district irrigation plan- giridih · district irrigation plan- seraikela kharsawan 2016 geo...

District Irrigation Plan- Seraikela Kharsawan 2016

Geo Informatics for Social Development - Ranchi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction:

Government of India and state government of Jharkhand have initiated various

programmes for tapping rain waters in the state. To make it more efficient and cost

effective some ongoing programmes have been merged as one and termed as PRADHAN

MANTRI KRISHI SICHAI YOJANA (PMKSY). The aim of the initiated flagship

programmes is to achieve convergence of programmes at the field level. This will help

in improving the creation of assets at the village level with ease of implementation. It

will improve the ground water and surface water for use by the present society with

much of the water saved for future generations. This will also help in tackling the

phenomena of Climate change which will have much impact on the states like us, with

low adaptive capacity and competing land use patterns.

The aim of the programme is to increase investment in the irrigation infrastructure

with idea of optimum and conjunctive utilization of water resources. It will help in

increasing area under assured irrigation, improve efficiency of the existing irrigation

systems, use of precision farming technologies for meeting the growing demand for

food by the society, improve ground water recharge and aquifers, using treated waste

water for irrigation and generate more potential for investment by the various players

like corporate under their CSR programmes and main streaming of farmers for

increasing their private investment for improving on farm water use efficiency at

individual and community level.

PMKSY has been result of the merger of the ongoing schemes viz. Accelerated Irrigation

Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development &

Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR,RD&GR), Integrated Watershed Management Programme

(IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) and the On Farm Water Management

(OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC). The scheme will be

implemented by Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Development.

Ministry of Rural Development is to mainly undertake rain water conservation,

construction of farm pond, water harvesting structures, small check dams and contour

bunding etc. MoWR, RD &GR, is to undertake various measures for creation of assured

irrigation source, construction of diversion canals, field channels, water diversion/lift

irrigation, including development of water distribution systems. Ministry of Agriculture

will promote efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like

drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm “(Jal Sinchan)”, construction of micro-

irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities, extension activities for

promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures Programme



architecture of PMKSY will be to adopt a ‘decentralized State level planning and

projectised execution’ structure that will allow States to draw up their own irrigation

development plans based on District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and State Irrigation Plan

(SIP). It will be operative as convergence platform for all water sector activities

including drinking water & sanitation, MGNREGA, application of science & technology

etc. through comprehensive plan. State Level Sanctioning Committee (SLSC) chaired by

the Chief Secretary of the State with the authority to oversee its implementation and

sanction of projects.

The programme will be supervised and monitored by an Inter-Ministerial National

Steering Committee (NSC) will be constituted under the Chairmanship of Prime

Minister with Union Ministers from concerned Ministries. A National Executive

Committee (NEC) constituted under the Chairmanship of Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog to

oversee programme implementation, allocation of resources, inter ministerial

coordination, monitoring & performance assessment, addressing administrative issues

etc.

Components and responsible Ministries/ Departments:

1. AIBP by MoWR, RD &GR To focus on faster completion of ongoing Major and Medium

Irrigation including National Projects.

2. PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani) by MoWR,RD & GR Creation of new water sources

through Minor Irrigation (both surface and ground water). Repair, restoration and

renovation of water bodies; strengthening carrying capacity of traditional water

sources, construction rain water harvesting structures (Jal Sanchay); Command area

development, strengthening and creation of distribution network from source to the

farm. Improvement in water management and distribution system for water bodies to

take advantage of available source, which is not utilised to its fullest capacity (deriving

benefits from low hanging fruits). At least 10% of the command area to under

micro/precision irrigation.

Diversion of water from source of different location where it is plenty to nearby water

scarce areas, lift irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower elevation to supplement

requirements beyond IWMP and MGNREGS irrespective of irrigation command.

Creation and rejuvenation of traditional water storage systems like Aharas, Dobhas,

Ponds and Dams at feasible locations.



3. PMKSY (Watershed) by Dept. of Land Resources, MoRD Water harvesting structures

such as check dams, nala bund, farm ponds, tanks etc. Capacity building, entry point

activities, ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment, soil and moisture conservation,

nursery raising, afforestation, horticulture, pasture development, livelihood activities

for the asset-less persons and production system & micro enterprises for small and

marginal farmers etc. Effective rainfall management like field bunding, contour

bunding/trenching, staggered trenching, land levelling, mulching etc.

4. PMKSY (Per drop more crop) by Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, MoA

Programme management, preparation of State/District Irrigation Plan, approval of

annual action plan, Monitoring etc. Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision

water application devices like drips, sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal

Sinchan). Topping up of input cost particularly under civil construction beyond

permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS for activities like lining inlet, outlet, silt traps

distribution system etc.

Construction of micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities

including tube wells and dug wells (in areas where ground water is available and not

under semi critical /critical /over exploited category of development) which are not

supported under PMKSY (WR), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS.

Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water when available

in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources like streams for use during dry

periods through effective on-farm water management Water lifting devices like diesel/

electric/ solar pumpsets including water carriage pipes.

Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic

measures including cropping alignment to maximise use of available water including

rainfall and minimise irrigation requirement (Jal sarankchan)

Capacity building, training for encouraging potential use water source through

technological, agronomic and management practices including community irrigation.

Awareness campaign on water saving technologies, practices, programmes etc.

organisation of workshops, conferences, publication of booklets, pamphlets, success

stories, documentary, advertisements etc.

Improved/innovative distribution system like pipe and box outlet system with

controlled outlet and other activities of enhancing water use efficiency.



District Irrigation Plans (DIPs):

District Irrigation Plan (DIP) shall be the cornerstone for planning and implementation

of PMKSY. DIP will identify the gaps in irrigation infrastructure after taking into

consideration the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) already prepared for Rashtriya

Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) vis-à-vis irrigation infrastructure currently available and

resources that would be added during XII Plan from other ongoing schemes (both State

and Central), like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee

Scheme(MGNREGS), Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), Rural Infrastructure

Development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area Development (MPLAD)

Scheme, Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development (MLALAD) Scheme,

Local body funds etc. The gaps indentified under Strategic Research & Extension Plan

(SREGP) are be used in preparation of DIP.

DIPs will present holistic irrigation development perspective of the district outlining

medium to long term development plans integrating three components viz. water

sources, distribution network and water use applications incorporating all usage of

water like drinking & domestic use, irrigation and industry. Preparation of DIP will be

taken up as joint exercise of all participating departments. DIP will form the

compendium of all existing and proposed water resource network system in the

district.

The DIPs may be prepared at two levels, the block and the district. Keeping in view the

convenience of map preparation and data collection, the work would be primarily done

at block level. Block wise irrigation plan is to be prepared depending on the available

and potential water resources and water requirement for agriculture sector prioritising

the activities based on socio-economic and location specific requirement. In case of

planning is made based on basin/sub basin level, the comprehensive irrigation plan

may cover more than one district. The activities identified in the basin/sub-basin plan

can be further segregated into district/block level action plans. Use of satellite imagery,

topo sheets and available database may be appropriately utilised for developing

irrigation plans at least on pilot basis to begin with and subsequently extended to all

projects.

Background:

Hon’ble President in his address to the joint Session of the Parliament of 16th Lok

Sabha indicated that “Each drop of water is precious. Government is committed to

giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending irrigation



projects on priority and launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’ with the

motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’. There is a need for seriously considering all options

including linking of rivers, where feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water

resources to prevent the recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water

through ‘Jal Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’, we will nurture water conservation and ground

water recharge. Micro irrigation will be to ensure ‘Per drop-More crop’. Out of about

141 m.Ha of net area sown in the country, about 65 million hectare (or 45%) is

presently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependency on rainfall makes

cultivation in unirrigated areas a high risk, less productive profession. Empirical

evidences suggest that assured or protective irrigation encourages farmers to invest

more in farming technology and inputs leading to productivity enhancement and

increased farm income. The overreaching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee

Yojana (PMKSY) will be to ensure access to some means of protective irrigation to all

agricultural farms in the country, to produce ‘per drop more crop’, thus bringing much

desired rural prosperity.

Vision:

To use the available water resources in the district to the maximum potential in an

efficient way catering to the basic needs of every living being and enhancing the

livelihoods of rural population to the maximum extent thus alleviating poverty in a

sustainable way without compromising the interests of future generations.

Objective:

The broad objectives of PMKSY will be:-

Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation

of district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans).

Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area

under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani).

Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of

water through appropriate technologies and practices.

Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase

availability both in duration and in extent.

Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving

technologies (More crop per drop).

Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation

practices.



Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed

approach towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water,

arresting runoff, providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.

Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.

Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal wastewater for peri-urban

agriculture.

Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

This will in turn increase agricultural production and productivity and enhance farm

income.

Strategy /Approach:

To achieve above objectives, PMKSY will strategize by focussing on end-to end solution

in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, distribution network, efficient farm level

applications, extension services on new technologies & information etc. Broadly, PMKSY

will focus on:-

Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of defunct

water sources; construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro

storage, groundwater development, enhancing potentials of traditional water

bodies at village level.

Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both

assured and protective) are available or created;

Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to

improve ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to

access recharged water through shallow tube/dug wells;

Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the

farm viz, underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and

other application devices etc.

Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer

producers’ organisations/NGOs.

Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits,

demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop

management practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on

more crop per drop of water through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field

days, and extension activities through short animation films etc.



The aforesaid areas only outline the broad contours of PMKSY; combination of

interventions may be required depending on location specific conditions and

requirements, which will be identified through District and State Irrigation Plans.

Methodology:

The preparation of District Irrigation plan is an integration of geospatial technology,

Space application technologies and spatial and non-spatial data.

Transformation of available thematic information (district provided Gyan data)

on to the village level on Bhuvan portal and extract geo-referenced village map

data.

Integration of thematic layers with socio-economic data for classification of area

into specific composite land units on village level.

Preparation of appropriate action plan based on potential of composite land

units and developmental needs of study area is on the basis of available data.

Field visit to validate the recommended measures with respect to the ground

situation and requirement of the local people.

Finalization of development plans based on field observation.

Available thematic information for preparation for water resource and land resource

development plan.

Landuse / land cover map

Groundwater potential map

Soil map - depth, texture, erosion and land capability

Slope map.

High resolution Satellite mage through Bhuvan portal.

Lithology.

Hydro geomorphology.

Area for development of water resources structure geospatial technology has been used

in this process first identify the area of crop land based on high resolution satellite data

and then identify the irrigated area by different source of irrigation methods. To

identify the un irrigated area an overlay method is used. District irrigation plan covers

the fallowing planning component of the district in sustainable development approach :

Increase in vegetation/biomass in the district.

More number of surface water bodies in district.

Shift from annual crop to perennial.

Increase in the extent of crop area.

Improvement in the soil moisture availability



Reclamation of waste lands.

Convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level.

Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area

under assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani)

Best use of water through appropriate technologies and practices.

Improve on-farm water use efficiency.

Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving

technologies

(More crop per drop).

Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation

practices.

Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas.

Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management

and crop alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.

Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban

agriculture,

Attract greater private investments in irrigation.

Summary of the plan:

To put it precisely Seraikela Kharsawan district has a cumulative water demand of 2.43

BCM. In the district 1.55 BCM water is already available in existing water bodies. The

district needs to create additional water storage of 0.8832 BCM. For meeting the

requirement district has put a plan to construct 8968 Ponds, 21338 Dovas, 877 check

dams/Stop dams along with SMC works in 8000 Ha area to improve ground water

recharge. Drip irrigation will be installed in 15400 units along with sprinklers in 15400

units. It has also been planned to promote drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation using

water saving measures like mulching to reduce wastage of agriculture byproducts and

improve the water use efficiency.

Sector wise water gap is biggest for agriculture followed by industry. Other sectors like

power generation require 0.06 BCM, domestic water demand stands at 0.0087 BCM.

This has been based at an assumption that domestic water requirement will grow at

20% keeping in mind the decadal population growth,

Making at the block level Adityapur block has highest water gap standing at 0.21 BCM

and lowest at Kukru block standing at 0.03 BCM.



Overall the district will achieve it at a cost of Rs 184637.96 Lakhs INR which will help in

meeting the water gap.

The challenge that the plan has to address is to produce more food under more hostile

conditions in the wake of the looming challenge of the climate change. The state action

plan on the climate change has forecasted the reduction in rain fall beyond 2020 under

A1B scenario with increase in temperature. It puts district in a situation where it has to

harness the opportunities that exist currently.



CHAPTER- 1 District profile:

1.1 General features of the district.

In the year 1620, Kumar Bikram Singh I, the third Maharaja Jagannath Singh, established the Seraikela state, which was merged with Bihar state after independence and ranked as subdivision merged with the boundaries of Kharsawan state. Later on the basis of territories act in 1950, 39 villages of Chandil, Nimdih and Tamar area were included into it.

Seraikela has become the "Mecca" for connoisseurs of music and dance. Here lies the

citadel of world famous Chhau dance. The soil of Seraikela is vibrant with the rhythm of

"Chhau" which fancied the imaginations of not only Indian art lovers, but also allured

and captivated art lovers across the world, due to its grace unique charm and grandeur.

Surrounded by lush green forests, hillocks, serpent like rivers and rivulets, Seraikela

Town is situated on the bank of Kharkai River. The district has not only a rich cultural

heritage but also has large deposits of minerals like Kyanite,Asbestos, quartz etc. and

other valuable minerals. The district also includes the Adityapur Industrial Area which

is one of the biggest industrial areas in Asia. Its development in Bihar was lackadaisical

but after formation of Jharkhand state it has been made a district and many

development plans have been started to strengthen its economic structure. Titirbilla

bridge on the road joining Seraikela Rajnagar, the bridge on Tikar River at Ichagarh,

causeway at Shakha river outlines the developing steps of the district . The road joining

the distant rural areas, blocks and district headquartes are being built. Tube wells ,

tanks and dams are being built for the source of drinking water and irrigation . The

older canals are also being renovated . Ayurvedic medical college, Private engineering

College, Hospitals and ITI for women are being planned to be established for its

educational development. New development programs have been taken up in all eight

blocks of the district. The government has announced the district as a tourist center as

it has many historical and sightseeing places. The day is not very far off when Seraikela

will become an important district and a center of tourist attraction .

History of Seraikela Kharsawan District:

The state was founded in 1620 by Raja Bikram Singh (a forerunner to the ruling family's

current nomenclature of Singh Deo), a descendant of the rulers of Porahat, who claimed

descent from the Rathore clan of Rajputs. The state came under the influence of

the Maratha rulers of Nagpur in the 18th century, and became a princely state of British

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porahat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathore

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princely_state

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India



India in 1803, at the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War at Deogaon of Orissa.

After the war, the East India Company included the Saraikela princely state under the

governance of the Chhota Nagpur Commissioner.

In 1912 Saraikela came under the authority of the province of Bihar and Orissa, which

was newly created from the eastern districts of Bengal. In 1936 the state was placed

under the authority of the Orissa Province. Saraikela, along with 24 other princely

states of the Eastern States Agency, acceded to the Government of India on 1 January

1948, with a will to merge the princely state with Orissa province of the Indian

Republic.

As a result both Saraikela and Kharsawan princely states were merged with Orissa in

1948. On 1 January 1948 itself, the tribals of these two princely states, who were in a

majority, revolted against the merger with Orissa. This was supported by Patayet Sahib

Maharajkumar Bhoopendra Narayan Singh Deo, third son of HH Raja Aditya Pratap

Singh Deo, as a result of which he was imprisoned to ensure the popular movement

died down. The central government appointed a commission under Mr. Baudkar to look

into the matter. On the basis of the Baudkar commission report, Saraikela and

Kharsawan princely states were merged with Bihar on 18 May 1948. These two

princely states became part of Jharkhand when the state was separated from Bihar on

15 November 2000. From 18 May 1948 onward, many non-tribal Oriyas of the districts

ofSaraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum, and West Singhbhum have migrated and

settled permanently in Orissa

Geography of Seraikela Kharsawan District:

The district is situated between 22°29'26" and 23°09'34" north latitudes and 85°30'14"

and 86°15'24" east longitudes.

Chhau Dance of Seraikela Kharsawan District:

Definition of Chhau Dance and the word meaning of Chhau: -

The Chhau Dance follows the basic principles of Hindu Dance. Chhau Dance is prevalent not only in Seraikela but also in the same form or the other in many parts of Orissa and West Bengal.

The word Chhau is interpreted in different ways by different quarters and persons: -

In the opinion of Late Bijay Pratap Singh Deo of Seraikela who was an architect of Chhau dance of Seraikella school, Chhau is a masked dance, the motif of which has been drawn from the mythological picturesque.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deogaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhota_Nagpur_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharsawan_State

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraikela_Kharsawan_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Singhbhum_district

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Singhbhum_district



In the opinion of some people "Chhau" is a dialect which meams six faces, Viz. fore head, eyes, nose, cheeks, lips and chin and a mask bears the six parts of the face. The word "Chhau" ordinarily means mask and because the dance is performed by use of mask, it is called "Chhau Dance".

According to yet another school of thought the word "Chhau" has been derived from the Sanskrit word "Chhabi" which means image or picture. Several others say that as the dance is characterized by variety it is called Chhau dance and therefore the word meaning of "Chhau" is Chhabila in Sanskrit and fancy or picturesque in English.

According to Sitakanta Mohapatra (I.A.S.), Chhau is concocted pronunciation of the word Chhauni (Military Barrack or Cantonment). In his views, the militia man (Paikas) staged and performed in Chhauni (cantonments) for amusement during leisure time and enjoy their success or victory in battle field, so the people called it as "Chhauni dance", Which in course of time has changed to Chhau dance by mispronunciation.

RITUALS

"Chhau" dance flourished at eight Akhadas on the basis of Parikhanda and is not only the means of recreation but is related with the religion beliefs of the people. 13 Bhaktas from different sects of society with "Stubble Bhat" in last 13 days of the month of Chaitra start with "Habissanna" in this function and the dance starts in last four days with "Yatra Ghat" and concludes in the last night with "Kalika Ghat".

HISTORY

The beginning of Chhau dances is lost in hoary past and the rulers have been intimately associated with religious festivals known as "Chaitra Parva" celebrated every year for several centuries. Not only have they been actively associated with religious festivals, they have nurtured the art of dance. They have nurtured the art of dance that blossomed underthe royal patronage. Invariably every year the Chhau dances are performed during the spring and members of the royal family and commoners dance together without distinction of rank and creed. The prince and pauper join each other freely and express their feelings through dance. In early days the dancers used masks of bamboos and gourds and these dances were related with mythological tales of Mahabharata, Ramayana and the life and nature of human beings. Later on masks made of paper mache were used.

The present style of dance is given to its shape by the untiring efforts of Kunwar Bijay Pratap Singhdeo in 1920s. Hence after he is said to be the Father of Modern Saraikela Chhau. Since 1938, Seraikella Chhau dance has added to it's glory by exhibiting the dance to corners of far and near till this date.



The Govt. has given new dimension to the art and culture by establishing state Chhau Dance Centre. The in exhaustive effort of the dancers of Chhau; Seraikela keeps a special position in global world of art.

Our country is predominantly based on religion. People worship different Gods and Goddesses to invoke their blessings to ward off evils. To please the Gods, there was necessity of rejoicing through music and dance in harmony with rituals.

As such the Chhau dance in general and that of Searikela in particular relates this dance with the worship of Lord Shiva in the month of "Chaitra" (Mid April) ushering spring when the hearts of the people are filled with cosmic joy in tune with the "Basant Ritu" the spring.

SARAIKELA CHHAU

The Chhau dance of Searikela is a traditional dance from with classical base. The Chhau dance of Seraikela is a highly specialized masked dance having a rich cultural heritage.

The word 'Chhau' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Chhaya' meaning 'shade image mask' which is an essential features of this art. In Seraikela Chhau, the mask in the center of attraction, Vachikabhinaya is absent and the elements of speech there is greater scope for expression through mime and body language. Different Bhavas (Moods) and Rasas (sentiments) are exquisitely expressed through the movements of the limbs in Chhau. The Searikela Chhau has evolved from a distinct martial art called "Pharikhanda" play of (sword and shield) and has a few distinguished manners of execution. The style, posture, movements and footwork confirms to positive martial art from bestowed with grace. In this dance form the mask covers the face exerting the dancers to express his Bhava (Mood) and Rasa (sentiments) through body movements like Siro Bhedo (Head gesture) and Griba Bhedo (neck gesture) leaving no room for "Dristi Bhedo" (eye movements and glances).

Natya Shastra enumerates one hundred eight (108) Karanas. In Seraikela these are known as upalayas or uphle, make up basic vocabulary in Chhau dance uphlu (meaning lips and motion).

The music of Chhau in many cases is based on the ragas of the Hindustani classical music as also from folk lure. In some cases it has been borrowed from the composition of outstanding Oriya poets of the past where some cases folk melodies (Dashi) are utilized.

Chhau dance is essentially open-air offer; all the special instruments used for the accompaniment emit loud or sharp songs. Traditional musical instrument used for Chhau in Clude Dhol, Nagara or Dhumsa (kettle dance), Jhanj (brass cymbals), flute, Mohuri, conch shells, Turi and Bheri (Long bamboo pipes) some classical music instruments like Shenal, Veena, Pakhwaj, Mridanga etc.



The subject of matter of Chhau assumed artistic proposals and it's themes are drawn from great epics ?The Ramayana and Mahabharata, Nature and human existence giving rise to dances like Duryodhan ?Urubhanga "Goda Yuddh"(club duel) Astra Dwanada (sword duel) and the sort.

Nature played a significant role in the composition of dance numbers like Mayur (Peacock ? the glorious national bird), Hansa (swan) Prajapati (Butterfly), Sagar(ocean) and all that.

The historical episodes like "Rani of Jhansi"(Laxmibai), Hamara Desh Mahan added in 1995 shows interesting features of the art.

Romance is equally incorporated in the art "sringar" sentiments play a Dominant role in the numbers like "Barsa ghama ghama"(when rains pours in showers)."chandra bhaga"(the eternal love of sun god with maiden chandrabhaga) depicting in episode a "Konark" in Orissa? kach debjani in the lyrics of immortal visvakabi Rabindra Nath Tagore "Biday Abhisaap" has been portrayed to render a romantic and so and so forth.

The great choreographer and a dozen of this celebrated art Kumar Bijay Pratap Singh Deo the illustrious brother of late Maharaja Aditya Pratap Singh Deo is hailed to be the author of the latest treasure in Chhau dance style by invoking the elements of lasya (feminine grace) in its original. To the development of chhau are the most evolved and have a well-structured grammar. The Mayurbhanj Chhau is a beautiful mosaic comprising elements from folk, martial and classical art. The dancers uses basic steps "Topkas", Ufils, Chali.

The word Chhau, now obsolete means to attack stealthily in Oriya.A few derivative words of Chhau such as Chhauri and Chhaurani and Chhamka (meaning resopectively the armor, a military camp and the quality of attacking stealthily) are in still in currency. The rudimentary Chhau dance in Mayurbhanj was called rook-maar ?naacha, literally meaning: the dance of defense and attack.

In Mayubhanj (Orissa) Chhau the great exponents are shri Madan Mohan Lenka ,Sri Hari Nayak recipient academy awards by the president of India.

MANBHUM (PURULIA) CHHAU

This is perhaps the best-known style of Chhau largely due to it energetic and dramatic characteristics. As regards the masks and the mask-makers of Manbhum Chhau much as already been described and discussed.

he vigorous aspects of Purulia Chhau are based illustrated in a series of Asura masks having a fierce countenance and painted bright green and red. In general the range of colour used to symbolize character types in framework and giving a classical touch assisted by local ustad.



Performers of different school's of chhau have achieved World Wide acclamation and bestowed with national and international trophies.

It is worthwhile to mention that living legend late Rajkumar Suddhandra Narayan Singh Deo (Seraikela chhau) who was honoured with PadmashreeAward by the president of India, Guru Kedar Nath Sahu recipient of academy award from the president of India are brilliant exponents of Seraikela style. Ustad Bikram Kumbhkar exponent of Seraikela chhau is a recipient of academy award from the president of India.

MAYURBHANJ CHHAU

Chhau is usually though to be a mask dance. However, that performed Baripada in Mayurbhanj, Orissa, does not use any distinctive masks though the face remains quite immobile. The Mayurbhanj chhau the movements are quite vigorous. Maintaining the basic spirit and style of chhau dance the rulers of Mayurbhanj, cultivated the chhau dance to develop it to a unique from with the support the Govt.

Mayurbhanj chhau seems to be closely related to Seraikela chhau. Because the two Guru's/Ustad had gone to Mayurbhanj and trained the Pharikhanda style dance/martial art name Upendra Biswal and Banamali Das. Seraikela and Mayurbhanj were princely states and their rulers extended enthusiastic patronage. consistent with that used in other forms of traditional Indian performing arts. Purulia masks with towering headgears are more dramatic influenced by the Jatra/theatre of Bengal, Purulia/Manbhum.

Chhau vibrates with a powerful theatrically and imparts to the dance mythical episodes a rare kind of palpability. The themes are drawn from Ramayana (written by Krittibas) and mahabharata or the mythological character. The music of Manbhum chhau in many cases based on the folk melodies and Jhoomer and musical instrument are Dhol, Nagara, and Mahuri etc.

The Manbhum school exhibit of vigorous body movements acrobatics their vigorous dance forms suggests martial origin of Chhau much akin to military exercises.

The revered master and choreographers Guru Gambhir Singh Munda and Nepal Mahto of Mnbhum/Purulia school are greatest exponents of the art and recipient of Padmashree from the president of India.

KHARSAWAN CHHAU

The Kharsawan chhau does not used in any masks except in a single item "Ganesh Bandana" in which mask is used to represent the facial expressions of lord Ganesh. Once a time Kharsawan was also a princely state. The Kharsawan style of chhau dance is in fact a product of fashion of the Mayurbhanj and Purulia style of Chhau. The Kharsawan style of chhau is also a martial art form. The purity of the martial art form



has been preserved by these indigenous people of this area who constant exchange among the villagers and the communities. It is more modern form owes much to the active intervention of the kings of Kharsawan. Unfortunately these style is not very popular due to some circumstances.

The main three style Seraikela, Mayurbhanj and Manbhum/Purulia are recognized but Kharsawan till date not recognized. Whether Kharsawan Chhau is very beautiful. The movements chali locomotion ufles and steps are full of the velour and dynamism. The costumes and appearance of these dancers are very distinctive.

The music of Kharsawan chhau in many cases based on local folk melodies of and jhoomur. The Kharsawan chhau also used Dhol, Dhumsa, mohuri etc. which traditional musical instrument.

It in significant that not only Seraikela but all the different style of chhau culminate in a festival called CHAITRAPARVA celebrated on the last day of the month of Chaitra. Corresponding with April.The festival proper begins with the Jatraghat ceremony whenever the chaitraparve or the Chhau dance performed whether it is in Seraikela, Mayurbhanj, Kharsawan and Purulia/Manbhum. The jatraghat ceremony must be performed.

The underlying rituals (lord Shiva and Shakti) of the chaitraparava are the same as those of the "DANDAJATRA" or "DANDANATA"

The Chhau dance is of the people By the people and for the people Dance of mother of arts Music and poetry exists in time

District has an area of 281500 ha with agriculture area standing at 52.82 % of the TGA,

forest standing at 28.20 % of the TGA, 4.03% area under different built ups, 4.33% area

under water bodies and 10.59% area under wasteland. Average cropping intensity of

the district is 108%. According to the 2011 census Seraikela Kharsawan district has

a population of 1,063,458. This gives it a ranking of 428 th in India (out of a total

of 640). The district has a population density of 390 inhabitants per square kilometre

(1,000/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 25.28%.

Saraikela Kharsawan has a sex ratio of 956 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy

rate of 68.85%. District receives an annual rainfall of 1300 mm with 70 to 80 number of

rainy days spread across 4 moths with July- August month receiving most of the rain

fall. Based on the rainfall and area of the district it receives a total volume of 1.21 BCM

water, currently district is able to store only 1.55 BCM water in the existing water

storage structures and rest flows through the rivers and rivulets.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_ratio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India



District at a glance: Table-1



Administrative set up:

The district comprises of nine blocks, namely Adityapur, Gamharia, Serikela, Kharswan,

Chandil, Ichagarh, Kukru, Gobindpur and Kuchai. As per Census 2011, the district has

1271 villages, 137 Panchayats, 9 Blocks and 2 sub divisions. Census 2011 figures

indicated that the percentage share of scheduled caste population to total population

was 5.27 percent while that of scheduled tribes was 35.17 percent. Based on the

number of total rural households in Census 2011 and BPL Revision Survey of 2010-11

the percentage of BPL households in rural area is 57.85 percent.



1.2 Demography of the District

Demographic Dynamics in district when seen from a wider perspective have larger

implication on the Sustainable Development. The population growth has been marked

at almost 25% over the last decade which means it requires more infrastructure

support, more health services and accordingly more resources for the same. It will also

have implications on a number of important issues in the area of urbanization,

migration and development, and on some important variables which impact on their

interrelationships. In the villages most of the households are headed by male members

where as some of the families are headed by women members. Mostly women members

head family when male guardian is not there. It some cases it is also because of greater

awareness among the women members especially who have been members of the

SHGs. Acceptance of women as head of the family has limited acceptability which needs

to be seen from the gender perspective. This watershed is dominated by people from

other communities. The share of SCs and STs Communities accounts for 40 % of total

population.

The district is dominated by the people from OBC and general category but tribals and

scheduled caste people also have sizable population. Population of the other

communities stands at 60% followed by STs whose population is at 35% and SCs at 5%.

SC population is highest at Adityapur block and STs population is highest at Gobindpur

Gender ratio of the district stands at 956. Gender ratio is best at Gobindpur which is at

1004 and lowest at Adityapur. Average family size of the district is close to five.

Graph-1



Table-2

Block SC ST Others

Kuchai 921 50169 13230

Kharsawan 6847 35371 46424

Chandil 7755 47748 102446

Ichagarh 6357 26804 49938

Adityapur(Gamharia) 17520 64421 227131

Saraikela 6479 40264 47016

Gobindpur(Rajnagar) 2918 71976 61706

Kukru 3345 8467 41164

Nimdih 4053 29422 45164

Total 56195 374642 634219

Graph-2



Graph-3

1.3 Bio Mass and Livestock details

Biomass has been used by mankind for cooking and space heating since time

immemorial. While the gaseous fuels like LPG and natural gas have replaced biomass in

cities and most urban homes, half of the world’s population and about72% of rural

households in the state continue to depend on coal or biomass like wood, crop residues,

cattledung and charcoal for their cooking and heating needs. Data from Census, 2011

indicates more than 95% of all households in Seraikela Kharsawan rely on traditional

energies for their cooking needs (Figure 4). Graph-4



A major part of the household energy consumption is for cooking. Traditional

cookstoves or chulhas, which have efficiencies less than 10% and are known to be

sources of large quantities of pollutants, are used by most rural households in the

developing world for cooking. The large fuel consumption of these chulhas results in a

large amount of time spent in collecting fuel by these households. In such households,

women and children are often exposed to high levels of pollutants, for 3 to 7 hours daily

over many years. There are strong evidences to show the relation between exposure to

such emissions and acute respiratory infections in children, with estimated two- to

three-fold increase in incidence and mortality due to the exposure to these emissions.

Recently, there have been reports on the effect of black carbon released due to unclean

combustion in cookstoves, on climate change. Therefore, development and

dissemination of cookstoves that lead to reducing fuel consumption, cooking time, and

indoor air pollution can effectively contribute to improving the quality of life of rural

women and also contribute to climate change mitigation.

Table-3

Blocks HH

Total fuel requirement

Proportion using fuel wood

Requirement in Tons In KGs In Tons

Kuchai 13405 61160312.5 61160.31 0.99 60475.32

Kharsawan 17664 80592000 80592.00 0.91 73330.66

Chandil 32088 146401500 146401.50 0.67 98572.13

Ichagarh 18673 85195562.5 85195.56 0.97 82409.67

Adityapur(Gamharia) 65423 298492438 298492.44 0.28 83458.49

Saraikela 19147 87358187.5 87358.19 0.68 59071.61

Gobindpur(Rajnagar) 26173 119414313 119414.31 0.81 96355.41

Kukru 11784 53764500 53764.50 0.97 52210.71

Nimdih 16875 76992187.5 76992.19 0.93 71856.81

Total 221232 1009371000 1009371 677740.79



Graph-5

1.3.1 Green cover:

Carbon is the most important element supporting the existence of life on earth. It also

contributes to the green house gases and its concentration in the atmosphere. Bio mass

estimation based forest management is the key epilogue of Kyoto protocol of United

Nations Framework convention on climate change (UNFCC). Regeneration or

afforestation programme taken up by different nations decides the efforts to neutralize

demand and supply gap for carbon emitted and sequestrated.

Study conducted by institutions reveals that the naturally dominant tree species in

forest of Jharkhand are Shorea robusta, Madhuca indica, Madhuca latifolia, Semicarpus

anacardium, Buchnania lanzen where as in the Trees outside forest (TOF) Anacardium

occidentale, Eucalyptus spp, Pongania piñata and Acacia spp dominate. Estimation in

several district for tree species was found to be at 67.56 ton/ha. On the basis of

individual tree species contribution of carbon sequestration Madhuca indica

(0.207t/tree) supersedes Shorea robusta (0.140 t/tree) in forests where as in TOF

Eucalyptus (0.407t/tree) and Mangifera indica (0.294t/tree) contributes maximum.



Graph-6

Graph-7

Availability of fuel wood:

95% of population in Seraikela Kharsawan continues to depend on biomass for their cooking

needs. The cooking devices used by majority of them have very poor thermal efficiency and

serious health impacts due to unclean combustion. While past few decades have seen a lot of

interest the world over in development of better cookstoves for burning biomass, the

magnitude of the problem is still a major cause of concern. In India, a lot of resources went

into the National Programme on Improved Cookstoves between 1985 and 2004 with mixed



experiences. Learning from this programme, a need has been felt to start a new initiative on

biomass cookstoves with a different approach considering the changes that have taken place

in the society, technology and the global concerns.

Crop Biomass yield:

Biomass used for cooking involves fuel wood, crop residues, coal and cattle dung. If we see situation

in Seraikela where based on the crop production and collection efficiency along with crop residue

ratio calculated after deducting the crop residue used for cooking, it indicates that we are in a

position to use large volume of crop residue is still available for use as mulching material or to be

used a compost for improving the soil texture and moisture retention ability of soil. It can also add

carbon to soil which works as binding material and reduces erosion.

Table-4

Crop Type of residue

Area under

production (Ha)

Crop to residue

ratio

Collection efficiency

Production Residue volume

Residue collected

Remaining after fuel

Pigeon pea

Stalk 9480 1:04 60% 189600 758400 455040 438840.58

Maize Maize stalk

6900 1:02 60% 103500 207000 124200 119778.48

Paddy Paddy straw

99000 1:02 60% 1188000 2376000 1425600 1374848.6

Wheat Wheat husk

3600 2:03 60% 54000 81000 48600 46869.84

Total 1535100 3422400 2053440 1980337.5

Fodder Yield: Table-5

Crop Residue Balance after Fuel use

Used as fodder

Maize Maize stalk 119778.48 29944.62

Paddy Paddy straw 1374848.64 687424.32

Wheat Wheat husk 46869.84 35152.38

Fodder Availability 1541496.96 752521.32



Graph-8

Graph-9

Livestock Details:

In the rural settings one of the important contributors to the family income are live

stocks. These not only support agriculture but also work as buffer for the family during



stress period. Role of the milch animals has been important despite of the fact that

yield/animal remains very low. People are of the opinion that they keep milch animals

not for milk but for purpose of getting dung and also draught animals. Among the

blocks Adityapur, has got the highest number of milch animals. Per animal yield has

been an average 1.9 liter/animal. Lowest number of milk animals is in Kukaru with the

average yield of 1.5 liter/animal. This can be linked to the availability of water for

irrigation and drinking. Villages having higher animals and yield are having more

number of water bodies. This has resulted in greater cropping intensity and higher

availability of green fodder.

Water plays an important role in livestock productivity. Livestock productivity in

pastoral areas depends greatly on the availability of water. There are several factors,

which determine water balance, water turnover and functions of the animal.

Assessment of livestock and water requirement is helpful in modelling water and

livestock relationships.

The demand for meat, dairy products and eggs rises faster than the demand for crops;

thus both scenarios call for livestock production to increase relatively more rapidly

than crops. The world livestock system is broadly divided into pastoral grazing, mixed

farming and industrial systems (Sere and Stienfeld 1996). Estimate of the current

demand of 1.7 billion tons of cereals and 206 million tones of meat in developing

countries could rise by 2020 to 2.5 to 2.8 billion tones of cereals and to 310 millions of

tons of meat (IFPRI 2000). Water is used by the herbivore as a medium for physical and

chemical energy transfer, namely for evaporative cooling and intermediary metabolism

(Konandreas and Anderson; King 1983; Kirda and Riechardt 1986). Livestock and

poultry water consumption depend on a number of physiological and environmental

conditions such as:

• Type and size of animal or bird.

• Physiological state (lactating, pregnant or growing)

• Activity level.

• Type of diet-dry hay, silage or lush pasture.

• Temperature-hot summer days above 25 0C can sometimes double the water

consumption of animals.

• Water quality - palatability and salt content.



Table-6

Large Animals Draft Animal

(Buffalo/Yak/Bulls

/any other (Nos.)

Indigenous

Cow (Nos.)

In descriptvie

Buffalo

(Nos.)

Seraikela 14242 1573 9494

Adityapur 10241 3062 13495

Rajnagar 6802 952 16934

Kharsawan 15316 811 8420

Kuchai 13340 1370 10396

Chandil 13575 2196 10161

Ichagarh 12688 3658 11048

Nimdih 14581 1931 9155

Kukru 17123 4080 6613

Total 117908 19633 119650

Graph- 10



Table-7

Small Animals

Pigs

(Nos.)

Goats

(Nos.)

Sheeps

(Nos.)

Seraikela 2790 26215 8452

Adityapur 4914 34626 4863

Rajnagar 1094 37355 12506

Kharsawan 1809 22751 7111

Kuchai 1242 31108 6714

Chandil 2166 38530 5114

Ichagarh 1092 17229 6080

Nimdih 927 28275 3702

Kukru 2371 13711 5325

Total 18405 249800 59867

Table-8

Birds

Poultry

(No.)

Ducks

(No.)

Seraikela 71082 3500

Adityapur 87198 4785

Rajnagar 12811 11722

Kharsawan 78945 4280

Kuchai 81556 1826

Chandil 97685 2199

Ichagarh 47309 2716

Nimdih 90196 4421

Kukru 33939 13629

Total 600721 49078



Graph- 11

Milk production: Table- 9

Cow Buffalo Milk Production

Seraikela 14242 1573 29228

Adityapur 10241 3062 30671.5

Rajnagar 6802 952 14963

Kharsawan 15316 811 27029

Kuchai 13340 1370 26860

Chandil 13575 2196 31342.5

Ichagarh 12688 3658 37322

Nimdih 14581 1931 31526.5

Kukru 17123 4080 46084.5

Total 117908 19633 275027

Potential evapo-transpiration;

Water foot printing is a useful tool to assess future consumption of water for

production of crops and consumers based products that give a forecast of water

demand on regional or national basis. The global consumption of water is doubling

every 20 years, more than twice the rate of human population growth. An FAO estimate

puts that 70-80 per cent of the increase in food demand between 2000 and 2030 will



have to be met by irrigation (OECD, 2008). Irrigated agriculture is practiced on about

300 million hectares only or 20 per cent of the cultivable area (FAO, 2010), but

contributing substantially with more than 40 per cent of world’s food production.

Irrigation can reduce the risks associated with the unpredictable nature of rainfed

agriculture in dry regions. It helps to insulate farming from droughts that are predicted

to occur more frequently. Efficient water use can increase crop diversity, produce

higher yields, enhance employment and lower food prices (IFAD, 2008). Irrigated

agriculture offers great potential for economic growth and poverty reduction.

Considering the dominant role of irrigated agriculture in global water use, management

practices that increase the productivity of irrigation water use can greatly increase the

availability of water for other human and environmental uses (Tiwari and Dinar, 2002).

Evaporation demand or potential evaporation is projected to increase almost

everywhere in the world in future climate scenarios (IPCC, 2008). This is because the

water holding capacity of the atmosphere increases with higher temperatures, but

relative humidity is not projected to change markedly. As a result water vapor deficit

increases in the atmosphere as does the evaporation rate. Thus, the process of

evapotranspiration (ET) is of great importance in present and future climates. The

measurement of ET from a crop surface is a very difficult and time consuming task.

In spite of the efforts of numerous scientists, reliable estimates of regional ET are

extremely difficult to obtain mainly because of its dependence on soil conditions and

plant physiology, so that advances in the knowledge of the underlined interactions and

it’s all round influence have been few and far between. Because of its complexity, the

concept of potential evapotranspiration (PET) has been introduced, which is largely

independent of soil and plant factors but has shown dependent on climatic factors.

Temporal variations of PET and quantification of its trend can serve as a valuable

reference data for the regional studies of hydrological modeling, agricultural water

management, irrigation planning and water resource management as demonstrated by

Liang et al. (2010).

Potential evapotranspiration

Potential evapotranspiration is defined as “the rate of evapotranspiration from an

extensive surface of 8 to 15 cm tall, green grass cover of uniform height, actively

growing, completely shading the ground and not short of water” (Doorenbos and Pruitt,

1977). As the definition suggests that the PET is for a grass reference ETo. The concept

of reference ET is being used to avoid ambiguities associated in the definition of PET



(Jensen, 1974 and Perrier, 1982). Reference ETo refers to ET from a vegetative surface

over which weather data are recorded and allows to develop a set of crop coefficients to

be used to determine ET for other crops. By adopting reference ETo, it has become

easier to select crop coefficients and to make reliable ET estimates in new areas. The

use of ETo – crop coefficient approach has been largely successful in obviating the need

to calibrate a separate ET equation for crop and stage of growth (Jensen et al., 1990). In

the present investigation short grass as defined by Doorenbos and Pruitt (1977) is

considered as reference crop and PET values estimated by any method is in reference to

that.

Measuring Potential evapotranspiration

The measurement of PET from a grass surface maintained as per specifications is very

difficult and time consuming process. However, different approaches to measure the

same can be listed as:

1. Water budgeting technique.

2. Direct soil water measurement (Gravimetric, neutron probe, TDR etc).

3. Hydrologic budget (mass balance) method.

4. Lysimetric(Weighing, non-weighing, drainage lysimeters) measurement.

5. Indirect meteorological (Bowen ratio and eddy correlation) methods.

6. Chamber techniques.

7. Biological (Sap flow technique, Porometer, photometer) methods.

8. Passive (Pan evaporation) methods.



Table-10

PET estimating method Annual Southwest Monsoon Northeast Monsoon

a b r R2 SEE a b r R2 SEE a b r R2 SEE

Open pan 1.51 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 1.8 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6

Penman -0.3 1 1 0.9 0.2 -

0.07 0.9 1 1 0.2 -0.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.3

Hargreaves -0.1 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.43 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.8 -0.3 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.5

Turc -8.4 1 0.6 0.3 0.7 -

23.1 2.1 0.7 0.5 0.8 -1.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6

Thornthwaite -0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.7 -

5.64 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.58 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.6 Blaney-Criddle 2.36 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 2.85 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.4 1.73 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.5 Christiansen Pan 1.51 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.76 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 PET from Open pan 1.53 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.77 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.9 1.35 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.6

Table-11

PET estimating method

Winter Summer

a b r R2 SEE a b r R2 SEE

Open pan 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.5 2.35 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8

Penman -0.3 1 1 1 0.1 -

0.36 1 1 1 0.2

Hargreaves -0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 -

0.16 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.8

Turc -1.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 -

7.06 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.9

Thornthwaite 0.42 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.7 1.13 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 Blaney-Criddle 1.56 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 3.31 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.8 Christiansen Pan 0.66 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 2.33 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.9 PET from Open pan 0.61 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 2.38 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.9

Source; CRIDA-Hyderabad



HYDROMETEROLOGY

The climate of Seraikela Kharsawan district can be divided into three distinct seasons in

a year, viz. winter, summer and monsoon seasons. Winter commences from late

November and continues till the end of February. January is the coldest month of the

year. Winter is characterized by heavy dew, thick fog and associated cold wave when

mercury drops down to as low as 30C to 40C. May is the hottest month of the year. The

rainy season commences from the middle of June and continues till the end of

September. The beginning of monsoon is marked by dust storms, thunder and lightning.

The district receives a larger share of the annual rainfall mainly by the south west

monsoon during the rainy season and from the retreating monsoon during the inter

monsoon period which originates in the Bay of Bengal. The district receives most of the

annual rainfall during the monsoon period.

Relative humidity is the lowest during the summer months when it can be as low as

30% in the afternoon. In the night humidity is relatively high.

Light north westerly prevails during the winter and summer months. Towards the end

of the summer season wind begins to blow more and more from directions between

north-east and south-east. These wind strengthen and predominately during monsoon.

Dust storms occur occasionally in April and May.

2.1 Location and Extent

Saraikela district is located in southeastern part of the state. It is bounded by the

Purulia district of west Bengal state in the north, Ranchi district in the west, West

Singhbhum district in south and East Singhbhum district in south east and East. Total

geographical area of the district is 2725 sq. km and population of 8,48,307 persons

(Census of India, 2001). The district comprises two subdivision (Saraikela and Chandil)

and eight development blocks viz. Govindpur, Adityapur, Saraikela, Kharsawan, Kuchai,

Idhagarh, Chandil and Nimdih.

2.2 Physiography, Geology and Drainage

This area is dominated by hilly ranges, valleys and plateaus. Hilly and steeply sloping

area are under dense forest cover. Dalma hills ranges are stretched from Chandil

towards Ghatsila. Geologically the area is comprised of Archean lava, laterite and pre-

cambrian fold mountains. Major river flowing in the district is Kharkai.



2.3 Climate

The district receives an annual rainfall of 1500 mm. and most of the rainfall occurs

during the rainy season. The mean annual temperature remains at about 260C. The

temperature ranges from 160C in winter months to 440C in summer months.

2.4 Agriculture and Land Use

More than 40 per cent area of the district is under forest. The forest is full of kendu

leaves, bamboo, sal, teak and other timber species. The hilly areas are mostly under

forest with patches of cultivation on scarp areas. The valley land in the district provides

suitable site for agricultural use. Major crops grown in the district are rice, oilseed and

pulses.

2.5 Soils

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource

mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders

namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in Saraikela district (Fig.1 and

table 1). Alfisols were the dominant soils covering 53.8 percent of TGA followed by

Inceptisols (26.5 %) and Entisols (17.4 %).



Table-12



SOIL ACIDITY AND FERTILITY STATUS

Soil Reaction

Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant

nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of base

saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes

according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970).

The soil pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.6. The soil reaction classes with area are given in table

13 and figure 2. The data reveals that soils of majority area are acidic (96.1 % of TGA),

in which 42.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 24.2 percent very strongly acidic, 23.1

percent moderately acidic and 5.9 percent slightly acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.6 percent

area of the district are neutral in reaction.

Soils under different reaction classes

Table-13

Soil reaction Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 659 24.2

Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 1169 42.9

Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 628 23.1

Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 162 5.9

Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 43 1.6

Miscellaneous 64 2.3

Total 2725 100

Organic Carbon

The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soilorganic matter

plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil

aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity.

The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.26 to 1.55 %. They are mapped

into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75%) and high (above 0.75 %)

(Table 14 and Figure 3). From table 3 it is seen that 60.4 percent area of the district

shows high organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute

22.2 and 15.1 percent area respectively.



Table 14 Organic carbon status

Organic carbon % Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Low (below 0.50 %) 411 15.1

Medium (0.50-0.75 %) 605 22.2

High (above 0.75 %) 1645 60.4


Total 2725 100

Macronutrients

Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered as

primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper

growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by

plants in large quantity.

Available Nitrogen

Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and

enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is

building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground

vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases

rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop

chlorosis.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 183 and

611 kg/ha and details are given in table 15 and figure 4. Majority soils (80.2 % of TGA)

of the district have medium availability of nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 12.4

percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1).

Table 15 Available nitrogen status in the surface soils

Available nitrogen KG/ha Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Low (below 280) 337 12.4

Medium (280-560) 2185 80.20

High (above 560) 139 5.1


Total 2725 100



Available Phosphorus

Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium. Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.8 and 25.1kg/ha and their distribution is given in table 5 and figure 5. Data reveals that majority of the soils are low (94.9 % of TGA) followed by medium (2.7 % of TGA) and high (0.1 % of TGA) content of available phosphorous..

Table 16 Available phosphorous status in the surface soils

Available phosphorous Kg/ha Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Low (below 10) 2585 94.90

Medium (10-25) 74 2.7

High (above 25) 2 0.10


Total 2725 100

Available Potassium

Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes like

energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is

extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the

leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber

development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases.

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 43 and 420 kg/ha and

details about area and distribution is given in table 17 and figure 6. The data reveals

that most of the soils (64.8 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-

280 kg ha-1). Soils of 27.4 percent area are low (below 108) and 5.5 percent area are

high (above 280 kg ha-1) in available potassium content.



Table 17 Available potassium status in the surface soils

Available potassium Kg/ha Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Low (below 108) 746 27.40

Medium (108-280) 1765 64.80

High (above 280) 150 5.5


Total 2725 100

Available Sulphur

Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine

and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine,

or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root

growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation.

The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.36 to 81.67 mg kg-1 and details

about area and distribution is given in table 18 and figure 7. Soils of 40.9 percent of the

area are low (<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 26.2 and 30.6 percent area are medium (10-

20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively..

Table 18 Available sulphur status in the surface soils

Available Sulphur mf/Kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

Low (<10) 1244 25.2

Medium (10-20) 1169 23.7

High (>20) 2472 50


Total 4941 100

Micronutrients

Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their

deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to

sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of

soil before introducing any type of land use.

Available Iron

Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting

as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction

reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation.



The available iron content in the surface soils ranges between 14.9 and 96.8 mg kg-1. As

per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in

available iron. They are grouped and mapped into four classes. Majority of the soils

(60.5 % of TGA) have available iron between the range of 50 to 100 mg kg-1. The details

of area and distribution is presented in table 19 and figure 8.

Table 19 Available Iron status in the surface soils

Available iron mg/kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

<15 101 3.7

15-25 177 6.5

25-50 735 27

50-100 1648 60.50


Total 2725 100

Available Manganese

Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in plants. It

activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes.

The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 9.6 and 48.8 mg kg-1.

As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient

in available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into three classes. Soils of 83.8

% area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1. The details of

area and distribution are presented in table 20 and figure 9.

Table 20 Available manganese status in the surface soils

Available manganese mg/kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

<10 19 0.70

25-Oct 359 13.2

25-50 2283 83.80


Total 2725 100

Available Zinc

Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and in the

formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and



production.

The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.44 and 5.70 mg kg-1. They are

grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of Majority of soils (94.1 % of TGA) are

sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 3.6 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in

available zinc. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 21 and figure

10.

Table 21 Available zinc status in the surface soils

Available zinc mg/kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

<0.5 98 3.6

0.5-1.0 439 16.10

1.0-2.0 1188 43.60

2.0-3.0 632 23.20

3.0-6.0 304 11.20


Total 2725 100

Available Copper

Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism

and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is capable

of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-

reduction reactions in plants.

The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.16 and 8.62 mg kg-1. They

are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (92.3 % of TGA) have

sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 5.4 % area are deficient

in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). The details of area and distribution are presented in

table 22 and figure 11.

Table 22 Available copper status in the surface soils

Available copper mg/kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

<0.2 147 5.4

0.2-0.5 38 1.4

0.5-1.0 112 4.1

1.0-2.0 400 14.7

2.0-4.0 847 31.10

4.0-6.0 1117 41


Total 2725 100



Available Boron

Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of

K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and

also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar,

starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and

regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.03 mgkg-1 and details

about area and distribution is given in table 23 and figure 12. The critical limit for

deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 54.9 percent area of district are

deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 42.8 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in

available boron content.

Table 23 Available boron status in the surface soils

Available Boron mg/Kg Area in 000 ha % of the TGA

<0.25 694 25.4

0.25-0.50 802 29.4

0.50-0.75 555 20.40 >0.75 610 22.40


Total 2725 100

SUMMARY

The soil pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.6. Soils of majority area are acidic (96.1 % of TGA), in

which 42.9 percent area is strongly acidic, 24.2 percent very strongly acidic, 23.1

percent moderately acidic and 5.9 percent slightly acidic in reaction. Soils of 1.6 percent

area of the district are neutral in reaction. Organic carbon content in the district ranges

from 0.26 to 1.55 %. Soils of 60.4 percent area of the district shows high organic carbon

content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 22.2 and 15.1 percent area

respectively.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 183 and

611 kg/ha. Majority soils (80.2 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability of

nitrogen and soils of 12.4 percent area have low available nitrogen content. Available

phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 0.8 and 25.1 kg/ha. Majority of the

soils are low (94.9 % of TGA) followed by medium (2.7 % of TGA) and high (0.1 % of

TGA) in available phosphorous content. Available potassium content in these soils



ranges between 43 and 420 kg/ha. Soils of majority area (64.8 % of TGA) have medium

vailable potassium content. Soils of 27.4 percent area are low and 5.5 percent areas are

igh in available potassium content. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges

from 0.4 to 81.7 mg kg-1. Soils of 40.9 percent of the area are low whereas soils of 26.2

and 30.6 percent area are medium and high in available sulphur content respectively.

Soils are analyses for available (DTPA extractable) micronutrients and seen that all the

soils are sufficient in available iron and manganese whereas soils of 3.6 and 5.4 percent

area are deficient in available zinc and copper respectively. The available boron content

in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 3.03 mgkg-1. Soils of 54.9 percent area of district are

deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 42.8 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in

available boron content.

Drainage

The principal rivers of the district are Subarnrekha and Kharkhai Rivers. The general

trend of the drainage is from NW-SE.and SW-SE. The structural features particularly the

foliation and joints exert profound impact upon the drainage and control the drainage

pattern of the district.

Studies/Activities carried out by CGWB

Central Ground Water Board has carried out hydrogeological surveys and ground water

exploration in the district. Ground water regime monitoring is carried out 4 times

annually from 7 HNS wells in the district. Water samples are collected during the month

of May to study the changes in water quality along with monitoring of pre-monsoon

water level.



Depth to Water level

During May 2012, the depth to water levels in HNS wells tapping shallow aquifer

ranged from 5.23 to 12.20 m bgl. Depth to ground water levels during the post monsoon

period (November 2012) varied between 0.89 and 5.60 m bgl.

Categorization of depth to water level of pre-monsoon period (May 2012) for HNS in

Saraikela district is presented below in table.

Categorization of depth to water level of post-monsoon period (November 2012) for



HNS in Saraikela district is presented below in table.

Aquifer Parameters

A total of 18 exploratory wells, 04 piezometers and 06 observation wells have been

drilled down to depth of 202 m in hard rock formation to decipher the potential

fracture zones. The morphotectonic analysis of crystalline formation has revealed that

rocks have been subjected to several stages of deformation leading to development of

deep seated tensile and shear fracture. The most potential fracture zones trend along

NNE-SSW, WNW-SSE and NW-SE direction. The exploratory data reveals presence of

potential fractures between 18-109 mbgl. The thickness of the weathered zone varies

from 7 to 30.6.5m. The yield of the well is in the range of 2.52-27.53m3/hr



Summarised hydrogeological data of exploratory drilling in the district is given in table

below.

Ground Water Quality

Ground water in the phreatic aquifers in Saraikela district slightly alkaline in nature,

which is also colourless, odourless . The specific electrical conductance of ground water

in phreatic zone during May 2011 was in the range of 655 -2408 μS/cm at 25ºC. The

suitability of ground water for drinking purpose has been evaluated on the basis of pH,

Total hardness (T.H), Ca, Cl, F and NO3. The chemical concentration of these

constituents, when compared with the drinking water specification recommended by

IS:10500,1991 as presented below in table.

Number of samples exceeding permissible limit in the district.

Status of Ground Water Development

In the rural areas the entire water supply is dependent on ground water. Ground water

development is mainly carried out in the district through dug wells and Hand pumps. In

general dug wells are of 2 m diameter and the depth ranges between 8 to 15 m

depending on the thickness of the weathered zone, tapping the shallow aquifer in the

weathered zone and uppermost slice of the basement. Large number of dug wells used

for drinking water is under private ownership for which there is no reliable data. Over

the years Mark II/ Mark III hand pumps are being drilled in large numbers for ground

water development. These hand pumps have the following two major advantages i) less



susceptible to contamination from surface sources and ii) tap fractures between 20-

60m depth which have been found to be less affected by seasonal water level

fluctuation and thus have lesser chances of failure even during extreme summer. In

rural areas of Saraikela district the number of hand pumps drilled by PHED is 12311 of

which 9342 are under working condition. There are 574 dug wells constructed by

government departments that are under regular use.

In the urban areas ground water plays a supplementary role in water supply, the major

supply being made through dams, reservoirs or weirs across rivers or streams. No

authentic data is available on the number of ground water structures catering the urban

water supply.

As per the latest ground water resource estimation carried out adopting GEC 97

methodology, the overall stage of ground water development in Saraikela district has

been found to be 11.71 % indicating enough scope for future development. The ground

water resources of Saraikela district is given in the table.



GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES & PROBLEMS

Some of key ground water related issues are

a) Locating suitable sites for bore wells

b) Suitable design of dug wells and hand pumps

c) Taking up artificial recharge projects to augment the resource availability in Godda

district

d) Optimal development of irrigation potential by developing ground water available

for future uses:

e) Creating public awareness for conserving ground water through awareness camps,

NGO’s and mass media.

As the district suffers from water scarcity, it is recommended to take artificial recharge

at suitable locales. On the basis of the hydrogeological criteria such as post monsoon

water level below 7 m bgl indicating availability of sufficient space in the unsaturated

zone to retain additional water and availability of surplus surface runoff. In the hard

rock areas, pin pointing suitable sites for bore wells is always a challenge. Considering

the anisotropy in distribution of fractures at deeper level, suitable sites may be selected

using remote sensing techniques in association with geophysical and hydro-geological

investigations.


Geo Informatics for Social Development- Ranchi

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil

erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of

weather and wind or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

Erosion, whether it is by water, wind or tillage, involves three distinct actions – soil

detachment, movement and deposition. Topsoil, which is high in organic matter, fertility

and soil life, is relocated elsewhere "on-site" where it builds up over time or is carried "off-

site" where it fills in drainage channels. Soil erosion reduces cropland productivity and

contributes to the pollution of adjacent watercourses, wetlands, and lakes.

Soil erosion can be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed or can occur at an

alarming rate, causing serious loss of topsoil. Soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of

soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinisation, and soil acidity problems are other

serious soil degradation conditions that can accelerate the soil erosion process. The greater

the intensity and duration of a rainstorm, the higher the erosion potential. The impact of

raindrops on the soil surface can break down soil aggregates and disperse the aggregate

material.

Lighter aggregate materials such as very fine sand, silt, clay and organic matter are easily

removed by the raindrop splash and runoff water; greater raindrop energy or runoff

amounts are required to move larger sand and gravel particles.

Soil movement by rainfall (raindrop splash) is usually greatest and most noticeable during

short-duration, high-intensity thunderstorms. Although the erosion caused by long lasting

and less-intense storms is not usually as spectacular or noticeable as that produced during

thunderstorms, the amount of soil loss can be significant, especially when compounded

over time.

Data of soil erosion is not available for this district as remote sensing based soil erosion

potential map and data attached and there is no sedimentary monitoring station.

Landuse

Concept of Landuse

Landuse is a function of four variables, land, water, air and man, each plays in its own role

in composing its life history. Land constitutes its body, water runs through its veins like



blood, air gives it oxygen and man acts as the dynamic actor to reflect its types, pattern and

distribution. Land varies in altitudes, forms and expressions. Man has played his part on

land to portray the different phases of his ties with it. The Homo-sapiens moved from one

topography to another where climate, flora and fauna also changed. He used land, flora and

fauna to fit his limited wants. Men multiplied, their wants increased and become complex,

the uses of land also increased, methods and technology also changed. Man was making his

own map on the face of the earth to portray his link, adaptation, creation and destruction.

Man has cleared the forest for shifting (Jhum) cultivation. He then used the land for large-

scale farming, small-scale farming, intensive farming, mixed farming, dry farming, etc. He

has used the land for one crop or another is a minor landuse problem, but to use each plot

of land for the right cultivation under optimum conditions to obtain optimum yield is a

significant problem. Man has learnt the use of grasslands, semi-arid and arid lands to his

own advantage by applying improved methodology and utilisation of his accomplishments.

Over a period, geographic pattern of agricultural landuse are the outcome of concurrent

interaction between the variable combinations of natural condition and human

circumstances. Primarily, these are influenced by natural condition and thereafter affected

by human circumstances because of their colonizing capability. The human circumstances

are mainly responsible for dynamism in agriculture landuse or changing cropland

occupancy.

Therefore, efficient cropland occupancy, say cropping pattern, implies the most successful

use of agriculture land, consequent upon development of irrigation facilities and

application of modern methods of farm technology. The key to the most important aspect

of landuse lies in the relation of population to land. The crux of the review, there fore,

refers to the study of the problems in use of land by man. According to R.H. Best, the term

land use deals with the spatial aspects of human activities on the Land and with the way in

which the land surface is adapted or could be adapted, to serve human needs. This leads

one back to the village farm and farmer, to the fields, gardens, pastures, fallow land, forest

and to the isolated farmstead (Freeman, 1960). The land use shifts from agricultural uses to

residential, industrial, transportation, neighbourhood retail and service activities due to

urbanization. A true nature of these dynamic qualities in land use emerges from a historical

survey designed to reveal the successive development of inherent characteristics of land

because 'some changes are short lived whereas others represent a more constant demand'

(Jackson, 1963).

Land Use Classification



The conservation and development of land resource is in area needs special focus. It needs

well thought and rational planning, which in turn depends upon minute observation of land

use pattern. The aim of this study is clear visualization of local land environment. The

intense and focused study of the details of land use puts us in a position to conserve the

important elements of the nature, which otherwise lead in a direction of destruction and

consequently threaten the social strata. The present study focuses mainly on dimension,

which is very important from the sustainability point of view that is distribution of

different groups of land use, i.e. their ratios in the region. Therefore, it becomes very

complex and diversified to study all the groups available at micro-level, homogenous

groups are generalized to reduce the number of groups, and these simplified groups of land

use are called generalized land use classification.

World Land Use Classification mainly recognizes nine categories. These are Settlement and

Associated Non Agricultural Land, Horticulture, Tree and Permanent Crops, Crop Land,

Improved Permanent Pasture, Improved Grazing Land, Wood Land, Swamps and Marshes,

Unproductive Land.

In India, a standard classification system is yet to develop. National Atlas and The land use

classification presented by All India Soil and Land Use Survey 1970 is as follows:

1. Forest Land (F) F1 Without Canopy F2 Sparse Forest F3 General Forest F4 Fully

Stocked Top Canopy

2. Cultivated land (CC) C1 Single Cropped C2 Double Cropped C3 Triple Cropped

3. Terraced Land (T) T1 Poorly Bounded Land T2 Poor Terracing Measures T3 Bench

Terraces 4. Waste Land (W) W1 Fit for Cultivation W2 Unfit for Cultivation

5. Pasture Land (P) P Pasture and Grazing Land H Hay Land When the Grass

Periodically Cut P1 With Young Shrubs P2 With Well Grows Shrubs T Thorny Lands and

Heavy Canopy Shrubs.

Land use classification by Statistical Department of Government of India.

I. Geographical Area - Area calculated by Survey Department.

II. Reported Area (Statistical area related to land use)

1. Forest .

2. Land not Available for Cultivation .

a) Land Put to Non- Agricultural Use.

b) Barren and Uncultivable Land.

3. Other Uncultivable and excluding Fallow Land.

a) Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land.

b) Miscellaneous Tree Crops and Gardens.

c) Culturable Waste Land.

4. Fallow Land a) Fallow Other than Current Fallow b) Current Fallow



5. Cultivated Land a) Net Sown Area, b) Area Sown More Than Once.

I. Net Irrigated Area.

II. Total Irrigated Area.

The analysis of land use in the present study is based on district statistical magazine, data

available at block level and revenue office. Following categories of land use have been

recognised in the study area. In the analysis of land use pattern study has been adopted at

block level: Forest Cover, Barren and cultivable waste land, Current Fallow land, Other

Fallow land, Barren & uncultivable Land, Land put to non-agricultural Use, Pastures and

Grazing Land, Area under bush, forest & garden, Net area sown.

Built-Up Land

It is an area of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and that has a

cover of buildings, transport and communication, utilities in association with water,

vegetation and vacant lands. For delineating built – up land built up polygons interpreted

under settlement.

Built-up Land (Urban)

All places with a municipality, corporation or cantonment or which are notified as town

areas and all other places which satisfy the criteria of a minimum population of 5000, at

least 75 per cent of whose male working population is non-agricultural and having a

density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. are placed under this category (Census of

India). It comprises areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by intensive use

and covered by structures. It includes residential, recreational, public & semi-public,

transportation, communication and isolated areas such as parks, playgrounds, open spaces

and vegetated areas.

Built-Up Area (Rural)

These are the lands used for human settlement and are of size comparatively less than the

urban settlements of which more than 80% of the people are involved in the primary

activity of agriculture. All the agricultural villages covering 5 hectares area and more are

included in this category. These are the built-up areas, smaller in size, mainly associated

with agriculture and allied sectors and non-commercial activities with population size less

than 5000, generally lack supporting facilities that are unique to urban areas like hospitals,

industries (large and medium scale), institutional etc. They appear in dark bluish green in

the core built-up area and bluish in the periphery; the size varies from small to big;



irregular and discontinuous in appearance; can be seen in clusters con-contiguous or

scattered.

Agricultural Land

These are the lands primarily used for farming and for production of food, fiber, and other

commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops (irrigated and unirrigated,

fallow, plantations etc.).

Cropland

These are the areas with standing crop as on the date of satellite overpass. Cropped areas

appear in bright red to red in color with varying shape and size in a contiguous to

noncontiguous pattern. They are widely distributed in different terrains; prominently

appear in the irrigated areas irrespective of the source of irrigation.

Forest

These are the areas bearing an association predominantly of trees and other vegetation

types (within the notified forest boundaries) capable of producing timber and other forest

produce. They comprise of thick and dense canopy of tall trees, which can be evergreen,

semi evergreen or deciduous (moist/dry/thorn). Evergreen forest includes both coniferous

and tropical broadleaved evergreen species and predominantly remains green throughout

the year. Semi-evergreen is a forest type that includes a combination of evergreen and

deciduous species with the former dominating the canopy cover. Deciduous forest types

are of predominantly composed of species, which shed their leaves once a year, especially

during summer. They exhibit bright red to dark red in color in varying sizes, smooth to

medium texture depending on the crown density, contiguous to non-contiguous in pattern

based on their location. The size can be irregular and discontinuous occupying medium

relief mountain/hill slopes within the notified areas. Forest blank are the openings amidst

forest areas, devoid of tree cover, observed as openings of assorted size and shapes as

manifested on the imagery. They appear in light yellow to light brown in tone, generally

small in size. They possess regular to irregular shape, scattered in the forested areas. Most

of these areas are seen along hill tops/slopes midst forest areas. Forest blanks are also to

be included in this category.

Dense/Closed

This category includes all the areas where the canopy cover/density is more than 40%.

Open/Degraded



This category includes all the forest areas where the canopy cover/density ranges

between 10 – 40%.

Wastelands

Wasteland is described as degraded land which can be brought under vegetative cover with

reasonable effort and which is currently underutilized and land which is deteriorating for

lack of appropriate water and soil management or an account of natural causes. Wastelands

can result from inherent / imposed disabilities such as by location, environment.

Dense Scrub

These areas possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times chemically degraded, extremes of

slopes, severely eroded and lands subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the

landscape. They have a tendency for intermixing with cropped areas.

Open Scrub

This category has a similar description as mentioned in the earlier class excepting that they

possess sparse vegetation or devoid of scrub and have a thin soil cover.

Barren/Rocky/Stony Waste

These are rock exposures of varying lithology often barren and devoid of soil and

vegetation cover. They occur amidst hill-forests as openings or as isolated exposures on

plateau and plains. Such lands can be easily discriminated from other categories of

wastelands because of their characteristic spectral response. They appear in greenish blue

to yellow to brownish in color depending on the rock type. They vary in size with irregular

to discontinuous shape with a linear to contiguous or dispersed pattern. They are located in

steep isolated hillocks/hill slopes, crests, plateau and eroded plains associated with barren

and exposed rocky/stony wastes, lateritic outcrops, mining and quarrying sites.

Water Bodies

This category comprises areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of ponds,

lakes and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canals etc. These are seen clearly on the

satellite image in blue to dark blue or cyan color depending on the depth of water.

River /Stream/Canal

Rivers/streams are natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite

channel/slope regularly or intermittently towards a sea in most cases or a lake or an inland

basin in desert areas or a marsh or another river. Depending upon the nature of availability

of water, rivers are sub-divided into perennial or seasonal. They appear in light to dark

blue in color, long, narrow to wide depending on the size of the river. They appear in



contiguous, at times non linear pattern and associated with drainage pattern on hill slopes,

flood plains or uplands, at times with vegetation along the banks.

Lakes / Ponds

These are accumulation of water in a depression of various sizes either natural or saline

Lakes / ponds are those that retain water in them either for one season or throughout the

year and usually not subject to extreme fluctuation in water level. Ponds are body of water

limited in size, either natural or artificial, regular in shape, smaller in size than a lake,

generally located near settlements.

Reservoir / Tanks

Reservoir is an artificial lake created by construction of a dam across the river specifically

for irrigation, and water supply for domestic/industrial needs, flood control, etc., either

singly or in combination. Tanks are small lakes of impounded water ways constructed on

land surface for irrigation. They appear in light blue to dark blue depending on the depth

from small to large sizes. They possess regular to irregular shape dispersed to linear,

occupying lowlands, plains. They are associated with croplands, low lands and reservoirs

surrounded by hills with or without vegetation.

Drainage

In geomorphology, a drainage system is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and

lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of the land,

whether a particular region is dominated by hard or soft rocks, and the gradient of the land.

Geomorphologists and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage basins. A

drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, through

flow, and groundwater flow. Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic

barriers called a watershed. A watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow

to some location along the stream channel. The number, size, and shape of the drainage

basins found in an area varies and the larger the topographic map.



CHAPTER- 2

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing

of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas

and during periods of inadequate rainfall. There is a great necessity of irrigation in Indian

agriculture. India has a great diversity and variety of climate and weather conditions. These

conditions range from extreme of heat to extreme of cold and from extreme dryness to excessive

rainfall. Due to some reasons irrigation is needed in Indian agriculture.

Uncertainty of Monsoon rainfall both in time and place.

Irregularity in distribution of rainfall throughout the year.

Excessive rainfall causing flood.

Draught is an annual event in some areas.

India is a land of Rabi Crops. But there is not rainfall in winter months.

Some soils need more water.

Introduction of H.Y.V seeds and multiple cropping need water throughout the

year.

The types of Irrigation mainly practiced in India are:

Tanks

(a) Sichhni (b) Donga

Well

(a) Dug Well (b) Tube Well: (i) Shallow. (ii) Deep.

Canal

(a) Perennial (b) Non-Perennial

2.1. Crop water Requirement

Crop water requirement is the water required by the plants for its survival, growth, development

and to produce economic parts. This requirement is applied either naturally by precipitation or

artificially by irrigation. Hence the crop water requirement includes all losses like:

a) Transpiration loss through leaves (T)

b) Evaporation loss through soil surface in cropped area (E)



c) Amount of weather used by plants (WP) for its metabolic activities which is estimated as less

than 1% of the total water absorption. These three components cannot be separated so easily.

Hence the ET loss is taken as crop water use or crop water consumptive use.

d) Other application losses are conveyance loss, percolation loss, runoff loss, etc., (WL).

e) The water required for special purposes (WSP) like puddling operation, ploughing operation,

land preparation, leaching, requirement, for the purpose of weeding, for dissolving fertilizer and

chemical, etc. Hence the water requirement is symbolically represented as:

WR = T + E + WP + WL + WSP

(The other application losses and special purposes are mostly indented for wet land cultivation.

Hence for irrigated dry land crop the ET loss alone is accounted for crop water requirement). The

estimations of the water requirement of crop are one of the basic needs for crop planning on the

farm and for the planning of any irrigation project.



Name Of the District- seraikela

Area sown (ha)

Kharif

Area sown (ha) Rabi

Irrigated area (ha)

Crop water

demand (mm)

Water potential required

(BCM)

Existing Water potential

(BCM)

Water potential to be created

(BCM) Crop

Crop water

demand (kharif)(BCM)

Crop water demand

(Rabi)(BCM)

Total water

demand (BCM)

Irrigated Rainfed Total

a. Cereals 10700 10600 0.02332 100 0.001 1100 0.02432 0.03648 0.007296 0.029184

b. Coarse Cereals

780 585 0.000468 280 0.00112

400

0.001588 0.002382 0.0004764 0.0019056

C. Pulses 154 154 0.000139 0 450 0.000139 0.0002079 0.00004158 0.00016632

D. Oil seeds 200 0 200 0.0007 350

0.0007 0.00105 0.00021 0.00084

Mango 21 0.0000126 0 300 1.26E-05 0.0000189 0.00000378 0.00001512

Guava 16 0.0000096 0 300 9.6E-06 0.0000144 0.00000288 0.00001152

Lemon 8 0.0000048 0 300 4.8E-06 0.0000072 0.00000144 0.00000576

Banana 5 0.000006 0 600 0.000006 0.000009 0.0000018 0.0000072

Brinjal 0 52 0.000312 600 0.000312 0.000468 0.0000936 0.0003744

Cabbage 0 0 146 0.000876 600 0.000876 0.001314 0.0002628 0.0010512

Cauliflower 0 125 0.00075 600 0.00075 0.001125 0.000225 0.0009

Cucumber 0 21 0.000126 600 0.000126 0.000189 0.0000378 0.0001512

Okra 0 42 0.000252 600 0.000252 0.000378 0.0000756 0.0003024

Potato 0 63 0.000378 600 0.000378 0.000567 0.0001134 0.0004536

Tomato 0 125 0.000438 350 0.000438 0.00065625 0.00013125 0.000525

Peas 0 63 0.000221 350 0.000221 0.00033075 0.00006615 0.0002646

Other Veg. 0 219 0.000767 350 0.000767 0.00114975 0.00022995 0.0009198

0.030898 0.04634715 0.00926943 0.03707772



Table – 27

Year January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Total

2004 0 0 5.7 155.2 27.5 145.9 137.4 189.9 52.1 72 0 0 785.7

2005 24 0 19.5 0 0 41.1 0 0 0 101 0 18 203.6

2006 0 0 31.8 14 0 0 0 325.8 33.3 0 0 0 404.9

2007 0 35 0 8 68 113 0 306.4 306.8 3.4 2 0 842.6

2008 0 1.3 1.2 15.2 31.4 44.4 148 130 159.7 0 0 0 531.2

2009 0 0 0 0 0 148.8 121.2 545.8 285.4 382.7 0 0 1483.9

2010 0 2.2 3 36.4 0 56.3 100 180 172.6 55.6 0 42 648.1

2011 28.4 88.5 133.3 175.5 37.5 463.2

2012 357 237.9 307.4 902.3

2013 31 -116.9 336.3 269.6 224.5 8.5 13.3 24.2 790.5

2014 0 143.6 179.4 280.1 261.4 251.1 0 1115.6

2015 0 8.2 16.1 0 46.5 165.6 321.3 291.9 105.6 66.2 0 0 1021.4



Graph- 12

Table-28 Types of holdings

Individual

Holdings Joint Holdings

Sub-

Total(Individual+Joint)

Institutional

Holdings Total Holdings

Sl.No. Size of

Holding(in

ha.)

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

1 Below 0.5 68482 20274 4295 1799 72777 22072 0 0 72777 22072

2 0.5-1.0 17797 13634 1539 1274 19336 14907 111 105 19447 15012

3 1.0-2.0 16884 23970 8421 15298 25305 39269 155 298 25460 39567

4 2.0-3.0 5882 15147 4004 9939 9886 25086 280 753 10166 25838

5 3.0-4.0 893 3074 715 2662 1608 5736 0 0 1608 5736

6 4.0-5.0 3932 19077 2277 10821 6209 29898 210 948 6419 30846

7 5.0-7.5 634 4184 560 3895 1194 8078 0 0 1194 8078

8 7.5-10.0 130 1069 330 2953 460 4022 0 0 460 4022

9 10.0-20.0 145 1721 434 6709 579 8430 1 10 580 8440

10 20.0 &

ABOVE 3 64 12 559 15 623 0 0 15 623

11 ALL

CLASSES 114782 102213 22587 55909 137369 158122 757 2114 138126 160236



Table-29 Average land holding

Sl.No.

Size of

holding(in ha.)

Individual

Holdings Joint Holdings

Sub-

Total(Individual+Joint)

Institutional

Holdings Total Holdings

Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area Number Area

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

1 MARGINAL 86279 33908 5834 3073 92113 36981 111 105 92224 37084

2 SMALL 16884 23970 8421 15298 25305 39268 155 298 25460 39567

3 SEMIMEDIUM 6775 18221 4719 12601 11494 30822 280 753 11774 31574

4 MEDIUM 4696 24330 3167 17669 7863 41999 210 948 8073 42946

5 LARGE 148 1785 446 7268 594 9053 1 10 595 9063

6 ALL CLASSES 114782 102213 22587 55909 137369 158122 757 2114 138126 160236

Table-30- Source wise irrigation

Sl.No Size Class(HA) Area

Irrigated-

Canal

Area

Irrigated

Tanks

Area

Irrigated

wells

Area

Irrigated

Tibe

wells

Area

Irrigated-

Others

1 Below 0.5 13 17 1 342 1

2 0.5 - 1.0 6 43 2 297 Neg

MARGINAL 18 60 3 639 1

3 1.0 - 2.0 0 11 3 136 102

SMALL 0 11 3 136 102

4 2.0 - 3.0 0 32 0 50 0

5 3.0 - 4.0 0 23 0 44 0

SEMIMEDIUM 0 56 0 93 0

6 4.0 - 5.0 0 67 6 21 0

7 5.0 - 7.5 0 27 Neg 10 0

8 7.5 - 10.0 0 44 10 0 0

MEDIUM 0 138 15 31 0

9 10.0 - 20.0 0 2 Neg Neg 0

10 20.0 & ABOVE 0 0 0 0 0

LARGE 0 2 Neg Neg 0

11 ALL CLASSES 18 267 22 900 103



Graph-14

Net

Area Current

Net

Cultivated Uncultivated Land

Fallow

Land

Culturable

Waste

Total

Uncultivated

Land Not

Available

Size Class(HA) Sown Fallows Area Excluding Fallow

Land

Land Land for Cultivation

Below 0.5 8330 11654 19984 173 1391 40 1604 485

0.5 - 1.0 3866 9811 13677 211 627 71 908 427

MARGINAL 12195 21465 33660 383 2018 111 2512 912

1.0 - 2.0 11168 22664 33832 620 3654 445 4718 1016

SMALL 11168 22664 33832 620 3654 445 4718 1016

2.0 - 3.0 6888 12995 19883 463 4275 262 5000 955

3.0 - 4.0 1453 3278 4731 139 498 95 732 273

SEMIMEDIUM 8341 16273 24614 602 4773 357 5732 1228

4.0 - 5.0 9454 13402 22857 309 4098 189 4595 3394

5.0 - 7.5 2323 4773 7096 118 523 89 731 252

7.5 - 10.0 1360 2058 3418 62 298 58 418 187

MEDIUM 13137 20233 33371 489 4919 336 5744 3832

10.0 - 20.0 3723 2108 5831 530 1027 463 2020 589

20.0 & ABOVE 278 128 407 38 77 57 173 43

LARGE 4001 2237 6238 568 1104 520 2193 633

ALL CLASSES 48843 82873 131716 2662 16468 1768 20898 7622



Productivity in Kg per Ha

Productivity

Crop Unirrigated Irrigated

Paddy 2066

Maize 1300 1040

Wheat 1347

Pigeon pea 172

Mustard 360

Potato 9695

Ladies finger 14000

Tomato 20000

Brinjal 20000

Cauliflower 12000

Mango 16000

Banana 20000

Lemon 10000



Chapter - 3 Water Availability 3.1. Status of Water Availability

Estimation of Ground Water Resources has been carried out based on the methodology

recommended by the Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC’97). A ground water

resource of the entire state has been computed by CGWB (CGWB, NCCR, 2011) for the year

2008-2009. Salient features of the estimation of ground water resources are described

below. The present computations pertain to the ground water year 2008-09. The resources

have been computed block wise. Areas having slope more than 20 % were excluded from

recharge computations. Ground water recharge and draft were computed separately for

command and non-command areas. The present Ground Water Development in the district

has been calculated for command area and non-command area separately for each block.

All the blocks in the study area have been categorized as safe from ground water

abstraction point of view.

The overall ground water development in the district is moderate.

Ground water availability: Table-33

DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2009)

Net annual ground water availability (BCM) 0.1886

Gross Ground Water Draft for all uses (BCM) 0.02209

Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial uses up to 0.01730

next 25 years (BCM)

Stage of Ground Water Development 11.71 %

Surface water is water on the surface of the planet such as in a stream, river, lake, wetland,

or pond/tank. It can be contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water. Nonsaline

surface water is replenished by precipitation and by recruitment from ground-water. It is

lost through evaporation, seepage into the ground where it becomes ground-water, used by

plants for transpiration, extracted by mankind for agriculture, living, industry etc. or

discharged to the sea where it becomes saline.

To derive Surface Water volume basically, we measure volumes and surface areas of a set

of farm ponds and tanks, and then develop relationships between surface areas and

volumes. After that using these relationships calculated volumes of the whole study region

surface water bodies based on our remote-sensing surface area.



Status of command:

Table-34

Block Total CCA

Pot Created Balance 3 year programme

2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Beyond 17-18

Seraikela 12831.78 829 12002.78 360 840 600 10202.78

Gamharia 3332 2305 1027 340 340 347 0

Rajnagar 21960 899 21061 750 1790 1320 17201

Kharsawan 10137 825 9312 700 1100 1340 6172

Kuchai 14071.94 702 13369.94 580 1380 720 10689.94

Chandil 10739.54 733 10006.54 380 560 500 8566.54

Nimdih 14927 582 14345 580 760 620 12385

Ichagarh 13785.22 2034 11751.22 380 460 400 10511.22

Kukru 11000 216 10784 710 1130 960 7984

112784.5 9125 103659.5 4780 8360 6807 83712.48

Table for stored surface water

Table- 35

Block Area in Ha

Adityapur 1788.33

Chandil 1806.13

Gobindpur 750.51

Ichagarh 2762.43

Kharsawan 433.22

Kukru 1260.76

Kuchai 171.83

Nimdih 1673.25

Seraikela 852.41

Total 11498.86



Graph -15

Table- 36 Calculation of water stored

Block Area in Ha

Water stored

Adityapur 1788.33 52040322.12

Chandil 1806.13 52558424.33

Gobindpur 750.51 21839728.32

Ichagarh 2762.43 80386841.7

Kharsawan 433.22 12606616.52

Kukru 1260.76 36688213.79

Kuchai 171.83 5000298.604

Nimdih 1673.25 48691440.01

Seraikela 852.41 24805011.2

Total 11498.86 334616896.6



Chapter – 4

Water Requirement /Demand:

4.1. Domestic Water Demand

The quantity of water delivered and used for households is an important aspect of

domestic water supplies, which influences hygiene and therefore public health. To date,

WHO has not provided guidance on the quantity of domestic water that is required to

promote good health. This paper reviews the requirements for water for health-related

purposes to derive a figure of an acceptable minimum to meet the needs for consumption

(hydration and food preparation) and basic hygiene.

Based on estimates of requirements of lactating women who engage in moderate physical

activity in above-average temperatures, a minimum of 7.5 litres per capita per day will

meet the requirements of most people under most conditions. This water needs to be of a

quality that represents a tolerable level of risk. This volume does not account for health

and well-being-related demands outside normal domestic use such as water use in health

care facilities, food production, economic activity or amenity use.

The basic need for water includes water used for personal hygiene, but defining a minimum

has limited significance as the volume of water used by households depends on

accessibility as determined primarily by distance and time, but also including reliability

and potentially cost. Accessibility can be categorised in terms of service level. A summary

of the degree to which different levels of service will meet requirements to sustain good

health and interventions required to ensure health gains are maximised.

According to Froukh the term ‘domestic water demand’ is the amount of water required for

domestic uses. Water demand forecasting is essential to water utilities, both for day-to-day

operations and for long-term planning. A number of factors like climate, culture, food

habits, work and working conditions, level and type of development, and physiology

determine the requirement of water. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, a minimum

water supply of 200 litres per capita per day (lpcd) should be provided for domestic

consumption in cities with full flushing systems. It also mentions that the amount of water

supply may be reduced to 135 lpcd for the LIG and the economically weaker sections

(EWS) of the society and in small towns. For making it comfortable we have taken the

water demand at 80 liters/day for rural areas and 135 liters/day for urban areas.



Table- 37

Block wise Domestic water demand

2011 2015 2020 Existing Gap

Kuchai 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019 0.0015 0.0004

Kharsawan 0.0070 0.0070 0.0071 0.0056 0.0015

Chandil 0.0056 0.0056 0.0057 0.0045 0.0012

Ichagarh 0.0024 0.0025 0.0025 0.0020 0.0005

Kukru 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0013 0.0003

Adityapur(Gamharia) 0.0128 0.0130 0.0132 0.0104 0.0028

Saraikela 0.0032 0.0032 0.0032 0.0026 0.0007

Gobindpur(Rajnagar) 0.0040 0.0040 0.0041 0.0032 0.0009

Nimdih 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0019 0.0005

Total 0.0407 0.0412 0.0417 0.0329 0.0087

Graph -16



Graph -17

4.2. Crop water Demand:

It is essential to know the water requirement of a crop which is the total quantity of water

required from its sowing time up to harvest. Naturally different crops may have different

water requirements at different places of the same country, depending upon the climate,

type of soil, method of cultivation, effective rain etc. The total water required for crop

growth is not uniformly distributed over its entire life span which is also called crop period.

Actually, the watering stops same time before harvest and the time duration from the first

irrigation during sowing up to the last before harvest is called base period. Though crop

period is slightly more than the base period, they do not differ from practical purposes.

Table- 38

Total water

demand (BCM)


(BCM)

Existing Water

potential (BCM)

Water potential

to be created (BCM)

Kuchai 0.033516 0.050274 0.010055 0.040219

Kharsawan 0.032796 0.049195 0.009839 0.039356

Chandil 0.046798 0.070197 0.014039 0.056157

Ichagarh 0.042774 0.064161 0.012832 0.051328

Kukru 0.028607 0.042911 0.008582 0.034329

Adityapur(Gamharia) 0.050146 0.075219 0.015044 0.060175

Saraikela 0.030898 0.046347 0.009269 0.037078

Gobindpur(Rajnagar) 0.04892 0.07338 0.014676 0.058704

Nimdih 0.041141 0.061711 0.012342 0.049369

Total 0.3556 0.53339 0.10668 0.42671



4.3. Livestock water Demand:

Global trend in animal production indicates a rapid and massive increase in the

consumption of livestock products. It is predicted that meat and milk consumption will

grow at 2.8 and 3.3% per annum, respectively, in developing countries like India where the

whole system of rural economy has revolved around livestock production. Providing

enough quality water is essential for good livestock husbandry. Water makes up 80% of the

blood, regulates body temperature and is vital for organ functions such as digestion, waste

removal and the absorption of nutrients. Understanding daily livestock watering needs is

key when designing a livestock watering system.

The daily water requirement of livestock varies significantly among animal species. The

animal's size and growth stage will have a strong influence on daily water intake.

Consumption rates can be affected by environmental and management factors. Air

temperature, relative humidity and the level of animal exertion or production level are

examples of these factors. The quality of the water, which includes temperature, salinity

and impurities affecting taste and odour, will also have an effect. The water content of the

animal's diet will influence its drinking habits. Feed with a relatively high moisture content

decreases the quantity of drinking water required.

Given that drinking water needs are species-, farm- and management-specific, many

producers today are opting to install water-metering equipment to obtain accurate

measurements of water use. If medication is ever provided through the livestock's watering



system, the meter can be used to ensure proper dose rates.

Table 4.3 gives block water demand for livestock for current year .Estimation is done based

on livestock water demand which is different for types of animals. There is no additional

water requirement as stored water is more than water requirement. 25% of water is

reserved for this purpose in all current and future structures.

Total water

demand (BCM)


(BCM)

Existing Water

potential (BCM)

Water potential

to be created (BCM)

Kuchai 0.000314 0.000392 0.000251 0.000141

Kharsawan 0.000302 0.000378 0.000242 0.000136

Chandil 0.000330 0.000413 0.000264 0.000149

Ichagarh 0.000324 0.000405 0.000259 0.000146

Kukru 0.000327 0.000409 0.000262 0.000147


Saraikela 0.000315 0.000394 0.000252 0.000142


Nimdih 0.000315 0.000394 0.000252 0.000142

Total 0.002883 0.003603 0.002306 0.001297



4.4. Industrial Water Demand

In Jharkhand, industry is the second highest consumer of water. The main sources of water

for the industrial sector are groundwater and surface water. Groundwater has emerged as

an important source to meet the water requirements of industries. Choice of source of

water depends on the availability of sufficient and regular supply of water and the cost of

water from the source. While the running cost of surface water is mainly the price paid to

the supplier—the municipal bodies; the cost of groundwater is the extraction cost—energy

used (electricity/diesel). Since the prices of all the inputs, water, electricity, and diesel are

administered or regulated by the government, the inefficient use of water remains a normal

practice. Since the surface water supply from municipal sources is not sufficiently

guaranteed, industrial units tend to depend on groundwater.

Net water demand for industries in the current year is 1.272 BCM. Industrial water demand

for the year 2020 is estimated at 1.59 BCM. Data is obtained from CGWB and district

industries department.

Number Capacity 2015 2020 Existing Gap

Small 20 4.8 0.096 0.12 0.0912 0.0288

Medium 75 2.4 0.18 0.225 0.171 0.054

Large 830 1.2 0.996 1.245 0.9462 0.2988

Total 1.272 1.59 1.2084 0.3816



4.5. Water demand for Power generation:

There is six power plant hence no water demand is there for power generation

Number Capacity Requirement 2015 2020 Existing Gap

Power generation 6 36 216 0.216 0.27 0.2052 0.0648

Combined water demand block wise:

Total water

demand (BCM)


(BCM)

Existing Water

potential (BCM)

Water potential

to be created (BCM)

Kuchai 0.03573 0.052566 0.011806 0.04076

Kharsawan 0.040098 0.056673 0.015681 0.040992

Chandil 0.052728 0.07631 0.018803 0.057506

Ichagarh 0.541598 0.687066 0.486291 0.200774

Kukru 0.030534 0.04492 0.010144 0.034776


Saraikela 0.530413 0.669941 0.483321 0.18672


Nimdih 0.043756 0.064505 0.014494 0.050011

Total 1.887577 2.438698 1.555583 0.883212



4.6. Water Demand of the district for Various sectors (Present)

Based on calculation it is reflect that total current water requirement is 1.88 BCM. Highest

water requirement is in Adityapur block and lowest requirement is in Kukru Block. Due to

rapid urbanisation and increasing population in 2020 water requirement is near about

2.44 BCM.

Total water

demand (BCM)


(BCM)

Existing Water

potential (BCM)

Water potential

to be created (BCM)

Domestic water demand 0.0412 0.0417 0.0329 0.0087

Crop water demand 0.3556 0.53339 0.10668 0.42671

Livestock water demand 0.002883 0.003603 0.002306 0.001297

Industrial water demand 1.272 1.59 1.2084 0.3816

Water demand for power 0.216 0.27 0.2052 0.0648

Total water demand 1.887683 2.438693 1.555486 0.883107



Chapter -5 Strategic Action plan

Water is essential for sustaining life and at the same time, it is an important component for

almost all developmental plans. Obviously the schemes for development of water resources

for beneficial use of the society have been taken up since the time immemorial.

Considerable progress has been made in respect of water resources development in India

after independence through various Plans and such developments have helped in almost

five fold increase in creation of irrigation potential. Total created irrigation potential at pre-

Plan period was about 22.6 million hectares (Mha) which at present is about 108.2 Mha.

There has also been appreciable development in the areas of drinking water supply and

other uses. However, growing population, urbanization and industrialization has led to

considerable increase in demand of water for various purposes e.g., irrigation, domestic

needs, industrial requirements etc.

In this regard, it may be mentioned that the water sector has very strong linkages with all

other developmental activities. In view of fast changing development scenario, it is

emphasized that the key priorities and identified strategies cannot be considered as static

and firm. These need to be reviewed and improved upon from time to time. In this regard a

comprehensive “Strategic Plan for District Irrigation” has been prepared through

geospatial approach:

5.1. Methodology

Diverse research methodologies using RS and GIS have been applied by different authors to

identify potential rainwater harvestings in remote and data scarce areas; in most of these

methods, thematic maps are derived from remote sensing data and integrated in GIS to

evaluate suitable sites for rainwater harvesting. Remote sensing is of immense use for

natural resources mapping and generating necessary spatial database required as an input

for GIS analysis. GIS is a tool for collecting, storing and analyzing spatial and non - spatial

data, and developing a model based on local factors can be used to evaluate appropriate

natural resources development and management action plans. Both these techniques can

complement each other to be used as an effective tool for selecting suitable sites for water

harvesting structures.

In assessment of proposed rainwater harvesting structures potential using GIS and RS,

outlines six key factors that require to be integrated into a GIS framework in order to

successfully develop a suitable model for RWH. This include; rainfall, hydrology (rainfall

runoff relationships), slope, land cover, soils (texture, structure, depth) and socio-

economics of the area under consideration.



The following criteria have been followed for making decision on selecting suitable site for

various water harvesting structures as per Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development

(IMSD) guidelines.

Check dams

The slope should be less than 15 per cent.

The land use may be barren, shrub land and riverbed.

The infiltration rate of the soil should be less.

The type of soil should be sandy clay loam.

Percolation tanks and nala bunds

The slope should be less than 10 per cent.

The infiltration rate of the soil should be moderately high.

The land use / cover may be barren or scrub land.

The type of soil should be silt loam.

The suitability of WHS sites can be confirmed as the site is located on second and third

order drainage and satisfies the conditions of land use, soil type and slope as per IMSD

guidelines. Water harvesting structures are extremely important to conserve precious

natural resources like, soil and water, which is depleting day by day at alarming rate. The

following table provide strategic action plan for irrigation for each block as well as for

whole district and estimated costs and period of implementation.

5.2. Prioritization of Blocks and activity for Strategic Planning

The prioritization is the heart of the programme in which any programme will be

implemented. Some of the important activities to be included in first phase or first year and

some of the activity included in last year or last phase. For prioritization of the activity and

block fallowing criteria has been adopeted.

1. Map the present situation.

2. Talk to local peoples and public representatives.

3. Availability of Resources.

4. Poverty Index.

5. Percentage of SC & ST Population.

6. Percentage of Formers .

7. Cropping Intensity.

8. Ground Water Situation.

9. Available of Degraded Land.

10. Land Capability Status.

11. Percentage of Irrigated area to total cropped area.



YEAR BATC

H BLOCK(s)

GEOGRAPHIC

AL AREA (in

Ha)

TREATAB

LE AREA

(in Ha)

PROJEC

T COST

(Rs. in

Lakh)

NO. OF

MICRO-

WATERSHE

DS

1 2009-

10 I Rajnagar 3753.3600 5042.7000

605.124

0 10

2 2011-

12 III(A)

Ichagarh, Chandil

6133.4418 5246.2487 629.549

8 5

3 2011-

12 III(A) Ichagarh 7089.0023 6360.3931

763.247

2 7

4 2011-

12 III(B) Gobindpur 6074.5679 5458.4368

655.012

4 7

5 2013-

14 V Kharsawan 6174.7621 5797.3684

869.605

3 4

29225.13 27905.15

3522.538

7 33



Chapter - 6

Expected Outcomes

Outcomes expected: - The implementation of different interventions as proposed in the

DPR will result in positive changes in life of people of the proposed district. These changes

can be summarized in the following broad headings-

Status of ground water table- Due to the various soil and moisture conservation activities

carried in the different villages of the district, percolation of water will be increased

resulting in the increase of ground water table. It will be further augmented by different

water storage structures and green cover generated from the plantation being done in the

village. Harvesting runoff water for irrigation will also lead to enhanced percolation and

increased ground water table. The increase in ground water table can be seen from the 3rd

year of the intervention.

Ground water structures: It has also come out that ponds have limited use for irrigation.

Lift irrigation systems are becoming costly due to the increasing prices of fossil fuels.

Economics is not setting correctly for the lift irrigation systems. But since PMKSY do not

have any such restrictions, well thought of structures have been put under the proposed

plan. It has been kept in mind that there is a need for conjunctive utilization of surface and

ground water for better sustainability of the water as resource.

Quality of drinking water: Drinking water is a function of ground water availability. In

most of the discussion it has come out that during peak of summers, availability of drinking

water is an issue. The current plan will help in increasing groundwater table and thus

availability of drinking water during the peak summers. In absence of drinking water

availability people drink water which is not suitable and safe for drinking. The project will

help in increasing access to safe drinking water from the 3rd year as a result of different soil

and moisture conservation activities along with the water storage and harvesting

structures.

Due to convergence of the different programmes existing structures will be repaired and it

will help in increasing availability of drinking water across all blocks of the district. Also it

has been proposed that wells will be constructed resulting in increased availability of

water for people of the district.



Availability of drinking water: As said above availability of drinking water during the

peak summers is always an issue. The pre project studies suggest that water is available for

almost 8-9 months in general. Post project availability will be increased to 12 months for

all the families living in the villages under the watershed.

Increase in irrigation potential: Water for irrigation is essential for success of watershed

and livelihood interventions proposed for any watershed. This is mainly because almost 70

to 80 percent of the rural population depends on agriculture for its survival. In the district

people generally opt for the open wells as main source of irrigation, where as ponds came

as the second choice. Construction of check dams and provision of lift irrigation systems

are also proposed as means of irrigation. Along with it construction of irrigation channels

from the check dams and ponds are also proposed to enhance the area under assured

irrigation. According to people 60% of total geographical area should be brought under

assured irrigation for ensuring food security and reducing migration.

Change in the cropping pattern: Since irrigation remains one of the most critical factors

for crop diversification and intensification, with the plan being progressed across district

and increase in the irrigated area, there is going to be a shift in the cropping patter. At least

30000 Ha of land will be brought under irrigation through the PMKSY. Since the plan

focuses on use of mostly run off in the district, limited land will be brought under direct

irrigation but it will lead to increased availability of water to the community in the long

run.

Increase in crop production area: Crop production area will increase due to the

additional land brought under irrigation and cultivation both. Almost 30000 Ha will be

brought under 2nd cropping and 15000 Ha will be brought under 3rd cropping by PMKSY

programme in the district.

Increase in area under vegetation: 512 Ha of unutilized land will be brought under

vegetation. The vegetation will be comprised of Timber, fodder and fruit plantations. This

will help in water regulation and water cycling at the local level. This along with the other

measures will help in maintaining the hydrological cycle at the district level, it will also

help in reducing pressure on forest due to fuel wood and fodder for animals.

Increase in Horticulture crop:145 Ha of unutilized land will be brought under fruit

plants. Plants of Mango, Guava, Lemon and Papaya will be planted. Choice of the species

will be according to the farmers. Since the crops are of different duration intercropping of

the oil seeds will be promoted as under cover. These inter cropping will be helpful in

improving soil texture and also in fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.



Increase in fuel crops: Species like Arjuna, Gamhar, Sissoo, Sagwan and Karanj will be

planted. 367 Ha of land will be brought under timber plantation which will also help in

getting fuel wood through pruning of the plants. These plants will yield high quality timber

on maturity part from increasing green cover during the rotation period. Species of

Susabool and Glyrecidia will be planted to support fodder and green manuring crops on the

plantations. These will also be taken for agro forestry programme under the project.

Increase in fodder crops: Fodder crops like Maize which has multiple uses will be

promoted under the project. 10 Ha of land will be brought under the fodder crop for

supporting animal husbandry based activities.

Increase in milk production: Milk production in the area will be enhanced through the

improved Breed, feed, diseases and housing management practices. Support will be taken

from BAIF for establishing AI center and from Dairy development department for induction

of the cross breed animals. Through feed and breed management milk yield from the

existing indigenous milch animals will be also be increased. From the current level of 1.5

liter/animal/day it will be increased to 1.9 liter/animal/day at the end of the project.

No of SHGs promoted: 600 more number of women SHGs will be promoted and through

these SHGs at least 6600 families will be accessed directly for the livelihood interventions

through theNRLM scheme or through direct bank linkage.

Increase in Number of livelihoods: Due to different community based organizations like

SHGs, farmer’s club and user groups promoted under the project variety of options for the

livelihood will be generated. Activities like Dairy, Goatry, Poultry, Piggery and vocational

training based service activities like paravets will take shape. Programme plans to access

30% of the total families living in the project area through the livelihood activities.

Resource use agreement: for all the 30913 water storage structures, common property

resources developed under the programme there will write norms of garment with the

watershed committee for use. There will be written benefit sharing mechanism between

the watershed committee and watershed community under the programme.



1 2 3 4 5 6

S.

No. Item

Unit of

measurement

Pre-project

Status

Expected

Post-project

Status

Remarks

1 Status of water table

(Depth to Ground water

level)

Meters 12 11 Rise in water

table

2 Ground water structures

repaired/ rejuvenated

No. 00 2118 All wells will

have enhanced

water table

3 Quality of drinking water Description Good Better Improved

quality of

water

4 Availability of drinking

water

Description 10 months 12 months Round the year

availability of

water

5 Increase in irrigation

potential

Hec. 22325 52325 30000

additional area

brought under

irrigation

6 Change in cropping/ land

use pattern

Description More intensive

Kahriff and

Rabi crops

7 Area under agricultural

crop

Ha 91400 99400 Increased due

to SMC works

I Area under single

crop

Ha 91400 99400 Due to SMC

works

II Area under double

crop

Ha 22325 52325 Due to water

storage

structures

III Area under multiple

crop

Ha 11000 26000 Due to

enhanced



irrigation

potential

8 Net increase in crop

production area

Ha 91400 99400 Increased due

to SMC works

9 Increase in area under

Vegetation/Forest

Ha 00 512 Under IWMP

and

MGNREGA


horticulture

Ha 00 145 Under IWMP

11 Increase in area under fuel Ha 00 367 Under

MGNREGA


Fodder

Ha 00 10 As

undergrowth in

plantations

13 Increase in milk

production

Litres/day 1.50 1.95

14 Environmental Impact

Change in Soil Loss

Perenniality of flow and

change in Run-off

Recharge of ground water

Less soil

erosion, more

perennial water

sources, water

table raised

14 No. of SHGs Promoted No. 1200 1800 600 more SHG

promoted

15 Increase in no. of

livelihoods

No. 13200 19800 6600 more

women will

have access to

livelihoods



Chapter- 7

Water Audit Water audit for the PMKSY at Seraikela

The main aim of the Seraikela Water Resources Audit (WRA) is to assess the status of water

resources in the district and to provide a framework for more productive, sustainable

and/or equitable use of water resources. A major feature of the WRA is the consolidation,

ground truthing and analysis of water-related information using a GIS database. This

involved collecting data from a wide range of different sources and carrying out field

surveys to update and validate spatial and non-spatial data.

Land Use

The main land use across ditrcit is rainfed arable cropping. On the red soils, a single crop is

grown each year and around 80% of the rainfed arable area is under Paddy. On the shallow

and medium-depth black soils, rainfed double-cropping is possible and Maize is most

common crop.F

Analysis of the net revenues of the main rainfed and irrigated crops shows that, in most

cases, the relative percentage area under different crops is consistent with the relative net

revenue. Anomalies occur in the case of crops that are grown for subsistence purposes (e.g.

jowar, ragi, bajra, seteria) or crops that have high risks associated with them (e.g. onion).

As might be expected, in the case of irrigated crops, comparisons of net revenues per unit

area and net revenues per unit volume of water show that farmers are currently more

interested in maximising profit per unit of land. Analysis of data from on-farm trials shows

that substantial improvements in net revenue per unit area (for irrigated and rainfed

crops) and per unit volume of water are possible if a range of improved practices is

adopted by farmers.

Objective of the water audit:

To assess the status of water and other natural resources at scales ranging from the

micro-watershed to the macro-watershed, thereby, to inform decision-making and

policy formulation at all levels irrigation based programme.



To assess pressures on groundwater and surface water resources and current

trends in use and demand (e.g. water demands for domestic purposes, irrigation,

non-land based activities).

To assess the relative value of different water uses in terms of productivity, equity

and basic human and environmental needs.

Based on the above, to identify resource management practices and policies that are

economically viable and that have the potential to bring about more equitable,

sustainable and productive use of water in the long term.

To provide baseline data against which some resource-related indicators can be

monitored.

To build capacity of officials so that they have the skills and confidence to undertake

and update resource audits.

Why carry out a water audit?

Because a water audit can:

· Identify the current status of water resources at different scales and trends in

demand and use;

· Provide information on access and entitlements to water and the trade-offs that

have resulted or will result from different patterns of water use;

· Provide information on social and institutional factors affecting access to water and

reliability of water supplies;

· Help identify externalities which only become apparent when the patterns of water

use are considered at the macro temporal and spatial scales;

· Provide information that is required for assessing efficacy of existing water-related

policies;

· Identify opportunities for saving or making more productive and/or equitable use of

water;

· Identify the effectiveness of current drought and flood coping strategies;

· Identify potential problems resulting from competing or multiple uses of water;

· Assess the accuracy of government statistics;

· Identify the extent to which decision making is based on hydrological myths or

misconceptions.

Water Audit design philosophy

· Make maximum use of secondary baseline information (e.g. soil maps, remotely-

sensed data, etc.) and resource monitoring information (e.g. rainfall records,



groundwater levels, agricultural statistics etc.) that has been or is being collected by

government line departments and other organisations;

· Adopt an approach that builds on experience gained in different Water Audit and, in

particular, include systematic collection of social and institutional data;

· Use GIS software to consolidate spatial information and, where necessary, reconcile

differences between administrative and physical boundaries;

· Ensure maximum involvement of specialists who have long experience of working

in this area;

· Encourage the active involvement of line department staff.

Availability of natural resources, particularly land and water, for people of India is

inequitable at global level. Presently, with 2.4 per cent of land and 4 per cent of water

resources, India has to support 16 per cent of world’s population and 15 per cent of

livestock. India gets an average precipitation of 4000 billion cubic meters (BCM) per

annum. Precipitation is highly unevenly distributed with respect to time and space, over

the country. As much as 75% of total average annual precipitation occurs in 4 months of

monsoon period. Even during the monsoon months, about 50% of total annual rainfall

takes place only in 15 days and in less than 100 hrs. As far as spatial unevenness is

concerned, the average rainfall in Meghalaya is 10900 mm, whereas, in Rajasthan it is as

low as 100 mm against the national average annual rainfall of 1100 mm. On the other hand

demand for fresh water is increasing with every passing day. It is not only due to rapid

population growth alone, but also on account of many other factors such as rise in per

capita water demand arising out of continuous upward movement of living standards,

increased reliance on irrigated agriculture, massive urbanization and industrialization etc.

As per the present indication, population of the country may stabilize by the year 2050 at

around 1.6 billions. The available utilizable water resource of the country is considered

insufficient to meet all future needs. Under such a situation, in order to face the challenge of

water deficit, apart from accelerating pace of development of available utilizable water

resources, all out efforts, on the part of people from every walk of life, would need to be

made to conserve every drop of water and improve efficiency in all areas of water use.

With a view to improving performance of irrigation programme and to increase

productivity per drop of water, “Performance Evaluation Studies of Irrigation Projects”

have been taken up in the country since the seventies. Central Water Commission started

such exercise since the 8th plan period. So far (till the end of Ninth Five Year Plan)

performance evaluation studies of 110 major and medium irrigation projects from various

regions / states of the country have been successfully accomplished by the Central Water

Commission (CWC), State Governments, Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP) and

Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR), Govt. of India. Ten irrigation projects have been



identified for undertaking post project evaluation studies in the tenth five year plan by

Central Water Commission. Besides performance evaluation of irrigation projects,

benchmarking of irrigation systems has also been taken up since 2002. Benchmarking may

provide an effective tool for measurement of relative performance of irrigation projects

and suggest ameliorative measures for performance improvement.

Though water audit is not a new concept, yet, no guidelines for water audit is available in

the country. Keeping this in view, Central Water Commission has taken a lead role to bring

out “General Guidelines for Water Audit”.

The “General Guidelines for Water Audit” have been prepared as conceptual guidelines to

cover broadly three main sectors of water use viz. irrigation, domestic and industrial. The

aims and objectives of these guidelines are to introduce, standardize and popularize the

water audit system for conservation of water in all sectors of water use and improve the

water use efficiency.

As hydro-dynamics and hydrology are stochastic in nature depending on various surprises,

intrinsically each and every project or water management system is unique in character.

Departments, Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), Agencies and other such organizations of

Central and State Governments, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working for

sustainable development of water resources, may formulate comprehensive guidelines

considering state-specific, region-specific and project specific needs, based on these

conceptual guidelines and keeping in view local/regional perspectives and aspirations.

2.0 STEPS OF WATER AUDIT

2.1 Water Supply and Usage Study

Water audit comprises of preparation of layout of water sources, distribution network,

service/delivery points to water users and return flow of waste or excess water. The layout

should include locations and capacities of flow measurement devices installed at key

points, dimensions of pipes and fittings in the water supply system, locations and

particulars of flow control devices and history sheets of all measuring and control devices

including pipes and fittings.

A study of the availability of water sources and past consumption patterns for various

sectors is necessary to understand the present water utilization and projecting future

requirement. Data on development of sustainable source of water through rainwater

harvesting and effluent recycling should also be taken into consideration.



2.2 Process Study

Flow measurement devices may be installed at all strategic points so that water losses from

various components such as raw water source, conveyance system from raw water source

to treatment plant, from treatment plant to treated water storage system, treated water

storage system to distribution networks, individual users, etc. could be assessed at regular

intervals. Such studies will also prove useful for future extension, renovation and

modernization of the system.

Water quality of the distribution system needs to be monitored regularly at strategic points

to find out the level and nature of contaminants present in the supplied water. Depending

on the types of application and degree of purity needed, the treatment system can be

designed and developed. The water distribution system, leakage assessment etc. will form

an integral part of this study.

2.3 System Audit

The current water usages and systems for water use under various sectors such as

irrigation, industry and commerce, hydropower, domestic water supply, thermal power

and others need to be studied to check their operational efficiency and level of

maintenance. The scope for any modification or up-gradation will depend on the status of

existing systems. Measurement methodology from the intake point of the system through

various sub-systems to the ultimate user points needs to be verified periodically for its

suitability, efficiency and accuracy. Bulk metering should be done at the source for zones,

districts etc. and revenue metering for consumers. This will help in identifying the reaches

of undue wastewater generation.

2.4 Discharge Analysis

The domestic wastewater, return flows from irrigation, and effluents from the industries

need to be studied for conformity to environment standards, possibility of recovery of

valuable by-products and the opportunity for recycling of waste water.

2.5 Water Audit Report

Adequate planning and standard procedures are necessary prior to undertaking the water

audit of a system. A water audit can be accomplished on the basis of water allotted for a

service and water actually utilized for that service. After assessing the loss of water and the

efficiency of the system, steps needed for utilization of recoverable water loss may be



listed. A cost-benefit study for optimum recovery of water loss may be performed. A water

audit report may, invariably, contain:

(a) amount of water earmarked/made available to the service.

(b) amount of water utilized, both through metered and unmetered supplies.

(c) water loss and efficiency of the system along with reasons for such water losses.

(d) Suggested measures to check water loss and improve efficiency.

An effective water audit report may be purposeful in detection of leak in distribution

system, taking timely action for plugging such leaks and thereby reducing conveyance

losses of water and improving efficiency of the system. Water audit of the system should be

undertaken at regular interval of time, at least on an annual basis.

3.0 IRRIGATION

Irrigation is the major consumer of water accounting for about 83 percent of the current

level of total water utilization in the country. It is estimated that with increasing demand

from other competing sectors, the availability of water for irrigation sector is likely to

reduce progressively to about 70 percent in future. Irrigated agriculture is therefore,

considered a thrust area for achieving maximum conservation in water use. Even a

marginal improvement in the efficiency of water use in irrigation sector will result in

saving of substantial quantity of water which can be utilized either for extending the

irrigated area or for diverting the saving to other sectors of water use.

3.1 Water Demand

In irrigation sector, water demand is region specific depending upon the type of soil,

cropping pattern/practices, climatic condition, etc. Irrigation water demand also depends

upon the type of infrastructure, conveyance system, water application technique etc.

Among various methods available for working out irrigation water demand, Modified

Penman Method Ψ is considered the most suitable and is recommended for assessing crop

water demand.

As a first step, crop evapotranspiration (Et Crop) is assessed. The crop water requirement

can then be worked out, in consideration of percolation losses and other requirements like

pre-sowing / land preparation, transplantation requirements etc., as applicable. The

quantity of water actually used by the plants for their growth is termed as consumptive

use. The Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) is then worked out by deducting effective

rainfall from the consumptive water use. The effective rainfall may meet only part of crop



water demand. It may be insignificant in arid areas but may be a major portion in humid

areas.

3.2 Irrigation Efficiencies

3.2.1 Field Application Efficiency (Ef)

On application of water to fields, a part of it gets evaporated, another part goes as losses

(run off, percolation loss, etc) and the remaining is used by the crops to meet

evapotranspiration needs. Actual quantity of irrigation water required to be released at

field head is called Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR). Field application efficiency (Ef)

takes into consideration above losses in application of irrigation water and may be defined

as ratio of Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) over Field Irrigation Requirement (FIR) i.e. Ef

=NIR/FIR

The field application efficiencies considered for Irrigation Planning for ponded and non-

ponded crops are,

(a) Ponded Crops 80% to 85%

(b) Non-ponded crops 65%

Ψ “A Guide for Estimating Irrigation Water Requirement”, July, 1984 of Water

Management Division, Ministry of Water Resources, New Delhi

The Field Irrigation Requirement can then be estimated as a ratio of Net Irrigation

Requirement and Field Application Efficiency i.e. NIR/Ef The actual field application

efficiency and total application loss can also be worked out by taking measurement of the

water released at the field head (Field Irrigation Requirement) and working out Net

Irrigation Requirement (NIR) as discussed above.

3.2.2 Conveyance Efficiency (Ec)

Conveyance Efficiency may be defined as a ratio of water released at the field head (FIR) to

irrigation water needed to be released at the canal head. The quantity of water required to

be released at the canal head is termed as Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR).

Therefore, Conveyance Efficiency (Ec) =FIR/GIR

Depending upon the type of distribution system (lined, unlined, partially lined canal

system) the following values for conveyance efficiency are taken for planning.



(a)For fully lined system 70% to 75%

(b)For partially lined system 65%

(c)For unlined canal system 60%

From the above relationship, Gross Irrigation Requirement

(GIR) = FIR / Ec

The actual conveyance efficiency and actual conveyance loss can be worked out by taking

measurement of the water released at the canal head (Gross Irrigation Requirement) and

that at the field head (Field Irrigation Requirement).

3.3 Water Audit

As one step ahead of evaluation studies and benchmarking of irrigation projects, water

audit is required to be made applicable to all irrigation systems. The measurement of water

is essential for calculation of water losses during conveyance in canal and distribution

network and also during application in the field. Some of the methods that can be used for

measurement of actual quantity of water delivered are (a) Velocity Area Method, (b) Weir

Method and (c) Meter Flume Method.

Complete records of water withdrawn from the reservoir or the river system and of water

that flows through the various branches, distributaries and other network channels and at

outlets as well as water flowing through escapes are needed to be maintained.

Simultaneously, record of rainfall, crops sown, area irrigated and depth of water provided

are also required to be maintained. Actual conveyance and field application losses and

efficiencies of an irrigation system can be calculated from such records. Various proformae

required for water audit in irrigation system (as are in use by Govt. of Maharashtra) are

available.

Analysis of the data collected as outlined in the performae will give the actual conveyance

and field application efficiencies. These efficiencies are to be compared with the planned /

achievable efficiencies to assess the scope for improvement. The corrective measures need

to be taken accordingly.

3.4 Implementing Agencies

State Governments should form Water Audit Cells under Monitoring Units in their Water

Resources Departments. The Project Authorities will maintain the water account and

Monitoring Unit of Irrigation/Water Resources Departments can be given the



responsibility of carrying out the water audit. The number of projects to be audited by a

Water Audit Cell may depend upon the size of the irrigation projects.

Government of Maharashtra has formed a ‘Water Audit cell’ to carry out water audit of

1229 projects and issued first report in this regard in March 2005.The report can be seen in

the aforesaid web site of Government of Maharashtra.

4.0 DOMESTIC

Domestic water is a basic need for human as well as livestock. The main objective of

domestic water supply system is to provide safe and clean water in adequate quantity at

reasonable cost. For sustainability, the planning may be required at national level as a

whole for policies and subsequently at state or region or at community levels. Lot of waste

water is generated specially in urban areas. It is estimated that return flow from urban and

rural uses is about 50% of supplies and pollute the very fresh water resources. It is

expected that 85 percent of the return flow would go the surface water source and balance

15 percent to ground water source. There are considerable losses in the distribution

system on account of leakages due to networks being old and poor maintenance in addition

to lack of efforts towards conservation.

4.1 Per Capita Water Requirement

The quantity of water required for domestic purposes depends mainly on habits, social

status, climatic conditions and customs of the people. The per capita water requirement in

urban areas is more than that in the rural areas. As per yardstick of the Union Ministry of

Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation, water requirement for domestic purposes in

urban areas is 40 litres per capita per day (lpcd) in case of supply through public stand

posts and 70 lpcd in the case of supply through house service connections, where no

sewerage system is existing or contemplated. Where sewerage system is existing or

contemplated, water supply would be 135 lpcd in the urban areas. In the case of

metropolitan cities having population of more than 1 million, the domestic water supply

would be 150 lpcd. Over and above the aforesaid demand, 15% losses may be allowed for

determining the quantity of raw water required.

4.2 Transmission Losses

A study undertaken by the Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation through

NEERI, Nagpur has revealed that about 30 to 50% of the water produced and supplied in



the cities goes as waste through leakages in the distribution system. About 80% of the

aforesaid losses are estimated in the household connections due to worn out pipes etc.

In view of this, the Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation has emphasized

the need for control of unaccounted supply of water (nonrevenue water) through leak

detection programmes for identifying leakages and rectifying the same through suitable

replacement of pipelines. A manual containing details of various aspects of O&M of water

supply systems has been brought out by the Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty

Alleviation recently.

4.3 Water Audit

In domestic water supply, water audit is considered very important, since treatment of

water to bring it to drinking water standard costs a lot of money to the supplier. Water

audit helps in determining the amount of water lost from a distribution system due to

leakages etc. Water audit compares the amount of water supplied with the amount billed

and accounts for the water loss.

4.3.1 Water Measurement

For the purpose of water audit, bulk metering system should be devised zone-wise,

including group-consumer-wise in a system or a subsystem. This will facilitate

identification of the reaches where actually the wastage of water is taking place.

One can determine average daily water use by using one of the following two methods.

(a) Metered Water: In the case of metered water use, per capita per day consumption is to

be obtained by dividing water usage by the number of days in the billing period and also by

the number of residents of household.

(b) Unmetered Water: If water use is not metered, one must determine water use for each

fixture. Flow rates for showers and faucets can be determined by using a container and

stop watch to measure the amount of water discharged through the fittings in a minute.

Toilet use per flush can be approximated by the capacity of the flushing tank. After

determining the water use of each fixture, one will need to record the number of uses/ the

length of time each fixture is used to determine average daily water use. Alternately,

legitimate unmetered consumption can be worked out based on average domestic

(metered) consumption per capita per day for consumers having similar water use habits

plus an allowance for unmetered commercial consumption.



A worksheet, similar to an accounting spreadsheet, should be developed. Such an exercise

makes the computations clear and simple and allows the utility to balance water supplied

with water used. For balancing water in and out of the distribution system, the worksheet

should list and account for various water usages. Worksheet may have adequate details of

the distribution system. A more detailed worksheet will provide better understanding of

the water usage and could be a useful tool for the service provider.

Distribution system characteristics vary and hence, each utility will have different

challenges in performing the water audit. Each utility will need to decide how it can

perform the audit accurately with the least cost. A worksheet should be developed, with a

set study period. A study period should be set considering evaluation of the complete water

system. Shorter periods might not give a complete picture of the water system, and longer

periods can be difficult to manage. One year is recommended because it includes all

seasons and gives enough time to eliminate the effect of meter reading lag.

Once the study period has been set and a worksheet has been developed, the audit can be

conducted. A set of model forms and instructions may be included that can be used if the

utility does not choose to develop one. Records should be compiled and meters should be

checked so that usages are recorded accurately. Once usages are computed, the worksheet

should then be filled in, and water delivered should be balanced with water used.

Unmetered uses should be documented along with the methods to quantify them. An

attempt to account for water loss should be made. Based on the findings of the audit,

options should be developed to reduce water losses.

While making adjustments to metered amounts, all adjustments and how they were

calculated should be properly documented. All records should reflect adjustments and such

adjustments should be verifiable. If adjustments are for significant amounts of water then

necessary changes in the system should be made to eliminate need for such adjustments in

the future. Adjustments could be known from the difference between storage in system at

the beginning and that at the end of the study period. Some difficulty might be there in

adjusting existing records to fit the study period. When meter-reading periods overlap,

some adjustments will be necessary to represent the study period. Some flow records

might have to be pro-rated so that all flow measurements reflect the same period. This

should be done carefully to ensure the accuracy of the audit.

A preliminary audit should be undertaken to determine the amount of water loss. If water

loss is significant, a more detailed study should be undertaken and accordingly measures

should be taken to reduce the loss.



In addition to the above, a more thorough or comprehensive audit would include the

following:

(a) An inventory of meters

(b) Analysis of water loss and methods to reduce the loss

(c) Periodic checking for accuracy of meters

Inventory of meters may contain details such as types, sizes, and age of meters in the

distribution system. This will help in estimating the accuracy of the meters in a system on

wide scale. This can supplement the water usage information and show usage patterns in

the distribution system. It will also help any meter replacement program and cross-

connection control program. Possible corrective measures include leak detection

programs, meter replacement or installation programs, and conservation programs.

Factors to be considered for corrective measures may include:

(a) Where the losses occur

(b) How much loss is in each problem area

(c) What possible solutions exist

(d) Cost of the solutions, and

(e) Time to implement the solutions

It will be important to verify records and check meter accuracy, as these will affect the

accuracy of the audit. Records should be checked carefully to make sure that units are

correct, all measurements are included, measurements represent the same time period,

and that calculations are correct.

4.4 Water Losses and Follow up

There are two types of losses, real and apparent losses. Real loss includes water lost

through leakages in distribution systems, service connections, and storage tanks (including

overflow). Apparent loss includes meter and record inaccuracies and unauthorized water

uses such as theft and unauthorized connections. Unauthorized/Unmetered uses can be

considered a special type of water loss and they can also represent lost revenue and

therefore they should be estimated carefully.

If the unaccounted or unmeasured water loss is beyond permissible limit, it is

recommended to prepare a plan within a reasonable time period outlining steps necessary

for further identification and reduction of water losses. Such steps may include initiating or



expanding leak detection and repair program or eliminating unmetered accounts. Cost

benefit analysis should be conducted to choose the right option. If future annual audits

continue to show unmeasured water loss greater than the permissible limit, the plan for

reducing water losses should be updated.

Long term follow up should include updating the audit, reducing loss and checking meters.

After the first audit, areas where data is lacking should be identified and addressed.

Subsequent audits should provide greater accuracy and reduction of water losses.

5.0 INDUSTRY

Growing population and rising standard of living of people are pushing up demand for

quality industrial products at phenomenal pace. Thus the industrial requirement for water

is increasing day by day. As one of the large users of this precious resource, industry has an

important responsibility to practice water audit. Industries can realize many benefits from

the practice of water audit. By reducing consumption of water, industries will only effect

saving but also protect the environment.

Industrial effluents constitute a major source of polluted water and contain different kinds

of toxic pollutants. Treatment of industrial waste water is necessary to lower the

concentration of toxic pollutants to permissible limits. With the quality of water becoming

poor, availability of fresh water being scarce and statutory environmental regulations

becoming more stringent, optimization in use of water calls for a closer monitoring by

industrial sector.

5.1 Industries in India

As per Central Statistical Organization (CSO), there are about 32 lakhs industries in India in

the year 1998-99, out of which 1,35,551 are registered manufacturing industries.

Remaining industries are, in general, service industries like taxi stands, restaurants, hotels,

cafes, computer services, training institutes, shops, beauty parlours, tailoring etc. As per the

latest inventory of Central Pollution Control Board, there are about 8432 large and medium

polluting industries in India. The number of small-scale industries, which are polluting

cannot be ascertained due to many reasons. Most of them are located in unplanned areas

and in an unsystematic manner. Such industries are located even in residential areas. A

large number of them are not even registered.



Summary of Recommendations of National Workshop for Water Audit and Water

Conservation Organized at New Delhi on 30th January 2004

Water is a precious natural resource. Its limited availability and increasing demand

prompted for drafting ‘Guidelines for Water Audit and Water Conservation’. These were

deliberated upon in a national level workshop organized at New Delhi in January, 2004,

jointly by Central Water Commission and Central Ground Water Board. Senior level officers

from various States, Central Ministries and NGOs attended the workshop.

Recommendations emerged in the seminar are as given below:

I. Water Audit

(i) Water audit is an important management tool for effective conservation of water.

Broadly water audit should be conducted categorically in two systems, resource audit or

supply side audit and the other one as consumption audit on demand side. All efforts

should be made for improvement of not only water use efficiency and distribution system,

but also on the efficient development and management of the source of water.

(ii) It has been strongly advocated that the water audit system needs to be framed and

incorporated in every significant water resources project as a routine exercise during

operation and maintenance of the project by the project authorities. A separate cell may be

constituted for this purpose. This is as per suggestion of Govt. of Maharashtra. They have

established a separate Chief Engineer’s Office for this purpose.

(iii) The periodicity of water audit and its report may be determined in advance at the

commencement of commissioning the project by the project authority and the concerned

Governments and appropriate provision of fund may be made for its implementation. In

general, it may be carried out annually.

(iv) The recommendations in the water audit report for corrective measures of the system

may be considered on priority for implementation by the competent authority. All efforts

should also be made to provide all technical and financial provisions in a time bound

manner.

(v) The irrigation sector utilizes about 83% of water as a major stakeholder. Due to the

thrust on account of rapid urbanization and modernization, the demands for domestic and

industrial uses are progressively increasing, thus creating a situation of competing of

demands from value added sectors of water use and threatening irrigation sector even in



maintaining current level of water use whereas more water is needed for growing more to

meet the demand of growing population. A systematic comprehensive water audit will be

very useful in bringing out the trend of changes on demand and supply scenario which will

help in deciding the methodology for improving the efficiency of the system by adopting

conjunctive use of surface and ground water, application of

modern irrigation techniques including drip and sprinkler irrigation wherever feasible and

other improvised agricultural devices in addition to development of wasteland and

waterlogged areas.

(vi) Due to over exploitation of ground water, the water table at vulnerable places like

thickly populated urban areas are depleting at very fast rate. Private tube wells are

mushrooming without control, to meet the growing demand. Industries should be

discouraged to exploit ground water on their own. As far as possible supplies to industries

should be from surface water and if ground water supply is considered essential, it should

be managed by a Government Agency. There is general apathy towards conjunctive use of

ground water and surface water. Specific water audit needs to be conducted on regular

basis for realistic assessment of ground realities and initiating remedial measures under

the umbrella of holistic approach.

(vii) Pollution level of fresh surface water and ground water resources are alarmingly

increasing due to excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in agriculture and discharge of

untreated waste by industries and sewage disposal leading to health hazards and scarcity

of fresh water. Water audit from this angle needs to be conducted strategically and

periodically. The existing laws regarding pollution control need to be strictly observed by

not only imposing penalties but also restricting the polluters.

(viii) To prevent wastage of water, pricing of water for irrigation, domestic and industrial

uses needs to be revised and updated periodically so that subsidy is phased out as quickly

as possible and at least operation and maintenance cost is recovered for sustainability of

the system. Further,

gradually the pricing of water at flat rate system needs to be replaced by actual cost rate by

volume. The differential pricing system should also be suitably introduced keeping in view

the socio-economic aspects of the people and the region in addition to their life style and

ethnic background.

(ix) Benchmarking system of various suitable parameters for all sectors of water use may

be developed and introduced for optimizing and enhancing the efficiency of the system. It is

an effective tool for water audit and measurement of relative performance and suggests

ameliorative measures for performance improvement.



(x) To identify source of water loss due to leakage, the approach of bulk metering system

should be installed at various well defined macro and micro systems like various zones,

districts, towns, colonies and even large group-consumers to single unit consumers so that

water audit can be effectively conducted.

II. Water Conservation

(i) Water Conservation is prime and challenging concern. Numerous types of water

conservation techniques are available in the country. The scientists constantly innovate the

new techniques, but there is a gap on the application of the appropriate technologies,

which needs to be removed. Due to lack of proper operation and maintenance in irrigation,

industry and domestic water distribution system, there is huge loss of water. Hence it is

emphasized to improve the O&M system.

(ii) For developing the water resources, age-old traditional water conservation methods

need to be judiciously adopted in conjunction with the latest modern conservation

technology. Keeping this in view, rain water harvesting, revival of traditional water

storages, check dams and other similar structures need to be adopted. Building byelaws

should be suitably modified to introduce mandatory roof top rain water harvesting.

(iii) In order to conserve precious fresh water, recycling of waste water may be

incorporated wherever feasible. Dual water supply system, one for treated wastewater and

the other for fresh water may be introduced so that treated waste water can be used for

secondary purposes such as toilets flushing, gardening, agriculture and selective industries

etc. New urban colonies, big hotels industries and other similar establishments should have

mandatory dual water supply systems.

(iv) Cropping pattern and crops water requirement varies from time to time due to the

dynamic socio-economic condition of the people and the region in addition to geo-

morphological, climatic and metrological changes. Hence, for effective management,

appropriate base line data for water demand under different situations needs to be brought

out for optimum crop water management and field activities considering effective rainfall

in different physiological stages.

(v) Night irrigation practice may be introduced to minimize evaporation loss thus

conserving irrigation water. Timely and need based irrigation should be done to minimize

loss of water. Further, for boosting productivity, rotational cropping pattern may be

introduced for balancing fertility of soil and natural pest control.



(vi) Various water savings devices are being developed under various ongoing R&D Programmes. These devices may be suitably adopted in the system. (vii) Strategic mass awareness campaign should be conducted regularly to cover all

stakeholders, including service providers and consumers, for water conservation in

irrigation, domestic and industrial sectors. Special attention must be given so that the fruits



Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Kharsawan

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry

Component Activity Units Unit cost Quantity

Impounding capacity in Cum

Period of implementation

Estimated cost in Lakhs INR

1

Seraikela- Kharsawan

MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP

Irrigation channels- New Mtr 0.05 5000 0 2nd to 4th year 250.00

4 Irrigation channels- Renovated Mtr 0.05 1000 0 2nd to 4th year 45.00

5 Checkdams-New No 20.00 40 9000 2nd to 4th year 800.00

6 Checkdams-Renovated No 15.00 20 4500 2nd to 4th year 300.00

7 Stop dam with diversion channels-Weir No 12.00 50 500 2nd to 4th year 600.00

8 Ponds- New No 3.30 403 1088100 2nd to 4th year 1329.90

9 Ponds- Renovation No 2.75 64 172800 2nd to 4th year 176.00

10 Percolation tanks No 1.80 672 201600 2nd to 4th year 1209.60

11 Ponds- medium irrigation 85.00 10 1400000 850.00

12 Renovation of other water bodies No 16.00 24 3360000 384.00

24420873.85 Sub Total-B 5944.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop

Drip Irrigation system No 2.85 1000 4800000 3rd and 4th year 2850.00

14 Sprinkler Irrigation system No 2.25 1000 4800000 4th and 4th year 2250.00

15 Mulching with crop residue Ha 0.05 3000 3600000 1st to 5th year 150.00

16 Lift irrigation systems with provision of srip No 40.00 7 126000 2nd year to 4th year 280.00

17 Awareness about water saving measures Families 0.00 2000 0 1st and 2nd year 4.00

18 Training on Drip/sprinkler Families 0.00 2000 0 1st and 2nd year 4.00

19 Extesion activities training Villages 0.20 100 0 1st and 2nd year 20.00

20 Training on watershed based activties Families 0.01 40 0 1st and 2nd year 0.40

21 Training for user groups Groups 0.03 500 0 1st and 2nd year 12.50

22 Training on water audit Members 0.20 200 0 1st and 2nd year 40.00



23 Crop technology promotion Families 0.25 2000 0 1st to 4th year 500.00

13326000 Sub Total-C 6110.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP

Ponds No 3.30 50 135000 1st and 2nd year 165.00

25


Pond-Renovation No 2.75 15 40500 1st and 2nd year 41.25

26 Renovation of other water bodies No 1.75 12 180000 1st and 2nd year 21.00

27 Checkdams No 5.00 10 1125 1st and 2nd year 50.00

28 Contour trench Ha 0.12 160 8640 1st and 2nd year 19.20

29 Staggered contour trench Ha 0.12 160 8640 1st year to 3rd year 19.20

30 Soil treatment Ha 0.08 225 0 2nd year to 3rd year 18.00

31 Field bunding Ha 0.24 225 0 3rd year to 3rd year 54.00

32 Water absorption trench No 0.60 56 0 4th year to 3rd year 33.60

33 Earthen checkdams No 3.00 22 330 5th year to 3rd year 66.00

34 Plantations Ha 0.3 45 6th year to 3rd year 13.50

374235 Sub Total-D 487.25

35

MoRD MGNREGA

Ponds No 3.30 400 3000000 1st year to 3rd year 1320.00

36 Dovas No 0.85 800 160000 1st year to 3rd year 680.00

37 Trench Ha 0.12 137 7398 1st year to 3rd year 16.44

38 Plantation Ha 0.30 34 0 1st year to 3rd year 10.20

39 Gully Pluggs No 0.08 136 0 1st year to 3rd year 10.88

40 Land levelling Ha 1.20 162 0 1st year to 3rd year 194.40

41 Drinking water No 1.75 613 0 1st year to 3rd year 1072.75

42 30/40 model Ha 0.24 786 42444 1st year to 3rd year 188.64

43 Well No 1.75 114 0 1st year to 5th year 199.50

3209842 Sub Total-E 3692.81

44 DoLR-MoRD IWMP Cost for other activities under IWMP 1st year to 5th year 382.84

Grand Total 41330950.85 Grand Total 16618.30



Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Kuchai

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 4866.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop




16 Lift irrigation systems with provision of drip No 40.00 10 180000 2nd year to 4th year 400.00










14700000 Sub Total-C 7327.60

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












0 Sub Total-D 0.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA










5530500 Sub Total-E 4946.78





Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Chandil

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP Swarnrekha project No 700.00 2 18000000 1st year to 3rd year 1400.00

2

Sub Total-A 1400.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 4512.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














18126000 Sub Total-C 8660.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












234765 Sub Total-D 216.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA










6440500 Sub Total-E 5757.50

44

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP Cost for other activities under IWMP 1st year to 5th year 169.71




Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Ichagarh

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1



2

Sub Total-A 1400.00

3

MoWR HKKP









11 Ponds- medium irrigation No 85.00 30 4200000 1st year to 4th year 2550.00

12 Renovation of other water bodies No 16.00 30 4200000 2nd year to 4th year 480.00

24420873.85 Sub Total-B 7591.00

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














22926000 Sub Total-C 11210.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












701325 Sub Total-D 798.60

35

MoRD MGNREGA










4948600 Sub Total-E 5354.50

44

DoLR-MoRD





Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Kukru

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 4864.00

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














17166000 Sub Total-C 8354.10

24

DoLR-MoRD IWMP


25












0 Sub Total-D 0.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA










3448600 Sub Total-E 4643.20





Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Gamhariya

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 5894.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














32580000 Sub Total-C 16438.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












0 Sub Total-D 0.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA










2693200 Sub Total-E 4302.00

44 DoLR- IWMP Cost for other activities under IWMP 1st year to 5th year 0.00



MoRD


Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Seraikela

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 5110.00

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














18126000 Sub Total-C 8914.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












0 Sub Total-D 0.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA










2699842 Sub Total-E 4382.81



44

DoLR-MoRD



Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Rajnagar

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1


MoWR AIBP

2

Sub Total-A 0.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 5944.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














22926000 Sub Total-C 11218.90

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












374235 Sub Total-D 487.25

35

MoRD MGNREGA












2693200 Sub Total-E 4471.00

44

DoLR-MoRD



Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Nimdih

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1



2

Sub Total-A 700.00

3

MoWR HKKP











24420873.85 Sub Total-B 5944.50

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














21006000 Sub Total-C 10597.30

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












0 Sub Total-D 0.00

35

MoRD MGNREGA












2687800 Sub Total-E 4029.00

44

DoLR-MoRD



Proposed Budget for the District irrigation plan- Seraikela Kharsawan

Sl No District

Concerned Ministry





1



2 0

Sub Total-A 3500.00

3

MoWR HKKP









11 Ponds- medium irrigation 85.00 108 15120000 1st year to 4th year 9180.00

12 Renovation of other water bodies No 16.00 204 28560000 2nd year to 4th year 3264.00

24420873.85 Sub Total-B 50672.00

13

MDA & W-DAC & FW

Per Drop More Crop














180882000 Sub Total-C 88834.40

24

DoLR-MoRD

IWMP


25












1684560 Sub Total-D 1989.10

35

MoRD MGNREGA












34352084 Sub Total-E 41579.60

44

DoLR-MoRD



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