DIVERSITY EXPLORATION AS A BASIC

OF CROPLAND WITH RESTORED

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra

Laboratory of Crop Production Management, Faculty of

Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Joint Lecturer UGM-UTHM

Environmental Awareness and Ecosystem Sustainability

Yogyakarta, October 27th – November 1st, 2019

Healthy Food…..

Healthy Family…..

Healthy Life ….

Healthy Nation……

AN ULTIMATE NEED IS ……….

Problems Faced due to

Poor Diet Quality Threats…Deficiencies…Sickness

DUE TO UNSAFE FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT

SMART-ECO BIOPRODUCTION New Paradigm - Metabiomes

Achieve sustainable food productivity

through a systems-level understanding of diverse interacting

components

The UN Food and Agricultural Organization.

www.epa.gov

Ecological Sustainability in Plant

Production

A New Paradigm is Needed Sustainably provide sufficient quantity of high quality food, feed, and fiber

Doubling global crop production by 2050 will require ~2.4% increase per year in yields

OLDOL

Another Approach is Needed

• Reductionist approach to biology and agricultural science

• World is linear-understanding parts individually

• Reliance on partial knowledge -genetics or environmental factors, soil or plant, plant or microbe, microbe or community

• Reality - Complex, non-linear organization and regulation of biological systems

• New Paradigm - Metabiomes

OLD

NEW

Micro- and Macroorganisms

Plants Climate

Viruses

Archaea

Bacteria

Amoeba

Oomycetes

Algae

Fungi

Nematodes

Their environment

Arthropods, Other

Animals and Plants Insects

Arachnids

Myriapods

Worms

Birds

Rodents

Ruminants

Weeds

All of their

associated organisms Soils

What Are Metabiomes?

Phytobiomes vs Plant Systems

• Plant systems focus on a specific, defined plant (e.g., maize) and interactions of that plant with other components

• Phytobiomes/metabiome focus on a plant ecosystem that may involve any number of different types of plants, organisms, and physical components. – Interactions of all these components will be used to

identify the best crop/variety/management practices… for a given site and a given period

OLD

NEW

Research and Translation

A new vision for agriculture:

How Do We Get There: Phytobiomes Roadmap for

Achieve sustainable crop productivity through a

systems-level understanding of diverse interacting

components

Developing a foundation of knowledge for:

how phytobiome components influence or are influenced by plants or the plant environment – in context!

how that information can be used to improve crop productivity, quality, nutrition, safety, and security

Includes knowledge and technology gaps

Roadmap: Interdisciplinary, systems-level approaches

What genetic linkages connect phytobiome components?

Can we breed plants that select for beneficial communities?

What constitutes a “healthy phytobiome”?Develop biologicals and predictors of crop and soil health

What are the mechanisms by which specific management

practices promote ecosystem health?

Can we exploit predictive and prescriptive analytics to

design site-specific solutions to environmental challenges?

Can we incorporate biological information into

precision agriculture technologies?

Design novel or improved management practices

Outcomes of this new vision foragriculture

Increased resilience of our cropping systems

to pests, pathogens, water and nutrientlimitation

Pest control practices that are best suited for

sustainable productivity

Full integration of biologicals into site-

specific crop management (precisionagriculture)

Managed or engineered phytobiomes that promote:

lands worldwide

SoilEffective rehabilitation of

degraded and depleted

*1.5 billion people depend

on degraded lands for

survival!

Degradation

Very degraded soil

Degraded soilStable soilWithout vegetation

Source: UNEP

Outcomes of this new vision for

agriculture

Managed or engineered phytobiomes that promote:

for optimal productivity

Outcomes of this new vision for

agriculture

Adaptive, data-driven, on-farmsystems for managing phytobiomes

Increased profitability of sustainable

food production to enable growersto meet demand

www.linkedin.com/pulse/foreign-affairs-precision-agriculture-revolution-ulrich-

adam

Audiencescapes

IFS

Integration of two or more appropriate combination

of enterprises like tress, crop, dairy, goat rearing,

fishery, poultry, mushroom, vermi-composting, bee

keeping etc., for each farm according to the

availability of resources to sustain and satisfy the

necessities of the farmer.

IFS should be

• Technically feasible

• Economically viable

• Socially acceptable

• Sustainable in long range

• Eco friendly

Goals of IFS

• Provide a steady and stable income

• Rejuvenation/amelioration of the system’s

productivity

• Achieve agro-ecological equilibrium

through the reduction in the build-up of

pests and diseases, through natural

cropping system management and the

reduction in the use of chemicals (in-

organic fertilizers and pesticides).

Objectives To identify existing farming systems in specific area &

assess their relative viability

To formulate farming system models involving main

and allied enterprises for watershed situations

To ensure optional utilization and conservation of

available resources and effective recycling of farm

residues within system

To maintain sustainable production system without

damaging resources base/environment

Integration of Enterprises

• In agriculture, crop production is the main activity.

• The income obtained from crops may hardly be

sufficient to sustain the farm family throughout the

year.

• Assured regular cash flow is possible when the crop is

combined with other enterprises.

• Judicious combination of enterprises, keeping in view

of the environmental conditions of a locality will pay

greater dividends.

• At the same time, it will also promote effective

recycling of residues/wastes.

Choice of Enterprise

• Trees and livestock are the best complimentary

enterprise with cropping.

• Installation of bio-gas in crop-tress-livestock

system will make use of the wastes, at the same

time provides valuable gas for cooking and

lighting.

Advantages of Integrated Farming

System

Productivity

Profitability

Balanced Food

Resource recycling

Money round the year

Employment

Pollution free environment

Solve energy crisis

Solve fodder crisis

Provides opportunity for agri-based

industries

Increase input efficiency

Sustainability

Improves the standard of living

Need of Integrated Farming

System

High cost of inputs in Crop production

Fluctuation in market price of farm produce which

does not commensurate with high cost of cultivation

Environmental pollution

Soil degradation due to depletion of major,

secondary and micronutrients

Scope of IFS Farm diversification and intensification

A diversified multi crop / culture farming practice wherein the

"micro output" of one culture becomes the "inputs" of the other

Enhancing soil-fertility by a natural act of balancing all organic

nutrients

Paves way for a sustainable environmental friendly organic agril.

Transform subsistence farming into sustainable farming

Economically viable and ecologically balanced systems

The sustainable use of natural renewable resources

Unique opportunities for maintaining and extending biodiversity

Optimising resource utilization

Components of Integrated Farming

System

Crops, animals, and trees are the major

components of any IFS

The different enterprises have their own

characterstics, behaviour within themselves and

also have differential behaviour with other

enterprises.

Factors Influencing Choice and Size

of Enterprises

Environment

Natural

Social

Political

Economical

Farmers

Constraints

Objectives

Attitude

Knowledge

Skills

Resources

Available within the farm

Available from outside

Technology

Availability

Innovation

Institutional support

Integrated farming system

components (Example)

Crop

Poultry

Fishery

Pigeon

Goat

Trees

Mushroom

Garden Land IFS

Crop

Dairy

Biogas

Spawn Production

Homestead Garden

Silviculture

Forage Prod.

Rainfed Farming Systems

Cropping

Goat

Agro forestry

Horticulture

Tree

Pigeon

Rabbit

Farm pond

Fish

Optimizing the Total System

The farming system must be fully integrated in order to

optimize the use of locally "available alternative"

resources

Strategies for sustainable livestock production in the

tropics

Crop

Forestry

Animal

Husbandry

Fisheries

Human: Feed, Fertilizer,

Pesticide and others

chemical

Agroeco System Management..

Integrated Soil and Water Conservation

Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System

Integrated Pest and Disease Management

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Figure 32.13

ATMOSPHERE

N2

N2

Nitrogen-fixingbacteria

Ammonifyingbacteria

Organicmaterial

NH4+

(ammonium)

Nitrifyingbacteria

NO3–

(nitrate)

Root

NH4+

Aminoacids

Soil

Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System

Biologists JAMES LOVELOCK and LYNN MARGULIS stated a hypothesis that earth is the only self regulating system and plants and animals are just like icing the cake and Microorganisms are the basis of life on earth.

microorganisms

Biofertilizers in organic farming

Rhizobium

Azospirillum

Azotobacter

Azolla

VAM

BGA

Phosphobacteria

Agroforestry

Agroforestry is a part of integrated farming system

(IFS), with the combination of trees and crops.

What is Agroforestry?

…..the intentional combining of agriculture and working trees to create sustainable farming and ranching systems. 48

Why Agroforestry?

• Clean water and air

• Safe and healthy food

• Abundant wildlife

• Beautiful places

• Clean renewable energy

• Sustainable family farmsand ranches

If you are interested in:

49

Why Agroforestry?

• Produces salable products

• Provides value-added opportunities

• Risk minimizing

• Increases property values

• Increases crop yields & livestockproduction

• May be eligible for cost-share & land rental payments

50

Agroforestry Practices

Putting the right plant, in the right place, for the right purpose!

51

WindbreaksPlantings of single or multiple rows of trees or shrubs that redirect or modify

the wind and are established for one or more environmental purposes.

Windbreak

Benefits• Reduce energy costs• Screen unsightly areas• Reduce erosion and pesticide drift• Protect plants• Improve irrigation use• Increase crop yields• Shelter livestock• Mitigate odors and dust• Provide wildlife habitat • Enhance aesthetics • Sequester carbon

53

Agroforestry – Effects of Trees:

• Shield smaller shade-tolerant crops, vines

• Stabilize temperatures

• Permanent reservoirs for parasitoids &

predators

• Slow decomposition of organic matter

• Supply nutrients & mulch via leaf litter, etc.

69

Mechanisms

Agro

ecosystem

Forest

ecosystem

Properties:

Productivity,

Sustainability,

Stability, Equitability

Properties:

Productivity,

Sustainability,

Stability, Resilience

Trade off

Human

Fasilitative

Impact

Feedback Effect

Agroforestry

Soil Conservation - Diversity

VETIVER FOR REINFORCING CONTOUR STONE WALLS

Integrated Nutrient

Management

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)

Concept of INM:

• Balanced and effective use of various sources of

plant nutrients

• The mobilization of all available, accessible and

affordable plant nutrient sources in order: 1) to

optimize the environmentally safe productivity of

the whole cropping system and 2) to increase the

monetary return to the farmer

2.Mineral fertilizer:

super granules, coated urea, direct use of locally available

rock phosphate in acid soils ,single super phosphate (S.S.P.),

MOP and micronutrient fertilizers.

Organic source: By products of farming and allied industries F.Y.M.

droppings ,crop waste ,residues , sewage ,sludge industrial

waste .

Biological source:Microbial inoculants substitute 15-40 kg N/hac.

Biofertilizers

Rhizobium

Azotobacter

Azospirillum

OBJECTIVES OF INM

• To maintain or enhance soil productivity through balanced

use of mineral fertilizers with organic and biological sources

of plant nutrient.

• To improve the stock of plant nutrients in the soil.

• To improve the efficiency of plant nutrient, thus limiting

losses to environment.

• To improve physical, chemical and biological conditions of

soil.

WHY TO ADOPT INTEGRATED NUTRIENT

Management

• Multiple nutrient deficiencies.

• Inorganic sources insufficient for nutritional needs of high

yielding varieties.

• Optimal use of available nutrient sources( crop residues

cow dung, green manuring crops etc.)

• Promote sustainable agriculture.

• Imbalance in the ratio of NPK consumption.

• Deterioration of soil health.

• Pollution hazards of chemical fertilizers.

• Deterioration in biological activity.

ADVANTAGES OF INM

1. Enhances the availability of applied as well as native soil

nutrients.

2. Synchronizes the nutrient demand of the crop with nutrient

supply from native and applied sources.

3. Provides balanced nutrition to crops and minimizes the

antagonistic effects resulting from hidden deficiencies and

nutrient imbalance.

4. Minimizes the deterioration soil, water and ecosystem by

promoting sequestration , reducing nutrient losses to ground and

surface water bodies and to atmosphere

• Chemical fertilizers are easily available and easy to use.

• Organic manure is not available in own holdings most of

time.

• Storage and retail marketing of organic manure is limited, is

not easily accessible to most farmers.

• Scarcity of labor.

Enhancing availability of organic manures

• Recycling and composting/

vermi composting of urban,

animal and agro industrial waste

WHAT IS COMPOSTED?

• PLANTS CONTAIN LARGE AMOUNTS OF

THREE HARD TO BREAK DOWN

SUBSTANCES: CELLULOSE,

HEMICELLULOSE, and LIGNIN

AGENTS FOR COMPOSTING

• BACTERIA – Bacillus, Pseudomonas,

Arthrobacter

• FUNGI – Aspergillus, Trichoderma,

Phanerochaete

• ACTINOMYCETES-Streptomyces,

Nocardia

WHY MICROBES?

• ECONOMICAL

• VARIETY

• WIDE ADAPTABILITY

• NATURALLY OCCURING

• EASY TO HANDLE

SOURCES FOR MICROBES

• COMPOSTED MATERIALS

• COW DUNG SLURRY

• COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE

INOCULANTS

VERMICOMPOST

TECHNOLOGY

WHY COMPOSTING WITH

WORMS ?

MAJOR FACTOR IN SOIL

IMPROVEMENT

INCREASE CROP YIELDS

RAISED WITH LITTLE TIME & EFFORT

SOLD AT HIGH PROFIT FOR VARIETY

OF USES

ECONOMIC VIABILITY

• Simple methodology

• Low investment

• Doesn’t need sophisticated structure

VERMICOMPOST-

BENEFITS RICH IN AVAILABLE NUTRIENTS

BUILDUP RESERVE FOR FUTURE

SUPERIOR BIO-ACTIVE POTENTIAL

SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT PATHOGEN

ENHANCED LEVEL OF ENZYMES

HIGH SOIL MICROBIAL POPULATION

RICH IN HUMIC COMPOUNDS

Eudrillus euginiae

Eudrillus euginiae

Eudrillus euginiae ( Cocoon)

Young ones coming out of Cocoon

Eisenia foetida

Perionyx excavatus

OPTIMAL CONDITIONS

Temperature - 15- 20 c

Moisture content - 50- 60%

Oxygen requirement – Aerobicity

Ammonia content - Low :< 0.5 mg /g

Salt content - Low : < 0.5%

pH - > 5 and <9

DRIED COW DUNG

KITCHEN WASTE

CROP RESIDUES

NUTRIWASH FROM

VERMICOMPOST

VEGETABLE MARKET WASTE

RANGE OF NUTRIENTS IN

VERMICOMPOST

Organic carbon (%) : 9.15-17.98

Total nitrogen (%) : 0.50 - 1.50

Available phosphorous: 0.10- 0.30

Available potassium : 0.15 -0.56

Available sodium : 0.06 -0.30

Ca and Mg ( meq/100g):22.67-47.60

Copper (ppm) : 2.00-9.50

VERMICAST

Integrated farming system model

Establishment of IFS Model at block level in marginal farmer fields

FARMING SYSTEM

RESEARCH• Profitable IFS

• cropping (rice, maize, sunflower, vegetables), fishery, poultry and

goat as the integrated system, and cropping (rice-rice) alone as the

control.

• In one hectare area of integrated farming system, an area of 0.73

ha was allotted for crop component ( rice-rice, maize - sunflower

sequence, vegetables), 0.06 ha for fish pond, and 0.21 for goats

(including fodder area). Culture of Tilapia @ 10,000/ha were

released into the pond (600 m 2).

• Thirty poultry birds were maintained in the poultry shed constructed

on the fish pond.

• Goats ( 10 females + 2 males) were maintained in a shed

constructed separately. This was compared with the conventional

rice-rice system.

Productivity (rice equivalent yield) and

profitability of different components under

integrated farming system (pooled data of 3

years)Treatments Area

(ha)

Productivity

(kg/ha/year)

B:C

ration

Employment

generation (man

days/ha/year)

Rice-rice system 0.33 2175 1.84 172

Hybrid maize-

Sunflower

0.20 908 1.96 45

Vegetables 0.20 2136 2.00 31

Fodder + Goat 0.21 1339 2.75 9

Fish 0.06 203 2.23 5

Poultry 0.005 327 1.13 13

Total 1.00 7088 (19.42*) 1.97 275

*Productivity in kg/ha/day

Fish in IFS

Integrated Farming System:

Cocoa Plantation

Thank You