Division Two

---- The Bible And Christianity

Ⅰ General Introduction 1.( 选 ) 要点 *Christianity is by far the most influential in the

west . 2. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. * ♂( 一句话简答 ) ：一字不漏必背型 →Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are

closely related ? ⑴ In fact , it was the Jewish tradition which gav

e birth to Christianity . ⑵ Both originated in Palestine --- the hub of mi

gration and trade routes , which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas. 世界各地

3. ( 选 ) Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews ---- the Hebrews ---- wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.

4. ( 选 ) “Hebrews” , means “wanderers”. 5.( 选 ) About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to

settle in Palestine, known as Canaan 迦侬 / 南 圣地 at that time . 6.* ( 选 ) The Hebrew history was recorded lat

er in the Old Testament 《旧约》 , which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible 《圣经》 .

*( 一句话简答 ) ： What great contribution did the Hebrews make for the world civilization?

答： The Bible and Christianity. 圣经及基督教

Ⅱ The Old Testament 旧约 ♀♂ 名词解释： ⑴ The Old Testament: ① The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two

parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. ② The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of the God,

上帝的意志 . ③ The word “Testament ” means “agreement” ---- namely, the

agreement between God and Man . ⑵ The New Testament: ① The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two

parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. ② The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. ③ The word “Testament ” means “agreement” ---- namely, the

agreement between God and Man .

1. The Pentateuch 摩西五经 1. * The Old Testament consists of ↘ 39 books, the old

est and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.39 卷 开篇 5 卷

2. Pentateuch includes: * Genesis , Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 共 5 个 n.

⑴ Genesis ：《创世纪》 ① Genesis belongs to the Pentateuch , the Old Testa

ment , the Bible.--- 出处 ② It is a religious account of ( 选 ) a. the origin of the Hebrew people b. including the origin of the world and of man c. the career of Issac and the life of Jacob 约伯和

and his son Joseph. 约瑟夫

⑵ Exodus: 《出埃及记》 ① Exodus belongs to the Pentateuch, the Old Testam

ent, the Bible. ---- 出处 ② It is a religious history of the Hebrews during their fli

ght 出逃 from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’ s Law. 上帝的意志

⑶ Leviticus: 《利未记》 * It is a collection of primitive laws. 早期法律的集合体 ⑷ Numbers: 《民数记》 * 其实是《出埃及记》的续篇 ~ * It is a continuation of the account of the flight from E

gypt with two censuses about the Exodus. ⑸ Deuteronomy 《申命记》 / 《摩西遗言记》 * the final words of Moses to his people, restating his

orders and fifty years’ experiences as a leader.

a. The Fall of Man 人类的堕落 （选） * The Fall of Man is from Genesis , the Pentateuch, th

e Old Testament, the Bible. --- 出处 b. Noah’s Ark 诺亚方舟 （选） *① The Noah’s Ark is from the Genesis, the Pentateuc

h, the Old Testament, the Bible. --- 出处 * ② As the legend goes, around 1900 B.C., there lived

a descendent of Noah in Ur ( 乌尔国 : 古代美索不达亚南部苏美尔的

重要城市 ) by the name of Abraham. 亚伯拉罕

* the Promised Land ----③ Canaan. 上帝允诺之地 * Around ④ 1300 B.C. Moses, the famous Hebrew lea

der, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt. 古埃及的法老 With this began the Exodus 出埃及 , which lasted forty years.

* In Mt.⑤ Sinai, Moses received from God message ---- known as the Ten Commandments. 《摩西十诫》

2. The Historical Books 历史卷（共十卷） 介绍： This part of the Old Testament includes

these books: ⑴ Book of Joshua 《约书亚记》 ⑵ Book of Judges 《判官记》 ⑶ Books of Samuel 《萨穆尔记》（Ⅰ and

Ⅱ ） ⑷ Books of Kings 《列王记》 （Ⅰ and Ⅱ ） ⑸ Books of the Chronicles 《编年史记》 （Ⅰ

and Ⅱ ） ⑹ Book of Ezra 《以斯拉记》 ⑺ Book of Nehemiah. 《纳希米亚积》

正文： ① The Historical Books were written sometime

between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C., dealing with the history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200B.C. till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.

② The Historical Books also talk about : The development of system of landed nobles

大土地所有制 ， development of monarchy 君主制 ， age of great prosperity under Saul , David and

Solomon, 所罗门，以色列国王 and establishment of the two Kingdoms.

( 选 ) ⅰ A new leader , Joshua , （禅让制） brought

the Hebrew people safely back to Canaan. But after Joshua’ s death, the tribes split apar

t. ⅱ The first king to unite the Hebrews was a wa

rrior – farmer named Saul. 战士为兵；平日务农 ⅲ Saul was succeeded by David, rallied the He

brew tribes against the enemy and established his political and religious capital , Jerusalem. 政教合一的耶路撒冷

4. The Prophets. 先知 ⑴ For more than a thousand years in the Middl

e East there had been a class of people known as “prophets” or the spokesmen of god.

神的代言人 ⑵ Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple off

icials 神庙长老 . Later on there appeared independent prophets. 各自为政的先知

⑶ The prophets can be classified into two groups: 大先知与小先知

↘The Major Prophets and the Minor Prophets

5. The Book of Daniel 丹尼尔记 /卷

1. ☆ 名词解释 （重点） ↘① The Book of Daniel appeared in the early

days of the rebellion when the Jews revolted against the Syrian 叙利亚 King Antiochus .Ⅳ 安迪克鲁斯四世

② It is a story mixed with vision, describing how Daniel and his friends 他的部落 were taken prisoner to Babylon after the fall of Jerusalem and how they refused to compromise their faith.

③ The former church in 6th century B.C. is called : synagogues. ( 注意拼写 )

Ⅲ. Rise of Christianity *04 年论述题： → What are the major differences between Christianity and the

other religions? → What are the two distinctive beliefs that differentiate Christia

nity from the other religions? 答： ⑴ One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God 上帝之子 , and th

at God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as human suffer, 饱尝人世间的酸甜苦辣 and die to redeem mankind. 唤醒人类

⑵The other is that God gave his only begotten Son ， so that whosoever believes in him should not perish , b

ut have everlasting life. 核心思想： Thus, at the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus;

How ha lived and died to redeem the whole human race . 基督的一生

1~2. The Life of Jesus ~The Spread of Christianity

☆ 宗教的五个步骤： A. Prevailing in the small areas ---- 传播 B. More people to believe in it C. All the people to believe it D. Legislation by government ---- 合法化 E. The official religion ---- 官方的统治工具

* 论述题： → How did Christianity originate and develop in E

urope? A. Prevailing in the small areas ---- 传播 → After Jesus died, the disciples such as St. Peter an

d St. Paul tried to spread his gospel and began to preach to people in the Mediterranean region. ∥

* In 64 A.D. , when half of Rome was burned to the ground, Nero, seeking to recover his popularity with the mob( 乌合之众 ), illuminated his garden with a public display of burning Christians, on the pretense( 借口称 ) that the incomprehensible Christian fanatics 盲信者 had set fire to Rome.

→ Christianity 一大耻辱 * In 73 B.C. ,slave uprising led by Spartacus( 斯巴达克

思起义 )

B. More people to believe in it → It was a time of great unrest and upheaval i

n Europe. （欧洲动荡不安） Under such conditions, the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel . （穷人和地位低下的人）

C. All the people to believe it → Men and women from all classes in Europe

began to believe in Christianity. The Romans grew tired of war and feared the c

ollapse of the empire.

D. Legislation by government ---- 合法化 * Constantine believed that God had helped him in win

ning the battle and so issued the Edict of Milan in 313. 颁发了米兰特赦令 It granted religious freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.

E. The official religion ---- 官方的统治工具 * In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity

the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.

Conclusion: * Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppr

ession to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.

( 选 ) After the fifth century Nestorianism reached China.

（唐朝时， 景教作为基督教的一个支教传到了中国）

Ⅳ The New Testament 金字塔形的教会组织： Pope 罗马教皇 ↓ Archbishops ↓ Bishops ↘ dioce

se ↓ Priest ↘ a paris

h ↓ Disciples 门徒

早期的教会组合： ⑴. ( 选 ) By 300 A.D. , each l

ocal church was called a parish 教区（最小组成单位） and had a full time leader known as a priest.

⑵ Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese( 主教教区 ) ， which was headed by a bishop.

⑶ The most important bishops were called archbishops.

即：红衣大主教

早期的教会组合： ( 选 ) ⑷ the Christian scriptures 圣经经文 , or the Ne

w Testament .

⑸ As Jesus had left no written records, his disciples in the first century, (1A.D.) wrote down in Greek 希腊语 about his life and teaching.

⑹ Towards the end of the fourth century300 年后， four accounts 四福音书 were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.

* The four accounts were believed to have been written by ：

Matthew 圣马赛福音书 Mark 圣马克福音书 Luke 罗克福音书 John 约翰福音书 four of Jesus ’ early followers.

* They tell of the birth , teaching, death and Resurrection 复活 of Jesus.

* Then come: The Acts of the Apostles; 使徒卷 The Epistles ； 信札卷 The book of Revelation 致胜篇

1. The Birth of Jesus 耶稣的诞生 * The Birth of Jesus is from St. Matthew , the New Tes

tament, the Bible.

4. The Last Supper 最后的晚餐　（重点考点）

* 1. The Last Supper is from St. John, the New Testament , the Bible.

2. Da Vinci put the Christian story The Last Supper into painting named Last Supper in the Renaissance period.

5. The Crucifixion. 被钉死在十字架上的故事 * The Crucifixion is from St. John , the New testament,

the Bible.

Ⅴ. Translations of the Bible 1. Why do we say the Bible shaped the western

civilization more decisively than anything else ever written?

* Because it is much more than a religious book. Reflecting most extensively western ideas and culture, the Bible is really an encyclopaedia.

百科全书 All in one, it is history; it is literature; it is record

of great minds( 思想之集大成者 ). It has left an enormous influence on the human race.

☆ （年年都考的重点） What are the major translation version

s of the Bible?

1. Except a few passages in the related Aramaic dialect 阿拉米克语 the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew.

2. And the New Testament was originally written in a popular form of Greek.

Version 1: ⑴The oldest extent Greek translation of the Old Testa

ment is known as the Septuagint. ⑵ It was the version used by the Hellenistic Jews 讲古希腊语的 the Greek–speaking Christians ⑶ And it is still in use in the Greek Church today.

Version 2: 拉丁版足本圣经 ⑴ The most ancient extent Latin version of the whole

Bible is the Vulgate edition , which was done in 383~405 A.D. by St. Jerome 圣 .杰罗米 in common people’s language.

⑵ It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic church throughout the world.

⑶ It was also the basis of the earlier translations into English and other European tongues.

事实： * By 1963, the whole of the Bible had been tran

slated in 228 languages and parts into 974 languages --- a total of 1202, including tribal tongues. ( 部落语言 )

Version 3 : ⑴ The first English version of whole Bible (足本圣经 ) was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.

Version 4: ⑴ After John Wycliff’ s version, appeared Willia

m Tyndale’ s version. 汀德尔版圣经 ⑵ It was based directly on the original Hebrew

and Greek sources. 直接译原文 ⑶ Many passages of his translations are still pr

eserved in the English Bible of today. 价值很高，因为语言损失很小。

Version 5: ⑴ The Great Bible 大圣经 ordered by HenryⅧ 亨利八世 in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’ s work.

Version 6 : 官方版 / 詹姆士版圣经（成教科书了）

⑴ The most important and influential of English Bible is the “Authorized ” or King James’ version, first published in 1611.

⑵ It was published by [54 biblical scholars 不必记忆 ] at the command of King James.

⑶ With its simple, majestic Anglo – Saxon tongue 盎格鲁 - 萨克逊部落语言 , it is known as the greatest book in the English language.

Version 7: 修订版圣经 The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and th

e standard American edition .

Version 8: 新版圣经 ⑴ Other important recent translations, done in the sixti

es and seventies （ 1960~1970’s ） are the Good News Bible and the New English Bible.

⑵ The former is popular for its simple and vivid current idiom; the latter , an entirely fresh rendering of the original Hebrew and Greek.

1. * How has the English developed ? A. 古英语的代表 Old English: Beowulf B. 中古英语 Middle English : the Cantebury Tales.

----- Chaucer 乔叟 C. 现代英语 Modern English : the English Bible and

Shakespeare are two great reservoirs 两大代表 of Modern English.

2. What great significance has the English Bible on both British Literature and American Literature?

↘ ： ⑴ The use of Biblical themes has been a literary traditio

n of which the noted examples are ： ① Milton’s Paradise Lost 《失乐园》 ② Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》 ③ Byron’s Cain 《凯恩》 → Up to the contemporary 20C ④ Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises 《太阳依旧升起》 ⑤ 斯坦贝克 Steinbeck’ s East of Eden. 《东方伊甸园》 ⑵In fact ， few great English and American writers of th

e seventeenth , eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible.