Diversity of Living Things – The Six Kingdoms

(Pages 108-113)

1. Archaebacteria

2. Eubacteria

3. Fungi

4. Protists

5. Plants

6. Animals

Archaebacteria1. Single celled

2. Lack nuclei

3. Divide in half

4. Found in harsh environments

Methanogens, Extreme Thermophiles

Eubacteria1. Single celled

2. Lack nuclei

3. Divide in half

4. Very common

Bacteria (soils), Cyanobacteria (blue-green

algae)

Bioluminescent BacteriaVibrio

• Free living bacteria

• Fresh Water and Salt Water

• Light organs – have special conditions to help the bacteria grow

• Quorum sensing – determines when the bacterial colony will produce the proteins that cause bioluminescence

• Bioluminescence is caused by a group of genes called the lux operon

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

• Soil bacterium

• Bacteria are the only organisms that can take atmospheric nitrogen and turn it into ammonia, which plants can use

• Live in symbiotic relationship with plants in nodules on the roots

• Legumes – clovers, soybeans, kudzu, alfalfa

• Once plants are harvested, nitrogen is released into the soil making it available to other plants

Rhizobium

Fungi1. Absorb food through

their body surface

2. Have cell walls

3. Most live on land

Yeast, mushrooms, mold, mildew

Protists1.Most single celled

2. Have nuclei

3. Most live in water

Paramecia, diatoms, amoebas, Euglena

Fungi• Fungi are decomposers

• Fungi secrete powerful enzymes to digest their food (what they are decomposing)

• The resulting “waste” products are sometimes desirable (tasty) to us humans• Penicillim• Aspergillus

Paramecium

Small crustaceans, daphnia

Algae – round and filamentous

VolvoxDiatoms

Desmids

Protists

Plants1. Many cells

2. Make their own food by photosynthesis

3. Cell walls

Ferns, mosses, trees, herbs, grass

Animals1. Many cells

2. No cell walls

3. Ingest their food

4. Live on land and in water

Corals, sponges, worms, insects, fish, reptiles, birds,

mammals

PlantsAutotrophs

Angiosperms• Flowering plants

• Largest group of plants

• Seeds enclosed in ovary

• Flowers

Gymnosperms• Conifers, Ginkgos

• “naked seeds”

• Seeds develop on scales or cones

Grasses

• Prairies, savannas, shrub lands

• Grasses, shrubs

• Substantial, deep root system

• Fertile soil

AnimalsHeterotrophs

Primary consumers• Herbivores

• Prey animals

• Very numerous

• Insects, rodents, deer, rabbits

Secondary, Tertiary, etc. Consumers

• Omnivores

• Carnivores

• Not as numerous

• Opossum, bear

• Wolf, mountain lion

1. Common Name2. Size3. Year round

resident or migrant?

4. Food

EcosystemA community of organisms

Biotic Living and once living parts of an ecosystem

• Plants- living and dead• Animals – living and dead

AbioticNonliving parts of an

ecosystem• Air• Water• Rocks and sand• Light• Temperature

Biotic Organization• Biosphere

– Earth• Ecosystem

– Both biotic and abiotic factors • Community

– Group of various species that live in an ecosystem

– Only biotic factors• Population

– All the members of one species

• Organism– An individual living thing

CompetitionA relationship between two species in which both species attempt to uses the same limited

resource

Biotic CausesInvasive species

Abiotic CausesNatural disasters

Man made disasters

Energy Pyramid

Energy FlowFood Chain Food Web

Invasive SpeciesA non-native species whose introduction causes damage to the local

ecosystem

• Non-native – a species that is introduced to an ecosystem

• Examples:– Black Rat – first invasive species originally from Asia,

started to spread around 1AD with the increase of shipping

– Kudzu – brought to the US from Japan in 1876 for the Philadelphia Centennial Celebration

– Burmese python – released pets beginning to inhabit the Florida everglades

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Chemicals and Pollution• DDT – insecticide used to control malaria, caused eggshell

thinning in birds of prey

• Oil Spills – oil effects all organisms it touches causing widespread illness and death

• Air pollution – burning of fossil fuels causing a build up of CO2 in atmosphere

• Acid Rain – when rain drops pick up sulfur dioxide from energy plants burning coal

Habitat Destruction and Over Harvesting

• Urbanization – loss of food, cover and sometimes predators

• Agriculture – loss of woodlands and wetlands, replaced with less diverse crop fields, more herbicides and pesticides

• Over fishing – decreased fish stock for commercial fisherman

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