been true when concerning the everyday running of the country however

when it came to particular events such as those concerning the Jewish population, the Papacy

and the Knights Templar Hallam’s account can be seen as more believable. She notes that there

is ‘little doubt that Philip IV bore the ultimate responsibility for the policies carried out as he

controlled and directed his counsellors’10 and that the ‘most convincing picture of the king is that

of a cynical, cold and withdrawn politician, not even in the limelight, but still controlling the

events of his reign.’11 Hallam’s account is particularly convincing when taking into account the

successes Philip was able to achieve, as, even though the administrative side was performed by

his civil servants, the ideas behind the actions and the permission to put such actions into

motion had to come from the royal authority of the king. It is important to mention that Philip IV

was the first to play the role of an absolute monarch in France 12 and so it therefore would be

presumptuous to name him as ‘worth nothing’ when such a revelation is an important turning

point to French monarchical history.

No matter what the opinion of Philip IV is, he is always described in his autobiographies as an

extremely religious and pious king. Later writings show that the king engaged in large scale

works of piety; the foundation of monasteries, substantial charitable donations and so forth,

actions which seem to reflect an increasing concern with the state of Philip’s soul and so tries to

8 Ibid., page 2789 Ibid., page 27810 Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328, (Longman, London and New York. 1980) pg 27811 Ibid., page 27812 Charles T. Wood, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London, 1967) pg 15

make amends for the wrongs he had done.13 If his actions towards the order did stem from a

genuine desire to uphold his Christian values for France and every other area of Europe he was

capable of reaching, it would not be a surprising element to the way in which he ruled his

kingdoms. However for a historian to be looking back with hindsight upon the affairs, when

including his activity towards the Jews and the previous papal powers, it can easily be deducted

and presumed that the motives behind his trial of the Knights of the Temple were of a more

selfish and callous nature; for the procuring of the wealth of the order for his own military

usage.

As mentioned, the French King had a natural talent and ability to control and manipulate his

surroundings to his benefit. The French Jewry was known be one of the wealthiest populations

of the kingdom, and whilst they originally held certain privileges they too became the targets of

one of King Philip’s plots for attaining wealth. MORE ON JEWS As Cohn sums up, they

were arrested and imprisoned, their money seized, goods auctioned, businesses transferred to

Italian bankers which were deep in Philip’s confidence and expelled.14 According to Cohn Philip

knew that the Templars in France were wealthier than the Jews.15

It was not just minorities that the French King was able to exploit. He also had significant control

over the elite and the intellectual powers of France, for example the French universities and the

French Inquisition. As the Knights were founded as a Holy Military Order they were officially

under the protection of the powers of the papacy; and so could not be accused in bishop’s court

since they were exempt from episcopal jurisdiction16. However they were not exempt from the

13 Ibid., pg 27814 Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons: An Inquiry Inspired by the Great Witchhunt, (Hienemann Education Books, Sussex University Press, 1975) pg 8215 Ibid., pg 8316 Bernard Hamilton, The Medieval Inquisition, (Edward Arnold, London, 1981) pg 83

Inquisition, although it still represents the papacy.17 Hamilton mentions how it was Philip’s desire

to bring the Inquisition more strictly under the royal control.18 The King’s influence over the

Medieval Inquisition played an important part in these trials by both himself and the Papal

Inquisition, for without their official permission to question the knights and for the use of

torture, for it can be said with absolute certainty that without which, the King would definitely

not have gained the evidence he was searching for from the Knight’s confessions to destroy the

reputation if not the very core and foundation of the Order completely in the eyes of the

populous, the surrounding Kingdoms of Europe and even in the Papacy itself. This very evidence

is proof that the French Inquisition was completely under the French King’s control by 1307.19

Philip had a talent to manipulate the people involved in a situation, persuading them into his

line of thinking and so they would side with him when need called for it. A particularly

noteworthy example of Philip’s ability of controlling the powers of the papacy in control at Rome

is during the Trial of the Knights Templar, a predominantly famous circumstance concerning

conflict between the Papacy and the French Monarchy; but the French King had already

previously had numerous encounters with papacy with his affairs with Pope Boniface in relation

to this power struggle. According to A.C. Flick the pontificate of Pope Boniface marked the

beginning of the decline of the power and glory of the Medieval Papacy20 towards the French

population in particular. The supreme authoritarian attitude of the French king led his

population into a state of national consciousness which made the society strong; ready to

support the king in defending its right against the papacy21. Eventually, Philip successfully

contested the Pope for the right to tax the French Clergy and make high ecclesiastical

appointments,22 allowing for him to create his own hierarchy of clergymen as well as yet another 17 Ibid., pg 8318 Ibid., pg 6919 Bernard Hamilton, The Medieval Inquisition, (Edward Arnold, London, 1981) pg 8320 Charles T. Wood, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London, 1967) pg 1121 Ibid., pg 1622 Stephen Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250- 1550, An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe, (New Haven and London Press, Yale University, 1980) pg 182

angle in which to bring more income to the monarchical treasury to fund his wars. Prior to

Philip’s success, Boniface had threatened to excommunicate any ruler who continued to tax the

clergy, seeing it as an assault on traditional clerical rights.23 Philip, knowing of the precarious

context to Boniface was appointed as pope, as he himself had played a part in it, is thought to

have blackmailed the pope with the threat of a trial against him if he did not comply with his

actions. After a series of strikes against each other’s claims to authority between the Pope and

the French monarch, Boniface was attacked in Anagni by Philip’s servants soon after he had

issued the bull Unam Sanctum in 1302, dying not long afterwards of shock.24

One of the most important aspects of this conflict between the monarchy and papal authorities

was the sheer use of pamphlets; the writers of which criticized the papacy relentlessly, bringing

the French populations respect of the papacy to rock bottom. He was portrayed by such writers

as violently anti-French, being said to have declared that ‘no measures were too strong as long

as he could destroy French powers’.25 What is interesting about this is that there is no definite

proof that it was through Philip’s encouragement that such pamphlets came into circulation;

that it was through the writer’s own intentions to bring down the reputation of the pope. 26 It

could be inferred that that it was through this circulation of propaganda that the king decided to

do the same; naming him a heretic and a simonist and so therefore not a true pope 27. This tactic

was also a tactic used in Philip’s power struggle against the new Pope Clement V during their

skirmish over the Knights Templar. The approach to spread of malicious propaganda was also

used during the defamation of the Knights Templar, and so even if the order survived, their

reputation would be so defiled they would be thought to have no business attempting to help

23 Ibid., pg 14524 M. D. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus, (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1977) pg 16625 Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328, (Longman, London and New York. 1980) pg 30926 Barbara Frale, The Chinon Chart: Papal Absolution to the Last Templar, Master Jacques de Molay, Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 30, No. 2, (Amsterdam, 2004) pg 3727 Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France 987-1328, (Longman, London and New York. 1980) pg 316

pilgrims, which is exactly what happened. However, despite conflicts with the papacy, if Philip

wanted to destroy the order as a whole he needed papal powers to do so.28

No matter how much Philip needed the pope’s approval, Clement had been sceptical since

before the Knights were arrested, although was pressured into considering the accusations:

“Although we were hardly able to bring our mind to believe what was being said at the time,

since it seemed almost totally incredible and impossible, since then we have heard several

strange and unheard-of rumours about them, and so are obliged to harbour doubts; not without

great bitterness, sorrow and turmoil in our heart we are forced to act on the foregoing, doing

whatever reason demands, on the advice of our brothers.”29

From this letter, the Pope marks that he had proposed to begin an investigation on the doings of

the knights before they were even arrested, the date of the letter being 24 th August, a full 2

weeks before the arrests were made. This provides evidence that Philip arrested the knights

without the Pope’s consent as the matter should have been in the hands of the Pope not the

monarch. This was a serious breach against of papal authority and the first move in a series of

moves between powers of the Papacy and the Monarchy conflicting against each other for

supreme power.

“But you dearest son, we grieve to report, you have aid hands upon the persons and the goods of

the Templars, and not just anyhow but going as far as imprisoning them, as though we were

privy to the events…Illustrious prince, these actions are the occasion for our grief and painful

surprise, because you have always found us better disposed towards you than all other bishops of

Rome at the head of the Church of Rome in your lifetime, and intent on your honour in your

kingdom for your interests in your kingdom and the whole Christendom surrounding you.30”

28 Ibid., pg 3329 Letter of Clement V to Philip IV (24 August 1307), Trans Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate, The Templars, Selected Sources, (Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, 2002) Pg 24330 Letter of Clement V to Philip IV, 27 October 1307, Trans Malcolm Barber and Keith Bate, The Templars, Selected Sources, (Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, 2002) pages

This second letter from Pope Clement shows this conflict between them; also the fact that

Clement was perfectly aware of the King’s intentions. This could also suggest that the supposed

implication that Philip’s actions towards the Templar were for purely Christian reasons is

misguided, especially regarding the point that Philip’s conflict with the Pope could be seen as an

un-Christian act anyway, the Pope being considered as the head bishop of all Christendom

appointed by God himself. This point is also one which is a value shared by the monarch, which

contributes to the conflict for supreme power between them. Because of this conflict, Philip had

to derive another plan; which he subsequently left to his counsellors.

As well as the propaganda used to defame the papacy and the order, Philip’s counsellors derived

a plan based on the one that was used on the Cathar branch of Christianity during the twelfth

and thirteenth centuries, a time in which Christian Orthodoxy and heresy flourished in the centre

of complex religious life of France.31 The Cathar Christians themselves were well organised,

electing their own bishops, collecting funds and distributing them to the poor.32 Despite the

good works they performed, the pope of the time, Pope Honorious III was alarmed labelled

them as heretics for the fact they believed in dual-Gods of good and evil.33 From 1209, the

Algigensian Crusade was led against them.34 In 1230, Pope Honorious extended the power of the

French Inquisitors so even exempt orders could be targeted if there was any suspicion of

heresy.35 Such powers had been forgotten about until Philip’s advisors uncovered them and used

them to devastating effect.36 Royal lawyers were able to gather information about the secret

lives of the Templars and use them completely out of context in order to plant the suspicion of

249-25031 Michael Haag, The Templars: History and Myth, (Profile Books, London, 2008) page 14632 Ibid., page 14633 Ibid., page 147-834 Ibid., page 14835 Michael Haag, The Templars: History and Myth, (Profile Books, London, 2008) page 21936 Ibid., page 219

heresy upon the order. A Franciscan French Inquisitor, William of Paris, worked with the king in

order to denounce the Templars as heretics.37

Philip had gained what may be perceived as a somewhat notorious reputation when it came to

the issue of his depleting wealth. His actions towards the Jewish population of France as well as

towards the previous Pope Boniface remain as an eternal reminder of his financial position, even

before the Trial of the Knights Templar and his affairs with the new Pope Clement V. Whilst not

entirely proven, it is still debated upon whether the affair of the Templars was due to the King’s

genuine religious concerns, or whether he saw the secretive nature of the order as an easy

target in which he could create an accusation of heresy, from which he may have been able to

commandeer the vast wealth of the order to fund his wars.

Chapter 2

Trial and confessions with King Philip and the use of torture to extract confessions Confessions: reception, denial of Christ, sodomy, spitting on cross, obscene kisses,

idol worship – accusations out of context – Templar ritual not meant as heretical but as a part of initiation ceremony – an act – or truly heretical but unproven – relapsed heretics

37 Ibid., page 219

Trial and confessions with Clement and Cardinals – attempt to regain power from the French King

Burning of James of Molay and other Templars – curse of Jacques de Molay Defamation of the Order and the end of the Templars – French propaganda put

about by officials

Chapter 3

To what extent could the Templars be found guilty of heresy? Clement’s view of the Templars, guilty or not?

Chinon’s parchment – analysis of sources Philip’s ‘success’? – expulsion of Templar order – received some compensation but

not all wealth – given to the holy land + Hospitallers Templar issue a pawn in the battle between the French Capetian monarchy and the

Powers of the papacy.

Conclusion

Story of the German priest who found 2 former Templars All round conclusion to confessions against Templar lifestyle – explanation of truth in

accusations

Appendices

Appendix A: William of Nogaret’s sketch of Philip IV the Fair. Memoirs written apropos of the

affair with Boniface.

“My Lord the King, is of the race of the kings of France who all, since the time of King Pepin, have

been religious, fervent champions of the faith, vigorous defenders of Holy Mother Church…He has

been, before, during, and after his marriage, chaste, humble, modest in bearing and language; he

never gets angry; he hates no one; he envies no one; he loves everybody. Full of Grace and love,

pious, merciful, always following the path of truth and justice, slander is foreign to him. Fervent in

the faith, religious in his life, building churches, practicing works of piety, handsome and charming in

countenance, agreeable to all, even to his enemies when they are in his presence, God brings

miraculous cures to the sick through his hands”

Charles T.Wood, Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII, (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, London, 1967) pg 85

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