Mitsuo Matsuka

Nippon Apitherapy Society (President)

E-mail: mmat@agr.tamagawa.ac.jp

Central Research Institute of Propolis Inc. (President)Japan Royal Jelly Fair Trade Council (President)

Diversity of Propolis:

Production, Preparation, and Consumption

090917, Montpellier

2

Apitherapy session was first held, and several presentations on propolis provoked Japanese beekeepers and market.This year was called as THE FIRST YEAR OF PROPOLIS AGE in JAPAN

International

Apicultural

Congress

in 1985

in NAGOYA

Propolis in Japan

XXXth APIMONDIA CONGRESS

3

Recent development ofPropolis research

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 20050

20

40

60

80

100論

文数

/年

論文

数/年

論文

数/年

論文

数/年

From PubMed

www.pubmed.gov

4ホルモン様活性抗不整脈作用抗高血圧作用

抗ウイルス（HIV)作用抗細胞死作用免疫賦活作用腎臓保護作用抗放射線作用抗電磁波作用神経保護作用

抗炎症作用抗酸化作用抗腫瘍作用

抗微生物活性

0 5 10 15 20

論文数（2005年） 論文数（2005年） 論文数（2005年） 論文数（2005年）

Function-related papers

New fields

No. of articles in 2005

AntibioticAntitumor

AntioxidationAntiinflamation

NeuroprotectionAntimagnetism

AntiradiationKidney-protectionImmunoactivation

Cell longevityAntiviral (HIV)

AntihypertentionAntiarrythmia

Hormone-like act.

5

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Oxford University Press (2004- ) URL: http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/

18 important and interesting reviews and original articles

related to PROPOLIS �appeared

Founding editors:Tomio Tada; E.L. Cooper (UCLA); Nobuo Yamaguchi

activity related JCAM members

6

7

Apimedica & Apiquality Forum 2010

3rd Apimondia Int. Forum on Apitherapy & Apiquality

Ljubljana, Slovenia

Sept. 28 - 30, 2010

+

Satellite Symposia

(October 1 - 2)

8

World Propolis Science Forum(WPSF, Korea/HQ)

Started in 2007 in Daejeon (Korea),

2008 in Hanzhou (China) at the 9th AAA (Asian Apicultural Association),

2010 in Pusan (Korea, at AAA)

Please contact with Korean delegates

wooks@snu.ac.kr

or AAA members

E-journal

Please contact with IBRA stand

10

Diversity of propolis, plant origin

11

Brazil

Tropical America

Temperate America

Chrysin + QuercetinNorth AmericaNew ZealandAustraliaJapanChinaBulgariaItalyGermany

Different types of propolis (TLC)Different types of propolis (TLC)

12ChileChileChileChile

ThailandThailandThailandThailandJapanJapanJapanJapan

BrazilBrazilBrazilBrazil BrazilBrazilBrazilBrazil

KoreaKoreaKoreaKorea KoreaKoreaKoreaKorea

ChileChileChileChile

13

Brazilian propolis

14

Main Propolis Types

Poplar Populus, mostly P. nigra

In the temperate climatic zone of Asia, Europe and America

Green propolisBaccharis dracunculifolia

Brazil

(Bogdanov and Gallman, 2007)

15

European typeEuropean type

Brazilian typeBrazilian type

●●●●Populus type

●●●● max absorption=292 nm

●●●●flavonoids

(pinocembrin, chrysin,

pinobanksin, etc)

●●●●Baccharis type

●●●●max absorption=300 nm

●●●●artepillin C

200 250 300 350 400

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

292 nm

200 250 300 350 400

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

300 nm

16

-1-1-1-1

-0.5-0.5-0.5-0.5

0000

0.50.50.50.5

1111

1.51.51.51.5

2222

-1-1-1-1 -0.5-0.5-0.5-0.5 0000 0.50.50.50.5 1111

Flavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid typeFlavonoid type

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝PopulusPopulusPopulusPopulusPopulusPopulusPopulusPopulus typetypetypetypetypetypetypetype

nonnonnonnonnonnonnonnon--------flavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid typeflavonoid type

Okinawa typeOkinawa typeOkinawa typeOkinawa type

BaccharisBaccharisBaccharisBaccharis typetypetypetype

＝＝＝＝Brazilian typeBrazilian typeBrazilian typeBrazilian type

miscellaneous type miscellaneous type miscellaneous type miscellaneous type

PC1PC1PC1PC1

Russia, Japan, Korea, China, USA, NZ, Australia,

Hungary, Bulgaria, Argentina, Uruguay

Chejudo, Vietnam, Thailand, Congo, South Africa, Mexico,

Cuba, Japan

PCPCPCPC２２２２

17

J1J1J1J1----aaaa

J1J1J1J1----bbbb

J1J1J1J1----ccccJ2J2J2J2

J3J3J3J3J4J4J4J4

J5J5J5J5----aaaaJ5J5J5J5----bbbb

18

現代化学

19

オオバギオオバギオオバギオオバギMacaranga tanariusMacaranga tanariusMacaranga tanariusMacaranga tanarius

(Euphorbiaceae)

Kumazawa el al. (2007)

Bitten fruit

20Artepillin C

CAPE

Propolone B

Propolin A

Naringenin

Other types (examples)

Dalbergia ecastophyllim

(Cuba, Brazil)

Clusia spp.

(Cuba, Venezuel, Brazil)

And others from Pacific Islands, and Kangaroo Island (Australia) as well as European and Russian propolis

22

Preparations and Products

Standardization

23

MAIN TYPES OF PROPOLIS PRODUCTS

1. ETHANOL EXTRACT

2. SUPER CRITICAL EXTRACTION (Carbon Dioxide)

3. MICELLIZED EXTRACTION

4. WATER EXTRACT

5. DRIED PRODUCTS (in CAPSULE, POWDER, etc.)

OIL EXTRACT IS NEWLY APPLIED

24

Propolis Propolis productsproducts

tincture, aqueous liquid, drink,powder, capsules, tablets, candy, lip balm, teeth paste, cream, food additives

25

Japan Propolis Conference (EEP, ethanol >50 %) (1990,1997)1. Dry material: more than 8 % (w/v)2. Quercetin: should be detected (by HPLC or other methods)3. UV maximum: between 270 – 310 nm

Japan Health Food & Nutrition Food Association (1997, modified)(for Extracted Propolis (containing) Food)

1. Flavonoid reaction: positive (orange/red with Al + HCl)2. p-Cumaric acid/cinnamic acid should be detected by HPLC3. Total flavonoids (equivalent as quercetin)

Brazilian*: more than 1.9 %Chinese**: more than 4.6 %

* 99.5 / 80 ethanol extraction ratio < 1.0 (country name is an example)** the above ratio > 1.0 (country name is an example)

CRITERIA OF PROPOLIS PRODUCTS IN JAPAN

Standardization

IHC proposes minimal values for poplar type propolis:

Resin 45 %; Phenolics 21 %;

Flavones 4 %; Flavanones 4 %.

Brazilian (green) propolis:

More study needed

Other typles of propolis:

Chemical research is advancing

not yet for comercial products

Market and Future

28

Market size of propolis in Japan is ca. 3 billion US$, which is influenced by economic and politic situation.

This year propolis is expected to be effective to FLU condition due to antiviral and immunomodulating activities.

Propolis as health supplement is supported by health-oriented people.

29

・More research needed

・Evidence-based applications

・Information is important

Propolis

Thank you for your attention.

30

Classes SubstancesResins 40-60 %

Phenolics

Phenols, phenolic acids, esters, flavanons, dihydroflavanons, flavons, flavonols, chalkones, phenolic glycerides

Wax: 20-30 % Beeswax substances

Essential oils max. 10 %

Volatiles

Mono- and Sesquiterpenes

others: ca. 5 % Minerals, carbohydrates

Composition of Poplar propolis

Poplar propolis is best studied: several hundred substances are identified

Zn, Fe, Mn, Se, Si, Cu

(Bogdanov and Gallman, 2007)

31

Poplar propolis: standardisation for

biologically active compounds

Methods: Popova et al.2004

Results: Bankova et al. , Apidologie 2007

Phenolics Minimum 19%

Flavones and flavonols

Minimum 4%

Flavanones and dihydroflavonols

Minimum 4%

(Bogdanov and Gallman, 2007)

32

・ Medicine-like description on the products label

・ Explanations indicating medical effects of propolis

are strictly prohibited in Japan.

CONCEPT 1: HEALTH FOOD = DIETARY SUPPLEMENT

33

The concept is now newly (re-)introduced

Related societies were established in 1998

JCAM: Jpn. Soc. for Complementary & Alternative

Medicine & Treatment

JACT: Jpn. Assoc. for Altern. Complem. and

Traditional Medicine

These may be based on traditional Chinese medicine

and also directing Evidence-based considerations

CONCEPT 2: COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

34

Holistic trend in APITHERAPY

in Integrative Medicine

The trends is leading to the third CONCEPT

Thank you for your attention

35

Recent News on Propolis +

1. 1000 Articles in 2008 (PubMed)

2. Apimedica Conference (2006-)

3. WPSF (2007, 2008, ---)

4. Publication of JAAS from IBRA

(Journal of Apiproduct and Apimedical Science, 2009-)

5. Okinawan propolis

36

Artepillin C :a diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid derivativeBankova et al. (2009); Estrrada et al. (2008)

antimicrobial (Aga et al., 1994)apoptosis-inducing (Matsuno et al., 1997)

antioxidant (Hayashi et al., 1999) anticarcinogenic (Kimoto et al., 2001 b)anticolon cancer (Shimizu et al., 2006)

antiviral (Fisher et al., 2007)antiinflammatory (Paulino et al., 2008)

37

Kano et al. (2008)

Artepillin C derived from Propolis induces Neurite Outgrowth Neurochemical Res. 33(9): 1795-803

(Collabo. with Yamada Bee Lab.

(Inst. Bee Products & Health Sci.)and Kibi Int. Univ.