Diversity in living

organismsSubmitted to: Submitted to:

Mrs. Gita Mrs. Gita

classificationEarly Attempts at Classification• Organisms need to be grouped into

meaningful categories• Over time categorization has

become much more specific • and simplified• Naming organisms• John Ray - first to use the term

“species”• SPECIES - Organisms that are

similar in • shape/structure and they reproduce

with each other to • create viable offspring

evolutionevolution• Evolution, or change , or change

over time, is the over time, is the process by which process by which modern organisms modern organisms have descended from have descended from ancient organisms.ancient organisms.

• Charles Darwin first Charles Darwin first described this idea described this idea of evolution in 1859 of evolution in 1859 in his book origin of in his book origin of species . species .

Seven classification groups of living things

•Kingdom•Phylum•Class•Order

•Family•Genus•Species

Monera• They don’t well defined

body.• Unicellular structure• Mode of nutrition –

heterotropes/autotropes

PROTISTA

Protist kingdom• Unicellular; microscopic• Nucleus present

– Eukaryotic• Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Fungus kingdom• Eukaryotic• Made up of hyphae• No root, stem and

leaf• No chlorophyll

– Saprophytic or parasitic

• Reproduce by forming spores

Plant Kingdom• Eukaryotic• Most plants contains photosynthetic

pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis– Autotrophic

• Can be divided into two groups:– Non-flowering plants– Flowering plants

Thallophyta• Aquatic• May be unicellular or

multicellular• No root, stem or leaf• Contain

photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

Bryophyta• Amphibians of plant kingdom .• Have stems & leaves of the

structure.• No tissues for water . • E.g –finaria, marcantia

PTERIPHYTES

Well defined body.Specialised tissues present .Presence of naked embryos

called as spores.These have 2 types of plants –• Angiosperms• Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms

• Reproduction by producing seeds– Seeds develop in

cones, not enclosed by fruits

naked seeds• Needle-shaped

leaves to reduce water loss

Angiosperms• These are called

flowering plants.• These have two

types of plants -MonocotyledonsDicotyledons• With flowers for

reproduction• Seeds are

produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom

Most complex of all kingdoms Multicellular (made of many cells)They obtain food from OUTSIDE

SOURCES They swallow their food and they

digest food inside the body. They move from place to place to

get food

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:

9 Phyla of the Animal 9 Phyla of the Animal kingdomkingdom

• Porifera 6) Mollusca

• Coelenterata 7) Echinoderm

• Flatworms 8) Arthropoda

• Roundworms 9) Chordata

• Segmented worms

The Animal Kingdom The Animal Kingdom

• Means “having poresEx: sponges

Porifera:

The Animal KingdomThe Animal Kingdom

Sac-like bodyHave tentaclesEx: hydras, jelly fish, coral, sea

anemones

Coelentrata:

Plathy-helminthes

• Bilateral symmetry of body• Tissue organisations• Triploblastic • Lack of body cavity• Types : 1. free leaving – eg :planaria• 2. parasitic –eg : tapeworms

Echinoderms:

Means “spiny-skin”Star shapedSpinyEx: Starfish & Sea urchin

Arthropoda:Makes up 75% of the animal kingdomBasic Characteristics:

hard external skeletonsegmented bodyjointed legs

Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab

Chordata:VertebratesHave internal skeleton

Vertebral columnLimbs

Ex: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Molluska:Hard shell surrounding soft body parts Live in water & damp placesExamples:

Snail, & Sea ScallopOnly a few do not have shells:

Octopus & Sea slug

Nematoda• Bilaterally symmetrical• Triploblastic• Pseudocoelum• Tissues present, no real organs

present• Normal parasitic eg: ascaries• Filaria worm

Annelida• Triploplastic, well differentiated• True coelum present• Well organised body• Segmented• Habitat – soil, water• eg : earthworm, leech

Protochordata• Long rod-like structure which separte

the nerve system from gut• Muscles helps into movement attach• Bilaterally symmetrical• Triploblastic• Body cavity - eg : harmonia, aphiorus

Vertabrata• Presence of vertebral column• Presence of moto chord• Dorsel nerve chord• Triploblastic • Body cavity present• These are grouped into 5 classes

Pisces• Acquatic organisms• Streamlined body• Respiratory organ – gills • Scales are present• Two chambered heart• Skeleton structure

Amphibia• Oviporous• Scales present• Mucus skin• 3 chambered heart• Respiratory organ: lungs or gills• Habitate – water and land• Eg : toad, frog

Reptilla• Oviporous, lay egg in land• Tough skin• Respiratory system : Lung • 3 chambered heart• Eg : snake, cobra, flying lizards

Aves• Oviporous, lay egg in land• Skin covered with feathers• Respiratory organ: lung• 4 chambered heart• Eg : ostrich, crow, etc

Mammals• Viviporous, give birth to young ones• Respiratory organ – lung• 4 chambered heart• Warm blooded organisms• Presence of sweet, oil, mammary

glands – eg: whale, dolphin.

Exercise 1) What are the advantages of classifying organisms ?

Ans - There are millions of species on this earth. For anybody, it is impossible to study about each of them in his lifetime. Classification makes it easy to study the organisms; on the basis of certain common characters.

2) How would you choose between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification?

Ans -  We need to look at the fact if given character is present in a small number of organisms or a larger number of organisms. In the first case, the commonality of characters would represent a species. In the latter case, the commonality of characters would represent a higher taxa; like genus, family, order or phylum.

 3) Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.

Ans - Organization of nucleus: Organisms with unorganized nucleus are kept under the kingdom Monera. Those with organized nucleus are kept in other kingdoms.

Number of cells:- Unicellular eukaryotes are kept in the kingdom Protista, while multicellular eukaryotes are kept in other kingdoms.

4)What are the major divisions in the Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?

Ans -The major divisions of Plantae and the basis for these divisions are :

Thallophyta: Simple body design; with no differentiation into root, stem and leaves.

Bryophyta: Body is differentiated into stem and leaf-like structures. Vascular system is absent. Pteridophyta: Body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Vascular system is present. Reproductive organs are inconspicuous. Seeds are not produced.

 5) How are the criteria for deciding divisions in plants different from the criteria for deciding the subgroups among animals?

 Ans - In the plant kingdom, morphological characters are taken into consideration while deciding about the divisions. Morphology is the study of shapes and forms of various parts. In the animal kingdom, anatomical characters are taken into consideration while deciding about subgroups. Anatomy is the study of various organs’ design in animals.

6) Explain how animals in Vertebrata are classified into further subgroups.

Ans -Vertebrates are classified into further subgroups on following bases:

Pisces: The body is streamlined. Muscular tail is present which assists in locomotion. Body is covered with scales. Paired gills are present; which can breathe oxygen dissolved in water. They are cold-blooded animals. The heart has only two chambers. They lay eggs.Tetrapoda: Animals have four limbs for locomotion and hence the name tetrapoda. Tetrapoda is divided into four classes, viz. amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia. 

PROJECT BY

NISHANT MAURYA

CLASS – 9th ‘c’

ROLL NO. – 9317