dissertation socio economic resort of singapore
TRANSCRIPT
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Queen Margaret University
EDINBURGH
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
(HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT)
DISSERTATION
A Study on the Socio-Economic Perspective
of the Singapore Integrated Resorts
Lum Chan Seng
Student ID: 07008515
Supervisor: Mr. Tony Toh Yew Soon
08 November, 2009
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
Declaration 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
Table of Contents 5
List of Figures/Tables 7
List of Appendices 10
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Background 12
1.2 Integrated Resorts 13
1.2.1 Definition of Socio-Economics 14
1.2.2 Objectives of Research 14
1.2.3 Research Methodology 15
1.2.4 Limitations of Research 15
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Revitalising Singapore's Tourism 18
2.1.2 Singaporeans' Love for Gambling 20
2.1.3 Gaming Industry 21
2.1.4 Gaming Opportunities in Asia 21
2.2 Industry Analysis 22
2.3 Social Costs versus Economic Benefits 23
2.3.1 Potential Social Problems 23
2.4 Economic Benefits 27
2.5 Formulation of Strategies for the IRs 30
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 31
3.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research 32
3.1.1 Qualitative Research 32
3.1.2 Quantitative Research 33
3.1.3 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods 33
3.2 Justification of Selected Method 35
3.3 Research Procedures 36
3.3.1 Primary Data 37
3.3.2 Secondary Data 37
3.3.3 Sample Size of Primary Data 38
3.4 Method of Data Analysis 39
3.4.1 The Survey Questionnaire 39
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 41
4.1 Introduction 42
4.1.1 Characteristics of Respondents 42
4.2 Analysis of Data and Findings 43
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 72
5.1 Socio-Economic Impact 75
5.1.1 Economic Factors 75
5.1.2 Cost-and-Benefit Analysis 77
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 78
6.1 Conclusion 79
6.1.1 Socio-Economic Impact 80
6.2 Recommendation 82
6.2.1 Gambling Controls 83
REFERENCES 85
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Visitors' Arrivals - July 2008 to July 2009 19
Figure 2.2 Visitors' Arrivals - top 15 markets 19
Figure 2.3 Snapshot of Singaporeans queuing up at betting booth 20
Figure 3.1 Quantitative and Qualitative Research 34
Figure 4.1 Respondents' Nationality 43
Figure 4.2 Respondents' Gender 44
Figure 4.3 Respondents' Age 45
Figure 4.4 Respondents' Marital Status/Highest Education level 44
Figure 4.5 Respondents‟ Current Employment Status 48
Figure 4.6 Respondents‟ Annual Income 49
Figure 4.7 Respondents‟ Gambling Experience 50
Figure 4.8 Respondents‟ Frequency of Gambling 51
Figure 4.9 Respondents‟ Time spend in Casino 52
Figure 4.10 Respondents‟ Money Spend in Casino 53
Figure 4.11 Respondents‟ Opinion - Crime Rate 55
Figure 4.12 Respondents‟ Opinion - Divorce/Separation 56
Figure 4.13 Respondents‟ Opinion - Child Neglect/Spouse Abuse 57
Figure 4.14 Respondents‟ Opinion - Personal Bankruptcy 58
Figure 4.15 Respondents‟ Opinion - Suicidal Attempts 59
Figure 4.16 Respondents' Opinion - Gambling Addiction 60
Figure 4.17 Respondents‟ Opinion - Social Vice 62
Figure 4.18 Respondents‟ Opinion - Moral Values/Standards of Singapore 63
Figure 4.19 Gambling in Casino will have adverse effect to Singapore 64
Figure 4.20 Respondents' Opinion - New Capital Investment 66
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Figure 4.21 Respondents‟ Opinion - Revitalising Singapore's Tourism 67
Figure 4.22 Respondents‟ Opinion - Increase Employment Opportunities 68
Figure 4.23 Respondents‟ Opinion - Increase Local Government Revenue 69
Figure 4.24 Respondents' Opinion - Increase Singapore's GDP per capita 70
Figure 4.25 Respondents‟ Opinion - Improve Economic Benefits 71
Figure 5.1 Respondents‟ Opinion about the IRs 74
(economic benefits versus social costs)
Figure 5.2 Singapore Property – The Sail @ Marina Bay 76
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Respondents‟ Perception on the Social Impacts 54
Table 4.2 Respondents‟ Perception towards Casino Gaming 61
Table 4.3 Respondents‟ Perception on the Economic Benefits 65
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Survey Questionnaire 91
Appendix B Respondents‟ Feedback and Comments 96
Appendix C SPSS Survey Data 97
Appendix D Singapore‟s Unemployment Rate – 1998 to 2009 98
Appendix E Singapore‟s Unemployment Stabilised 99
Appendix F Singapore‟s Employment Statistics 100
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Singapore is a small island city with a total population of about 4.65 million. The local
population consists of approximately 77% ethnic Chinese, 14% Malays and 8%
Indians. The remainder 1% is made up of Eurasians and other guest workers. It is a
relatively young population with only 217,000 or 7% of the population currently over
the age of 65. This is set to change dramatically from now to 2030 when 800,000 or
18.7% of the population will be aged 65 years and above. The proportion of those
between 15 and 45 years currently make up nearly half the population (Singapore
Facts and Figures, 2009).
It is a relatively affluent population, and nearly 80% of the population is categorised as
middle class. The concept of middles class is prevalent in both common parlance and
the social sciences. The phrase “middle class” is extremely ambiguous; no consensus
exists on either the upper bound or lower bound separating the middle class from other
classes, Eisenhauer (2007). Singapore's GDP per capita in 2007 was S$52,994 and it
remains one of the wealthiest countries in the world - this rate of GDP is comparable
to that of the Scandinavian countries. There are over 7,000 Multi-National
Corporations (MNCs) with operations based in Singapore, 4,000 of which are regional
headquarters (Singapore Facts and Figures, 2009).
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1.2 Integrated Resorts
Integrated Resorts (IRs) by definition are resorts with mixed development like hotels,
restaurants, convention centre, theme park, shopping centre, casino, etc. (Lee, 2005).
As it is generally a gaming component - casino, integrated resorts development has
stirred a great controversy among the Singaporeans.
On 18 April 2005, The Prime Minister of Singapore, Mr Lee Hsien Loong announced
the cabinet's decision to develop two integrated resorts in Marina Bay Sands and
Resorts World at Sentosa. The Singapore Government stated that the aim of the
Integrated Resorts is to boost the country's tourism industry. There has been very keen
competition from the neighbouring countries like Malaysia, Thailand and Hong Kong.
According to the Government, the Integrated Resorts are expected to create some
35,000 jobs directly and indirectly (Business Times, 08 Nov 2005).
There has been debate among the Singaporeans on the plan to build Integrated Resorts.
Religious groups and social workers voiced their disapproval at the negative social
impact of gambling. The Government, however, promised to have a proper and strict
safeguard to limit the social impact of gambling, among others exorbitant entrance fee
and the casinos would not extend credit to local population (Parliamentary Debate on
IR Decision, 2005).
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1.2.1 Definition of Socio-Economics
Socio-economics is often considered as multi-disciplinary, applying theories and
methods from sociology, economics, history, psychology and many others. It has
emerged as a separate field of study in the late twentieth century. In most cases, socio-
economists focus on the social impact of some sort of economic change, which is
basically a study of the relationship between the economic activity and social life
(Davis et al, 2008).
1.2.2 Objectives of Research
This research deals with the socio-economic factors that have potential impact on the
Singapore IRs. Its focus is to investigate and analyse the socio-economic impact, with
the aim to formulate strategies for the Singapore IRs. The research has the following
objectives:
i. To identify and critically evaluate the significance of the socio-economic
factors of the IRs.
ii. To analyse the social impacts, such as triad activities, money laundering,
gambling addiction, family separation, divorce, etc.
iii. To evaluate and analyse the economic benefits that outweigh the social ills
iv. To identify, evaluate and formulate strategies for the IRs.
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1.2.3 Research Methodology
In order to have a good coverage and representative sample, 300 individuals will be
selected randomly. The survey will be conducted on participants with different age
group, gender, occupation, educational background, and also whether they are familiar
with or have any experience going to a casino, as the experienced and inexperienced
casino goers tend to have different behaviour and expectations. The survey
questionnaires once completed are collected and analysed by the researcher. All the
participants would be asked about their opinions on the socio-economic impact of the
IRs.
1.2.4 Limitations of Research
There were constraints and limitations in this research:
i. The sample was drawn from disparate sources before the operation of the IRs,
so it may not accurately represent the general population.
ii. The survey was carried out in the absence of a surveyor, and there may be
some misinterpretation of the questions.
iii. Sampling errors could exist due to time constraints and selection of the English
educated respondents can be biased in their thoughts.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review is an unambiguous and logically arranged work which is presented
including all the pertinent research work done until this page. Its factual intention is to
categorise and draw attention to the significant variable, to file the essential findings
that may be used as a foundation on which the current investigation is build and
develop the hypothesis (Sarantakos, 2005).
The Integrated Resort projects (IRs) are undoubtedly a necessary step to Singapore‟s
future economic viability. As Singapore has no natural comparative advantages, it
must capitalise its ability to stay at the forefront of the global economy, with focus to
attract foreign investors, tourists and talent. Surveys have suggested that Singapore is
seen as 'unexciting" compared to other travel destinations, and has been labelled as
conservative, moderate and stale; concentrating on traditional "cultural" projects like
the Asian Village, Tang Dynasty and Haw Par Villa, and failing to move on with new
innovations (Straits Times, 20 April 2005).
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2.1.1 Revitalising Singapore's Tourism
Visitor arrivals to Singapore fell by 4.5% year-on-year in July 2009 to reach 881,000
visitors. Visitor‟s days were estimated at 4.6% million days, year-on-year decrease of
11.6% in comparison of July 2008 (923,000), as shown in Figure 1. The decline in
tourism is certainly a concern for Singapore and the solution is to revitalise
Singapore‟s tourism and create a unique Singapore niche. There is little point in
selling Singapore as a country rich in heritage and culture; rather, the IRs will market
the modern entertainment, vibrant city life, and a constantly changing environment
Singapore can best call her own (Singapore Tourism Board, 2009).
Although China is ranked third among the top 15, as shown in Figure 2 below, there is
good potential for the Chinese tourists market. With the rise of China and the influx of
middle-income Chinese tourists (the segment with the largest growth potential, in
which most are willing to splurge at the gaming tables), the IRs would become more
crucial than ever. The Feedback Unit itself has ascertained that Singapore wants "an
iconic destination resort that offers world-class entertainment and leisure facilities",
not a mere gambling facility like Macau; one should bear in mind that the IRs main
functions go beyond the mere attraction of tourist revenue via the casino, but rather in
the creation of a holistic tourist destination.
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FIGURE 2.1 VISITOR ARRIVALS, JULY 2008 – JULY 2009
FIGURE 2.2: VISITOR ARRIVALS, TOP 15 MARKETS – JULY 2009
Source: Singapore Tourism Board
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2.1.2 Singaporeans’ Love for Gambling
As reported in “Today” on 27 August, 2009, Singaporeans have a love for gambling.
Even without the casino, Singaporeans reportedly indulged in gambling, such as 4D,
TOTO, football betting and horse-racing. Their growing appetite for gambling drove
an increase of 3.6% in betting and sweepstakes duties, totaling S$1.4 billion (4D
accounted for S$1.1 billion). Individuals claimed S$19 billion in reliefs (for example
CPF, child, caregiver, maid levy, NS man); 218,600 people with assessable income of
over S$20,000 did not have to pay tax (Today, 27 Aug, 2009).
FIGURE 2.3:
SNAPSHOT OF SINGAPOREANS QUEUING UP AT BETTING BOOTH
Source: Today, 27 Aug 2009
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2.1.3 Gaming Industry
The casino industry in Asia has been booming over the years, both legally and
illegally. Despite moral, political, security, and religious barriers in legalising and
operating gambling facilities for recreation, Asia still presents great potential for
expansion of the gaming industry, partly due to Asians‟ inherent wagering nature, as
shown in Figure 3 above. China‟s growth has attracted great interest from the casino
operators in anticipation of the growing numbers of high rollers from China. Asia and
Middle East have accounted for 22.4% of the global gaming revenue, illustrating the
growth of the region as a gaming industry. Singapore, Japan, Thailand, and Taiwan
are all tending towards legalising casinos in the hope to partake in this growing
industry (Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2005).
2.1.4 Gaming Opportunities in Asia
There are vast gaming opportunities in the region. Malaysia, Philippines, South
Korea, and Macau have acquired a highly lucrative 85% share of Asia‟s legal casino
industry. Although there are many illegal casinos in Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, they
are smaller scale and generally lack sophisticated facilities that could be of threat to
major players. Of the leaders, Malaysia seems more of a concern as its IR complex is
what interests Singapore. Potential new players such as Thailand are of a lesser
concern, as they are more interested in operating a pure gaming casino instead of an IR
(Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2005).
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2.2 Industry Analysis
The Integrated Resort that envision in Singapore is an iconic destination resort, which
offers world-class entertainment and leisure facilities. Casino gaming is becoming
widely available around the world and Singapore‟s intention is not to develop a
gambling attraction that compete in the gambling market (Lee, 2005). The Integrated
Resorts in Singapore will not be like the gambling facilities in Macau or Australia,
which mainly cater to local patrons. One possible model for Singapore is a premium
themed mega-resort, which has a large scale development that takes advantage of
beach and marina settings to create a truly get-away holiday feel for visitors.
Sited away from the buzz of the city centre, the themed mega-resort is a tourist
destination in its own right, has a wide range of entertainment facilities such as hotels,
restaurants, retail outlets, theatres, and themed attractions. The best example of this
model is the Atlantis resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas.
Another possible model is one sited within the city as part of a high-intensity
integrated development. The facilities usually include hotels, shopping, food and
beverage (F&B), theme attractions as well as cultural amenities such as concert halls,
theatres and museums. They add to the buzz and colour of the city. Examples are the
urban integrated resorts in Las Vegas. Hence, there are various issues that need to be
considered.
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2.3 Social Costs versus Economic Benefits
Learning from the other countries, there are many similar entertainment hubs that are
not economically viable if the casino component is removed. This is because the
gaming and non-gaming components in such complexes are inter-dependent. Revenue
generated from the casino is used to cross-subsidise the other non-gaming attractions,
which in turn attract the large number of visitors. While tourism strategy is not
dependent on the IR projects alone, the IRs would play a more significant role in the
overall strategy. These facilities leverage off each other and become viable because of
the high volume of traffic drawn to the wide range of entertainment options available.
It is inevitable therefore that there are social costs involved and the government is
prepared to go ahead with the casinos considering its wide-scale economic benefits
(Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2005).
2.3.1 Potential Social Problems
Potential social problems are very much anticipated with the upcoming operation of
the casinos in Singapore, and listed below are potential problems that may have
serious impact on the IRs:
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i. Compulsive Gambling
People are prone to falling prey to compulsive gambling once they are addicted, and
this often leads to bankruptcy or family problems. The misconception that by
continuing to gamble despite suffering a loss would enable gamblers to recoup their
losses often proves to be their demise. A study by Widgery (1998) found that the
number of people seeking help for gambling addiction increased after the casinos
opened. However, it was added that part of this rise could be due to increased publicity
in problem gambling and support services. Therefore, it is expected that a similar
upsurge in the number of gamblers seeking help can be expected if a casino opens
here. Nevertheless, it is dependent on whether the casino enlarges the pool of gamblers
or draws largely on the existing pool of gamblers.
ii. Increase in Crime Rate and Vices
In the first six years of casinos in Minnesota, the crime rate in counties with casinos
increased more than twice as fast as in non-casino counties. According to an analysis
by the Minneapolis Star Tribune, the median crime rate in casino counties rose 39
percent during that period as compared to an 18 percent increase in non-casino
counties (McGrath and Ison, 1995). Casinos are usually the favourite hangout for
troublemakers or lawbreakers to carry out their underground dealings. With these
undesirable characters, crime rate and vices will rise, and it is only a matter of time
before prostitution, triad activities or drug peddling creeps in. Gambling addicts may
end up stealing or robbing to satisfy their gambling needs or desire.
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iii. Child Abuse and Neglect
The National Gambling Impact Study Commission in America reported that children
of compulsive gamblers are often prone to suffer abuse, as well as neglect, as a result
of parental problem or pathological gambling (NGISC, final report, June 1999). With
the absence of proper guidance from parents who are addicted to gambling, the child
may end up with bad influence, mixing with the wrong company and learning the bad
things, such as smoking, gambling and stealing. Parents who lost money at the
gambling table often neglect their children or vent their frustrations on them. In most
of these cases, physical abuse of children is common. Such emotional trauma would
scar them for life, making them emotionally unstable and it may also result in juvenile
delinquency problems.
iv. Impact of casino Gambling on Bankruptcy
A study by Nichols, Stitt and Giacopassi (1999), noted that personal bankruptcies went
up significantly in five of the seven casino communities when compared to the control
groups. A possibility exists that the casino may increase the bankruptcy rate in
Singapore. While many Singaporeans are not considered poor by international
standards, the cost of living is high, causing a strain on the breadwinner of the family.
Many Singaporeans gamble with hopes to get rich quick, but most may end up
miserable through their indulgence in gambling.
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v. Rise of Loan Shark Activities
With the opening of the IRs, more people are likely to borrow from loan sharks in
order to satisfy their gambling indulgence, and this may lead to an increase in the
number of loan sharks. Casinos are usually a favourite place for loan shark, who is a
person or body that offers unsecured loans at high interest rates to individuals, often
backed by blackmail or threats of violence. Problems of borrowing from loan sharks
can be seen all over in Singapore, and most of the borrowing occurs due to the
addiction to gambling.
vi. Work Performance affected by Financial Problems
In most cases if not all, people who indulge in gambling would be badly affected if
their finances are not properly managed. This would have a spill-over effect on the job
performance of the gamblers‟ immediate family members, as they tend to lose interest
and are troubled by family problems. Some of these problems would threaten the
prospects of Singapore whose critical assets lie in its human resources.
vii. Moral Values and Social Order
The Singapore model is that of morality and social order. Play, escapism, and
individualism have been disparaged as antithetical to the discipline and self-sacrifice
that have underpinned Singapore‟s success. By having IRs, the belief that Singapore‟s
rational and socially puritan model delivers results may be disowned, as an element of
conflict exists.
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viii. Singapore’s Good Reputation and Image
The opening of the IRs may tarnish Singapore‟s good reputation and image that has
established over the years. As a casino is always associated with vices and social ills,
these negativities may erode Singapore‟s years‟ of reputation as a moral and socially
puritan country. Money laundering activities may be involved and this may jeopardise
Singapore‟s reputation as a financial hub.
2.4 Economic Benefits
The IRs are projected to result in S$5 billion in investments, 35000 new job
opportunities, and a S$1.5 billion boost to the economy, translating to an increase in
annual growth of 0.3 - 1.3 % from 2009 onwards (Lee, 2005). Coupling that to the
multiplier effects on key sectors, such as retail, service apartments, rental properties,
hotels and airlines, the appeal of the IRs would become more apparent. Furthermore,
the Far Eastern Economic Review has also reported that across Asia, a huge
investment of US$23 would be solely spent on gambling in 2010, increasing from
US$8 in 2000 (Gilley, 2001).
The gambling market over Asia is predicted to expand further once the casinos are
legalised and available in the region (Poon, 2004; Sim, 2004). Various data had also
revealed that Singaporeans were already spending more than S$180 million a year in
neighbouring Malaysian casinos. A few years ago, S$140 was spent by Singaporeans
in nearby Indonesia's Batam Island and about S$400 million was spent on the casino
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cruise ships (Kaur, 2004). In total, Singaporeans have spent a significant sum on
overseas gambling. Hence, having casinos in Singapore would be a solution to
prevent outflow of Singapore's money, and the IRs would be a good source to generate
revenues and improve the capital investments with higher GDP growth.
i. Contribution to Tax Revenue
The opening of the casino is expected to further increase Singapore‟s betting duties.
The gaming revenue generated might be greater if the casino is able to capture the S$2
billion, which was wagered in underground gambling and betting, as Singaporeans
visit overseas for casino gaming (The Business Times, 29 September 2004). The IRs
can attract these Singaporeans to gamble locally and stem this expenditure outflow.
Assuming that it has the potential to stem the “leakage” of estimated $2 billion that
Singaporean gamblers lose annually at casinos overseas, this implies that more tax
revenue collection, which can be used to improve the well-being of Singaporeans.
ii. Boost for Singapore’s Economy and Tourism Industry
The IRs would bring in entertainment and conventions, hospitality and retail outlets,
which will help to increase the demand for hotel services, greater patronage at
restaurants and heightened convention and exhibition activities. Studies and surveys
have shown that tourism numbers and spending increase with the development of IRs.
Supporters of IR have claimed that tourists‟ duration and repeated visits would also
increase. STB also supports the project, as it believes that the IRs will help to boost the
tourism industry and enhance Singapore‟s attractiveness as a tourism destination.
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Being among the top-three visitor-generating markets, China (with increasing number
of middle-class), and Japan (with existence of high rollers), serve as attractive target
segments for Singapore (Singapore Tourism Board, 2009).
However, stiff competition resulting from the expansion plans and the potential
entrance of various countries may dampen the prospects of tourism industry.
Furthermore, Singapore may suffer erosion in tourist arrivals if the IRs are not well
prepared. Therefore, the magnitude of the tourism boost would depend on how
Singapore markets and positions as a tourism destination. Another concern is the
cannibalisation effect. Tourists may spend more time and money in the IRs, at the
expense of other forms of activities such as shopping and entertainment. For instance,
prices of casino hotels are often marked down heavily and this may affect other hotels.
If the proposed IRs can attract high-rollers, as well as a larger slice of the convention
business, the net impact should be positive.
iii. Employment
As illustrated in Labour Force Survey (Appendix B) the unemployment rate shows a
downward trend due to the improving economic conditions over the past few years,
from 2003 to 2008. For the year 2007, the strong economic recovery has helped to
ease the unemployment rate to less than 2%. Total employment increased by 9.6% in
the fourth quarter, December 2007, growing for the fourth consecutive quarter and at
an increasing pace due to contributions from the services sector. The underlying
growth momentum in job creation has accelerated at the close of the fourth quarter,
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raising employment. The Singapore government‟s primary concerns are still good
employment of its residents and attraction of foreign talents to ensure social stability
and growth sustainability. The local IR industry can easily create thirty to forty
thousand job openings, which is definitely a positive sign to Singapore.
2.5 Formulation of Strategies for the IRs
As countries around the region are making head ways and aggressively promoting
tourism, it is relatively important to understand Singapore‟s environment using the
PEST analysis. This is especially critical with various East Asian countries trying to
develop or integrating gambling facilities into large scale IRs. In maintaining long
term competitive edge of an IR, it would involve extensive management of strategies.
The implications would be evaluated through the Cost-and-Benefit analysis. The topic
on IR strategies or those related to the casino business in Singapore is a relatively new
area of research. Most articles searched were case studies of casino operations. Hence,
this research aims to study on the socio-economic impacts and explore the possible
strategies that IRs with casinos can be adopted in Singapore.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Research methodology is an important aspect, which defines the way the project is
approached. It is a conceptual frame work that is developed for the research purpose,
using various research methods through a wide range of literature including text
books, journals, etc. According to Zikmund (2003), research methodology can be
classified in various ways. However, one of the most common distinctions is between
qualitative and quantitative research methodologies.
3.1.1 Qualitative Research
Qualitative research methods were developed in the social sciences to enable
researchers to study social and cultural phenomena. Examples of qualitative methods
are action research, case study research and ethnography. Qualitative data sources
include observation and participant observation (fieldwork), interviews and
questionnaires, documents and texts, and the researcher‟s impressions and reactions
(Zikmund, 2003). Qualitative research is much more subjective than quantitative
research and uses very different methods of collecting information, mainly individual,
in-depth interviews and focus groups. The nature of this type of research is exploratory
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and open-ended. Small numbers of people are interviewed in-depth and/or a relatively
small number of focus groups are conducted (Veal, 2005)
3.1.2 Quantitative Research
Quantitative research methods were originally developed in the natural sciences to
study natural phenomena. Examples of quantitative methods are well accepted in the
social sciences, which include survey methods, laboratory experiments, formal
methods (e.g. econometrics) and numerical methods, such as mathematical modeling
(Zikmund, 2003). By definition, measurement must be objective, quantitative and
statistically valid. In short it is about numbers and objective hard data.
3.1.3 Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
Through the analysis and comparison (Figure 3.1), quantitative research is objective;
qualitative is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws; qualitative
research aims at in-depth description. Qualitative research measures what it assumes to
be a static reality in hopes of developing universal laws. Qualitative research is an
exploration of what is assumed to be a dynamic reality. It does not claim that what is
discovered in the process is universal, and thus, replicable. Common differences
usually cited between these types of research include.
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FIGURE 3.1: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative
Quantitative
Objective
To gain a qualitative
understanding of the
underlying reasons and
motivations
To quantify the data and
generalize the results from the
sample to the population of
interest
Method
Subjective - individuals‟
interpretation of events is
important, e.g. using
participant observation, in-
depth interviews etc.
Objective – seeks precise
measurement & analysis of target
concepts, e.g., using surveys,
questionnaires etc.
Sample
Small number of non-
representative cases
Large number of representative
cases
Process
Deductive
Inductive
Data Collection
Unstructured
Structured
Data Analysis
Non-statistical
Statistical
Outcome
Develop an initial
understanding
Recommend a final course of
action
Source: Malhotra, (2002) and Miles & Huberman (1994)
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3.2 Justification of Selected Method
Questionnaire survey is arguably the most commonly used technique in management
research. According to Veal (2205), the merits of questionnaire survey are as follows:
Transparency: while it is impossible to have absolute „objective‟, the
questionnaire methods provide a „transparent‟ set of research procedures. How
information has been collected and analysed is clear.
Succinct presentation: quantification can provide relatively complex
information in a succinct and easily understood form.
Comparability: methods such as longitudinal surveys and annually repeated
surveys provide the opportunity to study change over time, using comparable
methodology.
Capturing complexity: questionnaires can be an effective means of gathering a
wide range of complex information on individuals or organization on a
comparable basis.
In this research, a random sample of 300 respondents was selected, with the objective
that a mix of respondents with and without casino gaming experience could be
gathered. Convenience sampling was adopted for this study, which had a pre-
established criterion that the survey was to be addressed mainly to locals so as to
adequately gather the sentiments of this core target group. The respondents were
reached out via face-to-face surveys mostly at cafeterias, shopping areas, offices and in
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the work place. Nevertheless, the sufficient number of responses was obtained from
emails and short interviews to colleagues, friends, and relatives with or without
gaming experience.
The survey was done via two channels. One, respondents were mainly given
hardcopies of the survey forms to fill in, or they were given the softcopies to complete
via emails. In order to gather a wide spread of the respondents, respondents targeted
were aged between 21 to above 60 years old. Where time permits, the surveys were
executed with short informal interviews. However, this was not always possible as
respondents generally preferred to get it done as quickly as possible. The results were
computed in percentages to evaluate the proportion of respondents with regard to the
responses.
3.3 Research Procedures
The procedures of this research involve three different steps such as data collection,
data presentation and data analysis. Data collection includes collecting data from both
primary source and secondary source. Zikmund (2003) stated that primary data are
data collected and recorded for the purpose of the ongoing project at hand. In this
dissertation, questionnaire is used as a primary data collection method. The survey was
done based on cross-sectional study. Cross-sectional study is a study that is done at a
single point of time which involves various segments of a population. Meanwhile,
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secondary data refers to data that already assembled by someone else in the past that
can be used as a supporting fact for researcher (Zikmund, 2003).
3.3.1 Primary Data
Zikmund (2003) stated that primary data are data collected and recorded in the purpose
of the ongoing project at hand. There are eight methods in collecting the primary data:
door-to-door interview, executive interview, mall intercept, central location telephone
interview, direct computer interview, self-administered questionnaires, ad hoc mail
surveys, and mail panels (McDaniel Jr. & Gates, 1998). From the eight methods
mentioned, the researcher used self-administered/self-administrated questionnaire as
the way of collecting primary data for this research. Zikmund (2003) describes self-
administrated questionnaire as a set of questions that is answered by the respondent
rather than by an interviewer. In self-administrated questionnaire, researcher is
required to give clear written-questions to the respondent instead of good interviewing
skill (Zikmund, 2003).
3.3.2 Secondary Data
Secondary data are data that are already assembled by someone else in the past that
can be used as a supporting fact for researcher (Zikmund, 2003). Secondary data can
be used by researcher in various ways such as providing information to resolve the
Page | 35
investigated problem, as a valuable source of new ideas that can be explored later
through primary research, serves as a prerequisite to collecting primary data, providing
useful information in planning the similar studies, helps to define the population,
select the sample in primary information collection, define the parameters of primary
research, and serves as a reference base against which to compare the validity or
accuracy of primary data. Therefore, for the purpose of this dissertation, journals,
research paper, periodicals and internet resources are used as supporting information.
3.3.3 Sample Size of Primary Data
A sample is selected from the population. The larger the sample the more chance it has
of being representative of the population. A sample that is not representative of the
population is described as biased. The whole process of sample selection must be
aimed at minimizing bias in the sample. The process of random sampling aims to
provide a representative sample and to reduce bias (Zikmund, 2003).
There are a few research methods to conduct this study. A qualitative, or quantitative,
or case study can be selected for this approach. Studies based on research articles are
not effective due to the limited publications available and they were not written for
this project‟s purpose, hence may be inaccurate and biased. Conducting case studies
would however gather information that skewed towards that particular IR‟s business
objectives and climate, hence producing limited credibility. For this case, majority of
the primary data gathering was done via a questionnaire-based survey to evaluate on
Page | 36
attitudes of respondents towards the establishment of IRs, while secondary data
collection was done via other sources like newspapers and casino related websites. It
would then be developed with strategies based on theses expectations.
3.4 Method of Data Analysis
Data analysis is the heart and soul of quantitative research. For the purpose of this
research, Likert Scale method is used. Likert Scale, frequently known as “Agree-
Disagree” Scale, was first published by psychologist Rensis Likert in 1932 (Ian, 2004).
The technique presents respondents with a series of attitude dimensions, for each of
which they are asked whether, and how strongly, they agree or disagree, using one
number of positions on a five-point scale (Ian, 2004).
3.4.1 The Survey Questionnaire
The survey questionnaire in this research, as shown in Appendix A, consisted of six
sections, from “A” to “F” and was designed to ensure the anonymity of the
respondents. The first section, “A” dealt with the demographic issues regarding the
respondents, while the second and third sections, “B” and “C‟ were evaluating
gambling behaviours. The fourth and fifth sections, “D” and “E” investigated the
perceptions of potential social and economic impacts with the casinos in Singapore,
and the final section, “F” worked on the general opinion towards the development of a
Page | 37
casino within the IRs. The questions are designed using the five-point Likert Scale (1-
Absolutely Disagree, 2-Moderately Disagree, 3-Neutral, 4-Moderately Agree and 5-
Absolutely Agree), as well as open-ended questions for respondents‟ feedback and
comments.
Page | 38
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Page | 39
4. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
Data Analysis in Quantitative Research is the major part of a Survey. Using the SPSS
(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), which is a comprehensive and flexible
statistical analysis and data management system it can generate charts, tabulated
reports and conduct complex statistical analyses for this research. In this chapter, it
provides insight to the conclusions drawn from some of the feedback and analyses,
that are based on the responses received for the survey.
4.1.1 Characteristics of Respondents
Among the respondents surveyed were professionals, business executives, clerical
staffs, technicians, airline crew, students and housewives. They were all of different
ages and selected randomly from cafeterias, shopping areas, offices and work place.
Airline crews were among those who visited the casinos more often due to the nature
of their work and opportunities to travel overseas. Although they might not be
gambling there, most of them would not mind to visit the casino, especially if it is
situated nearby their hotel during their stay over. These respondents provide a good
mix with different educational background and income level.
Page | 40
4.2 Analysis of Data and Findings
SECTION A
FIGURE 4.1: NATIONALITY
Based on the survey of the 300 respondents, as shown in Figure 4.1 above, there were
85.7% Singaporeans, 11.3% Permanent Residents (PR) and 3.0% others or foreigners.
Although the PRs and others contribute less than 15%, the number is constantly
changing. As Singapore is a small country, it needs foreign talents and workers.
Currently, skilled workers and professionals are sought from different parts of the
world while unskilled workers are predominantly sought from the Asian region. Of
the 4.8 million people currently residing in Singapore, about 478,000 are PRs (source:
Singapore Immigration). The profile of these PRs include students, professionals and
entrepreneurs who decided to stay in Singapore after finishing their studies,
establishing their careers or own businesses.
3.0% 11.3%
85.7%
Others
PR
Singaporean
Nationality
Page | 41
FIGURE 4.2: GENDER
As shown in figure 4.2 above, male casino goers seemed to be more than the female
casino goers, but the difference is relatively small. According to a research by
Thomas A. and Moore S. (2003), there were important differences between male and
female gamblers. For female gamblers, loneliness, boredom, anxiety, depression and
avoidance coping were all positively related to problem gambling. The research
suggests that female problem gamblers gamble as an escape from dysphoric moods.
Even though male problem gamblers expressed more negative effect than male non-
problem gamblers, there was no evidence to suggest that negative mood was a
precursor rather than an outcome of gambling behaviour. Although it may be
premature to state that Singapore's female population will be affected, nonetheless,
such possibility would likely to affect some of the families based on this study.
43.3%
56.7%
Female
Male
Gender
Page | 42
FIGURE 4.3: AGE GROUP
The age groups of the respondents are shown in Figure 4.3 above. The survey showed
that a good majority of respondents are familiar or at least know about casino gaming
and understand what a casino is like. This made up a good representation for the
addictive nature of gambling. The majority of those who visited the casinos are
generally between the ages of 31 and 50, which imply that gaming revenue would
generally come from these age groups.
4.7%
14.0%
29.3% 30.3%
21.7% 60 above 51-60 41-50 31-40 21-30
Age
Page | 43
FIGURE 4.4: MARITAL STATUS / EDUCATIONAL LEVEL
Tertiary/University and higher
Jr College/Pre-U Diploma
Sec level Pr level No formal education
Highest Education Level
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Count
43.0%
33.6%
19.7%
3.0% 0.7%
widow/widower
divorce/separated
married single
Marital Status
200
150
100
50
0
Count
1.0% 2.0%
62.0%
35.0%
Page | 44
The analysis in Figure 4.4 above, shows that respondents, who are married (62%) and
have Secondary education and above (76.6% with Diploma or higher), visit the
casinos more than those without any formal education or with only Primary education.
This reflects on the earning capacity of the respondents and their ability to travel for
vacation. Although this does not imply that the respondents from these categories are
going to the casino to gamble, it shows that they are better educated with higher
earnings and their ability to spend. Interestingly, there were more married people than
those who are single that visited the casinos.
Page | 45
FIGURE 4.5: EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Although it is quite obvious that the majority are respondents with full-time
employment, which made up more than 90% that had visited the casinos, it is also
interesting to note that the category for housewives is higher (2.1%) than the others.
This shows that housewives have more free time and perhaps better financial
affordability, as compared with the students, and those working part-time. It could
also be due to boredom and loneliness for housewives to visit the casinos, according to
a research conducted by Thomas A. and Moore S. (2003).
Student Retired Housewife Unemployed
Part-time Full-time
Current Employment Status
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
Percent
1.3% 1.3%
2.1%
0.7% 1.3%
93.3%
Page | 46
FIGURE 4.6: REPONDENTS' ANNUAL INCOME
From the analysis above, it is clear that income level plays an important part when it
comes to casino gaming. Generally, the respondents in Column "B" (income bracket
of more than S$30,000) are the highest followed by respondents in Column "C"
(income bracket of more than S$50,000). This means that these two categories are
financially stable and can well afford to gamble, whereas respondents in Columns "D"
and "E" are not so keen in gambling. Although this does not mean that those in
Column "A" with less than S$30,000 income are not financially stable, it all depends
on the individual's financial commitments. In most cases, people in this income
bracket are usually the younger ones who are mostly single and able to gamble with
spare cash, but it may not be for those who are married with family and children
earning less than S$30,000 per annum.
> S$120,000 between
S$80,001-S$120,00
between S$50,001-S$80,000
between S$30,001-S$50,000
< S$30,000
Annual Income
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
Percent
A
B
C
D E
11.7% 10.7%
25.0%
29.0%
23.6%
Page | 47
SECTION B
Question:
Are you familiar and have you visited a casino in other countries (places) before?
FIGURE 4.7: REPONDENTS' GAMBLING EXPERIENCE
Based on the respondents feedback, many of them had been to a casino and are quite
familiar especially to nearby casino, Genting Highlands Casino and Resort. They
would not mind to visit the casino if there is one in the Singapore Integrated Resort for
experience. Most of them felt that Singapore should have something interesting to
revitalise its tourism industry, although they have yet to consider the admission fee
that will be imposed for Singaporeans, which will be discussed in the later chapter.
22.3%
77.7%
No Yes
Gambling
Experience
Page | 48
SECTION C
FIGURE 4.8: FREQUENCY OF GAMBLING
From the analysis, 43.0% of those surveyed claimed to have visited a casino at least
once a year, 15.7% at least once in 6 months, 5.0% once in a month, 0.7% once a week
and 1% almost daily. The frequency for gambling implies that people do not go to the
casino as often, but generally for leisure and other non-gambling form of
entertainment. There were 34.6% who claimed that they would visit the casino, but
they are not interested in gambling. The data showed that people seemed to visit the
casino mainly for leisure and probably for the sake of getting the experience,
especially when they are travelling with friends and relatives. However, there are
some who believe that they could probably make a quick profit and these are the
people who visit the casino almost daily or at least once a week.
34.6% Not interested
43.0% at least once a year
15.7% at least once in 6 months
5.0% at least once a month
0.7% at least once a week
1.0% almost daily
Not interested at least once a year
at least once in 6 months
at least once a month
at least once a week
almost daily
Gambling Time
Page | 49
FIGURE 4.9: TIME SPEND IN CASINO
With the observations on the profile of the respondents, quite a number of them had
visited the casinos. The majority of the respondents had visited the casinos and most
of them had gambled in the casinos with at least once in a year. Whether they were
there for the purpose of gambling or for other entertainment, this represented a good
majority of respondents who are familiar or at least know what casino gaming is like,
and understand the atmosphere of casinos. From this observation, quite a large
number of them or 35.7% claimed to have spent 2 hours or less in the casino, while the
second largest group or 25% claimed to have spent between 2 to 5 hours. Another
group or 4.1% who spent between 5 to 12 hours are likely to be those who are serious
in gambling. However, the second largest group (34.5%) in this analysis is the non-
gamblers, who claimed that they are not interested in gambling.
34.5%
0.7%
4.1% 25.0%
35.7%
Not interested > 12 hrs 5 hrs - 12 hrs 2 hrs - 5 hrs < 2 hrs
Average time spend in gambling in a casino
Page | 50
FIGURE 4.10: MONEY SPEND IN CASINO
Among those who were surveyed, many of them have travelled overseas for business
or vacation, and visited the casinos, 52.3% are prepared to stake with S$1,000 or less
on the gambling table, while 9.6% of this portion of respondents would prepare
between S$1,000 to S$5,000. Hence, a substantial amount of the respondents are
“small-time gamblers”, who played with low stakes. Only 2% would be gambling
with S$5,000 or more, who are apparently the more serious casino gamblers. Of the
casinos visited by the respondents, the most frequent one is the Genting Highlands
casino, followed by Las Vegas. This shows that IRs with casinos are more popular,
such as Genting and Las Vegas, which have established with the IR concept. The less
frequent casinos are the ones at Macau, Hong Kong, Batam and Korea.
35.4%
0.7%
2.0% 9.6%
52.3%
Not interested > S$10,000
between S$5,001 - S$10,000
between S$1,001 - S$5,000
< S$1,000
Average money prepared to gamble in a casino
Page | 51
SECTION D
TABLE: 4.1: RESPONDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON THE
SOCIAL IMPACTS ARISING FROM THE IRs
(All responses are shown in percentage %)
Social Impact Absolutely
Disagree
Moderately
Disagree Neutral
Moderately
Agree
Absolutely
Agree
Increase in Crime Rate 4.0 12.3 24.0 37.0 22.7
More Divorce/Separation 4.3 10.3 27.4 37.0 21.0
More Child Neglect or
Spouse Abuse 4.3 10.3 21.0 41.7 22.7
More Personal Bankruptcy 1.7 4.3 13.3 42.0 38.7
More Suicidal Attempts 4.0 10.7 24.3 35.0 26.0
More Gambling Addiction 0.7 5.0 9.7 40.0 44.6
Although the IRs may perceive to be good for the economy, there is apprehension that
the casino will spur gambling addiction and gambling problems. As more than half of
the 300 respondents (42% moderately agree and 38.7% absolutely agree) are of the
opinion that social repercussions would manifest through more family problems,
bankruptcies and the degree of gambling addiction. Respondents are most concerned
with the casino‟s impact on gambling addiction and other related problems. Hence,
measures to curb the prevalence of problem gambling are the primary concern when
drawing up social safeguards.
Page | 52
FIGURE 4.11: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
INCREASE IN CRIME RATE
Most respondents (37% moderately agree and 22.7% absolutely agree) agree that there
will increase in crime rate and it is just a matter of how the government is going to
tackle these problems. Respondents are concerned that there would be increase in
organised crimes especially alcoholism, prostitution, drug trafficking and money
laundering, which are prevalent in countries like Macau and Hong Kong, and
Malaysia.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact- Increase in Crime Rate
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
22.7%
37.0%
24.0%
12.3%
4.0%
Page | 53
FIGURE 4.12: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
DIVORCE/SEPARATION
Generally, families will be affected if one of the family members is heavily indulged
in gambling, and for cases where both husband and wife are addicted to gambling will
be even worse. Although 27.4% had stayed neutral in the survey, 37% of the
respondents moderately agree and 21% absolutely agree. This undoubtedly shows that
people are concerned that the casinos will cause more cases of divorce and separation,
and that would lead to more broken families.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - More Divorce/Separation Cases
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
21.0%
37.0%
27.4%
10.3%
4.3%
Page | 54
FIGURE 4.13: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
CHILD NEGLECT/SPOUSE ABUSE
Although it is a known fact that quite a number of families were affected by parents or
spouses who are pathological gamblers, 41.7% of the respondents chose to moderately
agree and 21% stayed neutral. However, all of them believe that families can be badly
affected by gambling and spouse and children are the victims to such abuse. Reports
have shown that a number of cases happened and to some extent the family was
completely ruined over the loss of money in the casino.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - More Child Neglect/Spouse Abuse
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
22.7%
41.7%
21.0%
10.3% 4.3%
Page | 55
FIGURE 4.14: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
CASES OF PERSONAL BANKRUPTCY
Based on the survey, 38.7% absolutely agree and 42% moderately agree. According
to feedback from the respondents, gamblers tend to lose control over gambling and
become desperate after losing heavily. Gamblers always believe that they can recover
their losses over the gambling table and many of them would not hesitate to resort to
borrowings from credit cards or loan sharks even if they have to pay higher interests.
Hence, when their loans become excessive and they are unable to pay up, they declare
bankrupt.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - More Personal Bankruptcy
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent 38.7%
42.0%
13.3%
4.3% 1.7%
Page | 56
FIGURE 4.15: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
CASES OF SUICIDAL ATTEMPTS
Out of the 300 respondents, more than 50% (26% absolutely agree and 35%
moderately agree), felt that gambling could result in more suicidal cases if it is not
properly managed. Attempted suicide after losing a bet is not unheard of. In many
cases, the gambler contemplates suicide and sees death as the only exit strategy. This
is the point where the gambler who struggles with gambling problems may experience
serious social, emotional, financial and health consequences. The problem can
become overwhelming with feelings of shame and failure, and suicide appears to be a
solution to him for all these problems.
.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - More Suicidal Attempts
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
26.0%
35.0%
24.3%
10.7%
4.0%
Page | 57
FIGURE 4.16: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
GAMBLING ADDICTION
There is little debate about the prevalence of gambling addiction. Gambling itself has
been around for centuries, as have the side effects accompany it. However, it has not
been until recent decades that gambling problems have received significant attention
from the medical and psychological communities. The response from the survey
between gambling addiction and suicidal attempts appeared to be correlated, with
44.6% absolutely agree and 40% moderately agree that gambling addiction has a
social impact. Gambling addictions are believed to be on the rise with more than ever
due to the increasing opportunities to gamble. There are more betting booths for
sports betting, 4-D, TOTO, horse racing and overseas casinos than before. Even if
there is no casino, there is always telephone betting and internet betting, which is truly
an addiction for the gambler that is difficult to avoid.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact- More Gambling Addiction
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
44.6%
40.0%
9.7%
5.0%
0.7%
Page | 58
TABLE: 4.2
RESPONDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS CASINO GAMING
(All responses are shown in percentage %)
Social Impact Absolutely
Disagree
Moderately
Disagree
Neutral Moderately
Agree
Absolutely
Agree
Gambling is a Social
Vice 1.7 7.0 29.0 40.6 21.7
Gambling is against
Moral Values and
Standards.
9.3 16.3 43.4 19.3 11.7
Gambling has an adverse
effect to Singapore 4.7 17.6 32.0 30.0 15.7
Based on the perception of the respondents on the three categories, most respondents
felt that casino gaming is a social ill. However, they would rather stay neutral and
would not like want to commit in agreeing totally with it. As indicated above, they
preferred to be neutral or agree moderately, which means that social ills would
somehow have no adverse effect if it is controlled. Respondents agree that gambling
is a social vice, but they believe that there are adequate measures from the
government, as Singapore is reputed to have strict law and order. There are
government agencies, such as the Casino Regulatory Authority (CRA) and the
National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG) already established to tackle these
problems.
Page | 59
FIGURE 4.17: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
SOCIAL VICE
__
Although few would deny that gambling is more of a social vice, 29% preferred to
stay neutral which is the second highest in this category of the survey, and 40.6% just
moderately agree. Respondents felt that since gambling is legalised and many
countries are now looking into various ways to promote tourism with casinos being the
hot topic, there is little they could do to stop it. Many countries have decriminalised
gambling because of its perceived economic benefits.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - Gambling is more of Social Vice
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
21.7%
40.6%
29.0%
7.0%
1.7%
Page | 60
FIGURE 4.18: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
THE MORAL VALUES AND STANDARDS OF SINGAPORE
Quite a large number of respondents are unsure or would not want commit in whether
gambling is against the moral values and standards of Singapore. They (43.4%)
preferred to be neutral. Between those who moderately disagree (16.3%) and
moderately agree (19.3%) is also very marginal. Undoubtedly, this appears to be a
difference in opinion. In looking at the analysis above, regardless of whether it is
legal, whether it is socially approved and culturally tolerated, whether people involved
are irreligious or whether it serves its political or economic end, it is after all the issue
of morality. It is neither undermined nor subservient to religion, society, culture,
economics, politics and the common law, according to feedback from some of the
respondents.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - Gambling against moral values/standards
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
11.7%
19.3%
43.4%
16.3%
9.3%
Page | 61
FIGURE 4.19: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON GAMBLING
IN THE CASINO WILL HAVE ADVERSE EFFECT TO SINGAPORE
__
Many had disagreed and opposed to the idea when the debate on whether there should
be a casino for Singapore. However, after going through the economic crisis and
people who lost their job, realised that the IRs had brought them job opportunities and
benefits, their mindset started to change. Although the majority (15.7% absolutely
agree and 30% moderately agree) felt that gambling has an adverse effect to
Singapore, their resentment of having a casino appeared to be wavering. This can be
evidenced with the 32% who do not want to commit and stayed neutral in the survey.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - Gambling has adverse effect to Singapore
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
15.7%
30.0% 32.0%
17.6%
4.7%
Page | 62
TABLE: 4.3: RESPONDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF THE
ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CASINO IN SINGAPORE
(All responses are shown in percentage %)
Economic Benefits Absolutely
Disagree
Moderately
Disagree
Neutral Moderately
Agree
Absolutely
Agree
IRs will deliver new Capital
Investment 0.3 1.3 9.7 46.7 42.0
IRs will revitalise Singapore‟s
Tourism Industry 0.3 1.3 10.4 48.0 40.0
IRs will increase Employment
Opportunities 0.3 2.0 11.7 33.3 52.7
IRs will increase local
Government revenue 0.7 0.0 7.3 33.3 58.7
IRs will improve Singapore‟s
GDP per capita 0.0 2.3 20.3 44.7 32.7
In general Singapore will have
more Economic Benefits 0.0 3.0 20.0 44.3 32.7
In summing the analysis above, many Singapore Residents felt that the IRs with
casinos in Singapore would serve as a catalyst for economic development. Almost all
the respondents believe that a casino would have a positive impact due to the ability to
revitalise the tourism industry and increase in local government revenue via tax
receipts. They believe that IRs will have positive effects on the tourism industry,
leading to a higher influx of tourists, which is in line with the Singapore Tourism
Board‟s aim of turning Singapore into a tourist hub. Employment opportunities are
also believed to increase. Hence, there is a general consensus that the development of
IRs in Singapore will eventually lead to a better standard of living for Singaporeans,
especially after going through the current economic crisis where unemployment has hit
Singapore badly.
Page | 63
SECTION C
FIGURE 4.20: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
NEW CAPITAL INVESTMENT
Las Vegas Sands (LVS), which was awarded the bid for Singapore's first IR had
invested more than US$3 billion to develop The Marina Bay Sands. It is one of the
largest investments in the world for a single IR, which was expected to generate an
additional S$2.7 to Singapore's GDP. Similarly for Genting, it had also committed
with a total investment of S$5.2 billion (Channelnewsasia, Oct 2008). There is no
denial about this fact, and respondents (42.0% absolutely agree and 46.7% moderately
agree) generally felt that this is a stimulus for Singapore's economy.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Economic Benefits - deliver New Capital Investment
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
42.0%
46.7%
9.7%
1.3% 0.3%
Page | 64
FIGURE 4.21: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
REVITALISING SINGAPORE'S TOURISM INDUSTRY
Singapore's tourism industry has reached a 'matured' stage and there will be little
change unless large scale rejuvenation is carried out. The first impact on the
upcoming IRs is the marketing efforts towards Singapore's tourism industry. There
will be media, conferences and many other marketing tools that will contribute to the
success in making Singapore as a tourism destination worldwide. This will boost
Singapore's attractiveness as a premium destination for both business and leisure.
There will be more tourist arrivals and this will certainly generate revenue in the
tourism industry and other related sectors. The response was agreed by almost 90% of
the respondents (40% absolutely agree and 48% moderately agree).
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Economic Benefits - revitalise Singapore's Tourism Industry
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
40.0%
48.0%
10.4%
1.3% 0.3%
Page | 65
FIGURE 4.22: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Casino entertainment is both capital and labour intensive. No other economic
development tool can generate as many jobs as fast, especially for Singapore after
seeing its tourism on the decline, and going through the economic crisis. Casinos
require relatively large staffs, in fields diverse as accounting, marketing, restaurant
management and security, which is clearly evident with the positive response from the
survey; almost 90% responded positively (52.7% absolutely agree and 33.3%
moderately agree).
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Economic Benefits - increase Employment Opportunities
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
52.7%
33.3%
11.7%
2.0% 0.3%
Page | 66
FIGURE 4.23: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
INCREASE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE
Almost all the respondents agree (58.7% absolutely agree and 33.3% moderately
agree) that the IRs would have a positive impact and generate revenue. Going
forward, Singapore visitor arrivals are forecast to increase to 17 million by 2015 as the
region overcomes an economic slowdown and health scares including the H1N1
pandemic (Straits Times, 12 Oct 2009). This is in line with the opening of the two
IRs; Marina Bay Sands and Resort World at Sentosa, which are scheduled to open in
late 2009 or early 2010.
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Absolutely Disagree
Economic Benefits - increase Local Government Revenue
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
58.7%
33.3%
7.3% 0.7%
Page | 67
FIGURE 4.24: RESPONDENTS' OPINION ON
IMPROVEMENT OF SINGAPORE'S GDP PER CAPITA
The IR will bring in entertainment and conventions, hospitality and retail outlets, and
it will help to increase the demand for hotel services, greater patronage at restaurants
and heightened convention and exhibition activities, and hence, providing a
tremendous economic boost. The integrated resort is expected to generate an
additional S$2.7 billion to Singapore's annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to
create 30,000 additional jobs throughout the economy by 2015. Respondents are clear
about this and there were 44.7% moderately agree and 32.7% absolutely agree.
Absolutely
Agree Moderately
Agree Neutral Moderately
Disagree
Economic Benefits - improve Singapore’s GDP per capita
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
32.7%
44.7%
20.3%
2.3%
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FIGURE 4.25: RESPONDENTS' OPINION
IRs WILL HAVE MORE ECONOMIC BENEFITS
There will be enormous economic benefits as the global economy rebound. Apart
from the increase on visitor arrivals, Singapore could become a hub for private equity
funds betting on the leisure and tourism sector amid a growing regional interest in the
IRs. Governments in Asia are becoming to view these resorts as a tool to generate
economic development and inbound tourist arrivals. What this means is that
Singapore could well be positioned to act as a hub for private equity funds or hedge
funds that are looking to gain their exposure to the leisure tourism sector with
Singapore's strong strategic focus and knowledge of the industry (Channelnewsasia, 12
April 2007).
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Economic Benefits - generally more economic benefits for Singapore
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
Percent
32.7%
44.3%
20.0%
3.0%
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CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
Page | 70
5. DISCUSSION
In every business there is always success or failure. With the completion of the
analysis and findings, the discussion on the socio-economic impact is on how the two
integrated resorts would succeed and maximise economic benefits, and minimise the
potential social costs. The success of the two IRs is relatively important to Singapore,
as the government had given full support to the project. It is generally agreed that
casinos in the IRs would bring both the social repercussions and economic benefits to
Singapore, according to the survey.
In the analysis on whether the benefits will outweigh the social ills, respondents are
confident that the economic benefits would outweigh the social ills. There were 83%
of the respondents, who felt that economic benefits will outweigh the social ills, while
only a 17% (as shown in Figure 5.1) felt otherwise. This could be as a result of the
government's assurance and efforts to ensure that all social costs anticipated would not
be left unattended. A large majority of Singaporeans are supportive of the launch of
the IRs. Although the respondents are divided over the idea of having a casino, a good
majority however responded in favour and only a minority said that they are against
and would not like to have casinos in Singapore. Gambling is not a driving force for
people visiting the IRs, because among those who responded that they would visit the
casino, many of them expressed that they are there not to gamble but to enjoy the
facilities or to seek other forms of entertainment.
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FIGURE 5.1: RESPONDENTS’ OPINION ABOUT THE IRs
Economic benefits versus Social ills
17.0%
83.0%
No
Yes
Economic Benefits
will outweigh
Social ills
Absolutely Agree
Moderately Agree
Neutral Moderately Disagree
Absolutely Disagree
Social Impact - Gambling has adverse effect to Singapore
100
80
60
40
20
0
Count
15.7%
30.0% 32.0%
17.7%
4.6%
Page | 72
5.1 Socio-Economic Impact
As discussed in chapter 1, socio-economists focus on the social impact of some sort of
economic change, which is basically a study of the relationship between the economic
activity and social life. Following are some of the factors that may have impact on the
socio-economic aspects of the IRs:
5.11 Economic Factors
There are enormous potential economic benefits that could arise from the upcoming
IRs. The general concern about the social ills that casinos may bring upon the society
has validity, but there are proposed safeguards in negating these effects thereby
allowing Singapore to enjoy the immense economic advantages that come with IRs.
Listed below are some of the economic benefits:
i. Increase in tourism and enhances Singapore‟s status as a tourist hub.
ii. Increase in revenue.
iii. Increase in GDP per capita.
iv. Increase in employment opportunities.
v. It enhances Singapore‟s position as a leading destination for Meetings,
Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE).
vi. It boosts Singapore as an international hub for business and finance.
vii. It benefits other industries such as retail, food and beverage, hotel, etc.
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viii. The IRs have also attracted students from the region to study tourism and
hospitality in Singapore. Schools such as the Polytechnic, East Asia Institute
of Management (EASB), Management Development Institute of Singapore
(MDIS) and Singapore Hotel and Tourism Education Centre (SHATEC) have
benefited as a result of the IRs.
ix. Property price in Singapore has increased along with the development of the
IRs and Sentosa has become a sought after haven for the rich, who yearns to
own an elite part of Singapore. For example, when the Sail @ Marina Bay was
first launched in November 2004, the average price was S$950 psf., and over a
few years‟ time, the price had increased to S$2,200 psf. as at Sep 2009, an
average of more than 100% increase (Urban Redevelopment Authority of
Singapore).
FIGURE 5.2: SINGAPORE PROPERTY – THE SAIL @ MARINA BAY
Page | 74
5.1.2 Cost-and-Benefit Analysis
The tourism-related industries will stand to reap the spin-off benefits of the IRs. Hotel
occupancy will increase, shops, restaurants and other tourist attractions around
Singapore will benefit positively from the creation of a vibrancy and buzz that will
promote Singapore as a top travel destination. The IRs will strengthen Singapore as an
aviation hub and enhance its appeal in the hosting of conventions and exhibitions. The
corporate market is another enormous new tourist segment which Singapore hopes to
capture. Generally, corporate visitors spend much more per person than any other
group of tourist, according to reports.
With this strategic advantage, the economic benefits can be enormous and it would
certainly outweigh the social costs. Tourism has always been an important sector for
the Singapore economy. The more attractive it is as a tourism destination, the easier it
is to develop into a convention and exhibition industry, and an aviation hub that
depends significantly on how attractive it is to the overseas leisure and business
visitors.
Page | 75
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Page | 76
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
The opening of two IRs is likely to herald a whole new host of economic opportunities
– as well as concerns for the future. There are substantial economic benefits from the
opening of the IRs, either directly or indirectly through multiplier effects, posing great
prospects for Singapore's continued economic growth and advancement. The potential
investment inflow was estimated up to S$5 billion and it would contribute to a 2.77
per cent increase in GDP. With the opening of the two IRs, Marina Bay Sands and
Resort World at Sentosa will provide a host of opportunities with the creation of
35,000 jobs.
The legalisation of the casinos will help to prevent the outflow of revenues, amounting
to more than S$2 billion annually, which leaked through overseas online betting and
also illegal betting. The tourism industry will receive a shot in the arm with the
opening of the IRs. It is hoped that the amenities and attractions of the IRs will boost
visitor arrivals, increase average length of stay and entice tourists back for repeat
visits. Singapore will also be poised to woo a new group of high-rolling tourists and
visitors from the IRs' casinos and the Meeting, Incentives, Conventions and
Exhibitions (MICE) with the new convention and hotel facilities.
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6.1.1 Socio-Economic Impact
Singapore‟s strong reputation as a business and convention hub in Asia has certainly
made an impact and also a home base for some of the region‟s top trade exhibitions.
The MICE sector can be considered a key factor for the Singapore‟s tourism industry.
The opening of the IRs will also allow Singapore to maintain its competitive edge, as
other countries in the region, like Macau, have already aggressively positioned
themselves for a slice of the gaming industry. Apart from the desirable economic
benefits, which the IRs will potentially bring to Singapore, the IR project does have its
detractors. Much of the opposition stemmed from concerns is about the social
drawbacks such as gambling addiction. Excess expenditure by compulsive gamblers
is a valid concern.
However, avenues for gambling are already present, along with the associated
problems. An overwhelming surge in social problems caused by the establishment of
casinos is deemed unlikely, but nevertheless, there are adequate safeguards set up by
the government to tackle any of these social problems. Looking at the current
economic situation, the IRs arrived at a timely basis. The number of new job openings
would certainly boost the local economy, as many people who lost their jobs or were
retrenched during the crisis would be able to find new job replacements and some had
already taken up job offers.
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Singaporeans so far seemed to have confidence in the IR industry, with many people
making their way to seek for jobs in the IRs since the opening day of the IR career fair.
However, what happens 10 years down the road and how well will the IRs be doing?
That is something remains to be seen. How the public would react to the gaming
industry in Singapore will very much depend on the government‟s continued
involvement and strict control in the gaming industry. It‟s something that has been
restricted by the government since “the beginning of time” and for how long and
successful it would be, again depends on the IR management and the government.
Socially it may turn out to be more harm than good in the long run, if more
Singaporeans indulge in gambling as a form of pastime. Furthermore, if the local
economy becomes overly dependent on the IRs, dire consequences may result if the
IRs close down. Imagine the number of 35,000 jobs that are lost at that point in time,
as well as the confidence level of the people if that were to happen, and Singapore‟s
economy badly affected. But for whatever that happens, Singapore government will
never allow it to fail, and that is the assurance given by the Prime Minister when the
approval for the development of the IRs was granted.
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6.2 Recommendation
With the opening of a casino, more people may become addicted to gambling and the
number of compulsive gamblers and bankruptcies will increase. The social impact of
gambling is not only confined to the problematic gamblers and the immediate family
members. Even relatives and close friends will also be affected by their gambling
addiction. Many have seen how gambling has caused devastation to the family,
violence or even suicide as a solution to end all their miseries.
Apart from the crime rates that will be increased, compulsive gamblers may commit
crimes to satisfy their gambling needs. The presence of the casino is also likely be a
potential breeding ground for triad activities, prostitution, and money laundering. The
social consequences will erode the social fabric; tarnish Singapore‟s reputation and
image as an orderly, clean living, and vibrant society, which has been established over
the years. This may affect investors and tourists from coming.
Although it is inevitable to avoid these social consequences of the casino which is
associated with the IR, having gambling controls have proven to be effective.
Following are recommendations that would be able to resolve all these problems:
Page | 80
6.2.1 Gambling Controls
i. The proposed casino entrance fee that will be imposed for Singapore citizens
and PRs; S$100 a day and S$2,000 per annum may not be enough to deter hard
core gamblers to visit the casino. For gamblers, they tend to believe that they
can win and the entrance fee of S$100 is not likely to stop them. Increasing the
entrance fee to S$200 a day and S$3,000 per annum would perhaps be a better
restraint.
ii. Spouses and family members can request that people with gambling problem
be denied admission to the casinos.
iii. People who are in debt or with poor credit records, people on public assistance
and bankrupts will be excluded.
iv. Locals should not be allowed to use credit cards, post-dated cheques or any
credit facilities from the casinos.
v. There should be no advertising by casinos in the local media.
vi. The new statutory board, Casino Regulatory Authority of Singapore (CRA), set
up under the Ministry of Home Affairs, to administer and enforce the Casino
Control act, should include the following functions:
a) Ensure that the management and operation of a casino is free from criminal
influence or exploitation
b) Ensure that casino gaming is conducted honestly
c) Regulate the operators so as to contain and control the potential of a casino
to cause harm to minors, vulnerable persons and society at large.
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With the setting up of the National Wellness Centre to provide needs for those
compulsive gamblers, and the National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG) by the
Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports, the following functions can
be provided:
i. Public education programmes on Problem Gambling.
ii. Assess funding applications for preventive and rehabilitative programmes.
iii. Advise the government on the effectiveness of treatment, counselling and
rehabilitative programmes.
In this research, the survey showed that the large majority of respondents are well
aware that Singapore is putting more resources to tackle the gambling problem, and
they are confident that the government would be able to address all these problems
effectively. Conversely, with this framework of “Prevention, Outreach and
Treatment”, the social impact of the casinos can be resolved. Moving ahead, the IRs
are very likely to be a boon rather than a bane, which is more of an economic
prosperity of Singapore. A boost in the economic perspective would be starkly obvious
in the long run.
Page | 82
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APPENDIX A
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Page | 90
Page | 91
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APPENDIX B
Respondent
General Comments (Positive) Question:
Do you think that the economic benefits of the IRs in Singapore will outweigh
the social ills?
001 Yes, Casino gambling and Formula One are all new and exciting events that
will transform Singapore.
002 Yes, something new and exciting are just waiting to happen.
003 Yes, casino can definitely boost Singapore‟s economy, but there will be social
breakup if not properly managed
004 Yes, Singapore‟s economy will certainly be better and property price increase
along with the development of the IRs.
005 Yes, it‟s good to have something new.
006 Yes, people will still gamble even though there is no casino.
007 Yes, Singapore government has taken preventive measure for these social ills.
008 Yes, but the government should take more precautionary measures in dealing
with the negative impact (if any) in the future.
009 Yes, IRs are welcome by tourists.
010 Yes, It is good to have IRs in Singapore
011 Yes, good news for gamblers but family bonding will be affected.
012 The pros will outweigh the cons, as gambling has become a social norm. Best
examples are 4-D, Toto and sports betting. Gambling is considered as a hobby
as long as it‟s done in moderation.
013 Yes, but illegal lending (loan sharking) has to be properly managed.
014 Yes, gambling is matter of self-discipline and has nothing to do with the IRs.
015 Yes, the economic benefits will certainly outweigh the social ills. Gambling is a
matter of self-discipline and for the IRs, casino contributes only 25%. The rest
such as hotel, convention and theme park contribute 75%.
016 Yes, in general there are pros and cons in every establishment, casino is only
part of it and it is usually targeted as a negative impact.
017 Yes, but I hope the government can stop Singaporeans from going, especially
those with criminal records.
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Respondent
General Comments (Negative)
Question:
Do you think that the economic benefits of the IRs in Singapore will outweigh
the social ills?
001 No, monetary value can never outweigh family and social values. We will see
more broken families and single parent families in the near future.
002 No, there will be social issues once casino gambling starts to operate.
003 No, it‟s not certain, only time can tell.
004 No, the social ills will eventually become economic problems.
005 No, how do you measure this? What yardstick? Question is not appropriate,
and it‟s not possible to compare meaningfully.
006 No, we have not quantified the negative impact and that may be substantial.
007 No, some talents may leave Singapore if there is casino.
008 No, Singapore has established itself as a clean and strict country which attracts
foreign investment, it should not allow casino to tarnish its reputation.
009 No, more problems will follow-up.
010 No, the negative impact will eventually show in the long run – it may not in this
generation.
011 No, social ills will have negative impact to the country.
012 No, social ills are hard to cure.
013 No, I believe most of the economic benefits will go to the foreign expatriates or
workers, and only a small percentage to the locals. Presently, the youngsters are
hanging out drinking and giving problems at the Clarke Quay. They will turn
their attention to the IRs, and gambling (besides drinking) will become another
social ill once the IRs are open.
014 No, learning from Cambodia, where there are kidnaps, robberies, thefts, etc, the
economic benefits would not be able to offset these damages.
015 No, short term benefits may not be able to offset the long term pain of social
ills.
Page | 94
APPENDIX C
SPSS SURVEY DATA
Page | 95
APPENDIX D
Singapore’s Unemployment Rate
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Unemployment Rate (%)
Annual Average 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.7 3.6 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.2 NA
Seasonally Adjusted as at
Mar 1.7 3.1 2.7 1.9 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.2 2.5 2.7 1.9 3.3
Jun 1.9 2.8 3.5 2.2 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.2 3.3P
Sep 3.2 2.9 2.0 2.8 3.6 4.8 3.0 3.3 2.8 1.7 2.3 NA
Dec 3.4 2.4 2.3 3.7 3.7 3.9 3.2 2.6 2.7 1.7 2.5 NA
Resident Unemployment
Rate (%)
Annual Average 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.8 5.2 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.0 3.2 NA
Seasonally Adjusted as at
Mar 2.4 4.2 3.8 2.6 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.2 3.3 3.8 2.8 4.8
Jun 2.6 3.7 4.7 3.0 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.4 3.5 3.1 3.1 4.6P
Sep 4.4 3.9 2.7 3.9 4.9 6.2 4.0 4.4 3.8 2.5 3.4 NA
Dec 4.7 3.3 3.1 5.2 4.9 5.2 4.2 3.5 3.7 2.4 3.6 NA
Resident Unemployed
Persons ('000)
Annual Average 54.4 60.8 59.4 62.0 81.0 91.2 78.4 74.9 67.6 56.7 62.9 NA
Seasonally Adjusted as
at
Mar 37.1 67.8 61.2 43.6 82.5 86.8 86.1 77.3 62.3 72.7 54.1 95.7
Jun 40.1 60.2 74.5 49.7 76.3 81.6 81.6 77.9 66.8 60.1 60.1 91.8P
Sep 71.0 64.0 44.7 66.6 82.5 109.1 70.4 80.7 70.6 47.7 66.6 NA
Dec 73.6 53.0 50.9 87.5 84.5 92.1 75.9 64.9 71.3 45.5 71.8 NA
Resident Median
Duration of
Unemployment as at Jun
(Weeks)
(Non-Seasonally Adjusted)
8.0 12.0 NA 8.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 NA 8.0 8.0 6.0 NA
Last Updated 31 July, 2009
Notes: P = Preliminary NA = Not available
Source: Ministry of Manpower
Page | 96
APPENDIX E
Page | 97
APPENDIX F
Source: Ministry of Manpower