d§{mv {dh$mg · 2019. 2. 27. · d§{mv {dh$mg oj am{u amnu/6 g{md, am{wh$ vavx agmdr åhuz hm...

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d§{MV {dH$mg …OJ Am{U AmnU

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d§{MV {dH$mg … OJ Am{U AmnU(gm_m{OH$ boIg§J«h)S>m°. gwZrbHw$_ma bdQ>o

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Xþgar Amd¥Îmr 2018

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gZ 1990 Mm H$mi Agob. _r ~mbH$ë`mUmM§ H$m ©̀ gwê$ H$ê$Z XeH$gaV Ambo hmoVo. H$moëhmnyaÀ`m [a_m§S> hmo_Mo ê$nm§Va _r ~mbH$ë`mU g§Hw$bmVH$ê$Z {VWo EH$ {XdgmÀ`m A ©̂H$mnmgyZ Vo 100 dfmªÀ`m d¥Õm§n ª̀VÀ`mgdmªÀ`m g§JmonZ, {ejU, gwg§ñH$ma, nwZd©gZ H$m`m©g EH$ Zdo n[aUm_{d{dY à`moJm§VyZ {Xbo hmoVo. Ë`mMr g{dñVa H$hmUr AmnUmg _mÂ`m "ImbrO_rZ, da AmH$me' `m AmË_H$WZmV dmMmd`mg {_iob. `mM H$mimV _r_hmamîQ́>mVrb AZmWml_, [a_m§S> hmoågÀ`m _Ü`dVu g§ñWm Agboë`m _hmamḯ>amÁ` n[adrjm AZwajU d AZwgaU g§KQ>Zm, nwUoÀ`m H$m`m©Vhr g{H«$` hmoVmo.amÁ`mMo YmoaU, àíZ, `moOZm `mV _mPr ^mJrXmar AJ«Ur Agm`Mr. `mMH$mimV _r ̀ m amÁ` Ë`m g§ñWoMo _wInÌ Agboë`m "g_mOgodm' Ì¡_m{gH$mMmg§nmXH$ hmoVmo. Ë`m g§ñWoMm CnmÜ`jhr hmoVmo. nwT>o AÜ`jhr Pmbmo.

AZmW, {ZamYma, hadbobr, Q>mH$bobr, gmoS>bobr, Ka gmoSy>Z niyZAmbobr, ~mbJwÝhoJma, ~mb_Oya _wbo-_wbr, doí`m, Hw$_mar_mVm, XodXmgr,Hw$ð>nr{S>V, Vwé§JmVrb ~§Xr ~m§Yd d ^{JZr BË`mXtMr AmnX²J«ñV AnË`o,{edm` ~bmËH$m[aV ^{JZr, n[aË`ŠVm, hþ§S>m~ir, \$gdboë`m ^{JZr `mgmè`m§Mo g§JmonZ, {ejU, gwg§ñH$ma, nwZd©gZ, à{ejU, {ddmh, XÎmH$sH$aU,ZmoH$ar B. Ûmao Ë`m§Zm naV g_mOmÀ`m _Ü`àdmhmV AmUÊ`mÀ`m Ü`mgmMo Vo{Xdg hmoVo. _r ZwH$VmM ̀ wamon_Yrb \«$mÝg, B§½b§S>, BQ>br, O_©Zr, pñdQ²>PbªS>,ZoXab±S²>g, Am°pñQ́>`m, ~opëO`_, ìh°{Q>H$Z, bŠP|~J© {edm` Am{e`mVrbqgJmnya, Wm`b§S>_Ü`o Aem H$m`m©Mm {VWo XmoZ _{hZo amhÿZ {\$ê$Z Aä`mgHo$bobm hmoVm.


{dXoemV OmÊ`mnydu ^maVmV darb gd© d§{MVm§Mo H$m ©̀ OJmV H$go gwê$Pmbo, ^maVmV Ë`mMm àma§̂ H$gm Pmbm, _hmamï>́mVM d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`mH$m`m©Mr _whÿV©_oT> H$er amodbr Jobr, Ë`mMm Aä`mg _r Ho$bobm hmoVm.naXoemV OmVmZm _r EH$ ñdßZ KoD$Z Jobmo hmoVmo. {VWbo gmao H$m`© nmhm`Mo{Z Vgo BWo H$am`Mo. _mÂ`m `m ñdßZmbm {VWë`m àdmgmV VS>m Jobm.ñdßZ §̂JM Pmbm åhUm Zm! EH$ Jmoï> gm§JÊ`mgmaIr Amho. Amnbo òWrbd§{MV {dH$mgmMo H$m ©̀ d H$m`Xo B§½b§S>À`m YVuda {dH${gV Pmbo hmoVo; nUJoë`m 50 dfmªV {VWo d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`m©V H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xb Pmbobo hmoVo.g§ñWm {dg{O©V H$ê$Z B§½b§S>Zo g§ñWm~mø godm {dH${gV Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. VonmhÿZ _mPo S>moio ImS>H$Z CKS>bo.

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ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV VËH$mbrZ _w§~B© Bbm»`mV gZ 1857 _Ü ò "S>opìhS>ggyZ [a\$m°_}Q>ar' gwê$ H$ê$Z BWë`m d§{MV {dH$mgmMr gwédmV Pmbr.{~«{Q>e Am_XZrV ho H$m`© gwYma àemgZmMo Agm`Mo. Vmo {d^mJ J¥h d Vwé§J{d^mJmÀ`m AIË`m[aV Agm`Mm. Z§Va Ë`mV gwYmaUm hmoD$Z Vmo _mJmgdJu`H$ë`mU {d^mJmg OmoS>bm Jobm. Z§Va Ë`m {d^mJmMo Zm_H$aU "g_mOH$ë`mU{d^mJ' H$aÊ`mV Ambo. _r gZ 1980 _Ü ò H$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo Voìhm _{hbm,~mb, An§J B. {d^mJ g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJmÀ`m AIË`marV hmoVo. _mJmgdJu`d Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU {d^mJmg PwH$Vo _mn Agm`Mo. _{hbm, ~mb d An§JH$ë`mU `moOZm, g§ñWm, H$m ©̀H$V}, Am{W©H$ VaVyX, gwYmaUm gd©M ~m~VrVgmnËZ^mdmMr {_iUmar dmJUyH$ bjmV KoD$Z Amåhr gdmªZr XeH$^a_{hbm, ~mb d An§J {dH$mgmMo ñdV§Ì _§Ìmb`, g§MmbZmb`, _§Ìr,


g{Md, Am{W©H$ VaVyX Agmdr åhUyZ hm àíZ bmdyZ Yabm. Ë`m _mJUrggZ 1990 À`m Xaå`mZ è Ambo.

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"d§{MV {dH$mg … OJ Am{U AmnU' ho nwñVH$ darb H$m`m©gX§̂ m©VAm{U H$m`©H$mimV {b{hboë`m doJdoJù`m boIm§Mo g§nmXZ Agbo Var Ë`mVyZOJmÀ`m d§{MV {dH$mgmMm AÜ`m` gwê$ Pmë`mnmgyZ åhUOo gZ 1351 Vo2010 n ª̀VÀ`m `m H$m_mMm {dH$mgmË_H$ AmboI `mVyZ _yV© hmoVmo. "d§{MV{dH$mgmMo AmH$me' boI d§{MV {dH$mgmMo {j{VO Ñí`_mZ H$aob. "d§{MV{dH$mgmMr d¡pídH$ nmíd©̂ y_r' erf©H$ boI "nwAa bm°' `m OJmVrb n{hë`mH$ë`mUH$mar H$m`ÚmnmgyZ {~«{Q>e ^maVmV òB©n`ªVÀ`m, {deofV… B§½b§S>,`wamonmVrb d§{MV {dH$mgmMm d¡Ym{ZH$ B{Vhmg Amho. ^maVmVrb d§{MV{dH$mgmMr hr nmíd©̂ y_r g_OyZ KoVë`m{edm` AmnUmg ^maVmVrb d§{MV{dH$mgmMo AmH$bZ hmoUma Zmhr, Ago _bm dmQ>Vo. "^maVmVrb d§{MV{dH$mg … àma§̂ Am{U {dñVma' boI EVÔoer` d§{MV {dH$mgmMr ŷ{_H$m,B{Vhmg d ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mVrb {d{dY n§ddm{f©H$ `moOZmVyZ hmoVJobobr àJVr AYmoao{IV H$aVmo. gZ 1980-81 n ª̀VMm d§{MV {dH$mgË`mVyZ AmnUmg g_Oob. `m H$mimVrb {d{dY `moOZm dm Ë`mVrb Am{W©H$VaVyX,gm§p»`H$sÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _wÔm_ ñnï> Ho$br Amho. d{MV {dH$mgmMmAmdmH$m ì`mnH$ d VaVyX AË`ën `m {df_ pñWVr_wio Amnë`m XoemVOJmVrb AÝ` Xoem§à_mUo {dH$mg KSy>Z ̀ oV Zmhr, ho H$R>moa gË` Ë`mVyZ ñnï>hmoVo. _J `m XoemV "H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`' (Welfare State) H$go åhUm`Mo,hm àíZ AmnmoAmnM {Z_m©U hmoVmo. H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m{dH$mg `moOZmV _Vm§da S>moim R>odyZ `moOZm am~dë`m. JaOoda AmYm[aV{dH$mg, Am{W©H$ {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV AmajU ZrVr Z ñdrH$maë`m_wiod§{MVm§Zm nyU© Zmd, AmoiInÌ, _Vm{YH$ma, OJÊ`mMr emídVr, {ejUmMrh_r, ZmoH$arV àmYmÝ` B. _yb ŷV d {H$_mZ JaOm§Mrhr nyV©Vm H$m hmoD$eH$Vr Zmhr `mMr Om~ {dMmaÊ`mMr doi òD$Z R>onbr Amho. gm_m{OH$Ý`m`,_mZdm{YH$ma, ~mbH$ hŠH$, An§Jm§Mo {deofm{YH$ma Aem gd©M {ZH$fmdad§{MV {dH$mg Cno{jV am{hë`mMo Oo dmñVd nwT>o òVo Ë`mVyZ AmO g§ñWm§MoH$m|S>dmS>o ho d§{MVm§Mo _gUdmQ>o Pmë`moM ñnï> hmoVo. Zmhr åhUm`bm `m


nwñVH$mMr hr Xþgar Amd¥Îmr àH$m{eV hmoV AgVmZm _hmamï>́ emgZmZo 2E{àb, 2018 amoOrÀ`m emgZ AmXoemZwgma AZmWm§Zm 1% g_m§Va AmajUIwë`m àdJm©V XoD$ Ho$bo Amho hr AmZ§X, A{^_mZ {Z A{^Z§XZmMr Jmoï> hmo`.

_hmamḯ> amÁ` ñWmnZ Pmë`mnmgyZ d§{MV {dH$mgmg JVr {_imbr.`moOZmV OwO~r gwYmaUm Pmë`m; nU d§{MVmH$S>o nmhÊ`mÀ`m emgZ ̀ §ÌUoÀ`mÑ{ï>H$moZmV _yb ŷV d _m¡{bH$ ~Xb Pmbo Ago åhUUo YmS>gmMo hmoB©b dA{Ve`moŠVrhr R>aob. emgZmÀ`m {dÚ_mZ d§{MV {dH$mg `moOZm d OJmMo`m gX^m©Vbo {MÌ nm{hbo H$s g§H$moM dmQ>Vmo. _hmamï´>mV d§{MV AOyZgm_m{OH$ Ý`m` n[aKm~mhoaM KwQ>_iVmo Amho. `mMo H$maU amOH$s`BÀN>meŠVrMm A^md ho {OVHo$ Iao H$maU Amho, {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo H$maUAgo H$s _hmamḯ>mÀ`m g_mO_ZmV d§{MVm§àVr, Ë`m§Mm àíZ, g_ñ`m§~ÔbVgoM g§ñWm, `moOZm§~Ôb nwaoer _m{hVr Zmhr d g_mOmV d§{MVm§~Ôb^mdgmjaVmhr Zmhr. ho nwñVH$ `m g§X^m©V Hoo$bobm EH$ OmUrdnyd©H$ Z_«à`ËZ hmò .

`m nwñVH$m§À`m CÎmamYm©V AZmW, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X, d¥Õ BË`mXtMoOnmZ, A_o[aH$m, \«$mÝg, B§½bS>, `wamon B. {R>H$mUÀ`m d§{MV {dH$mgmMo {MÌaoImQ>Ê`mV Ambo Amho. "OJ Am{U AmnU' Agm VwbZmË_H$ {dMma Amnë`mXoemV Omoda hmoUma Zmhr Vmoda, {Za «̂ {dH$mgmMo AmH$me {XgUma Var H$go{Z Ho$ìhm? _mJmgdJu` d Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU, ^Q>Ho$ d {d_wŠVm§À`m`moOZm§À`m nmíd©^y_rda d§{MVm§~ÔbMm emgH$s` XþOm^md nm{hbm H$sgỳ ©àH$memBVH$m ñnï> hmoVmo. d§{MVm§À`m Á`m emgH$s` g§ñWm AmhoV, Ë`m~hþg§»` ^mS>çmÀ`m OmJoV, B_maVrV MmbVmV. `m g§ñWm§À`m `moOZm dJwUdÎmoMm {H$_mZ XOm© AÚmn emgZmg {ZpíMV H$aVm Ambm Zmhr. OmJ{VH$XOm©À`m VwbZoV Amnbo d§{MV {dH$mg H$m ©̀ gamgar XOm©À`m gVV ImbrMam{hbo Amho. Oo H$mhr {H$_mZ _mZdVm H$m`© hmoVo Amho Vo AndmX AgyZ Vohr ñd §̀godr, godm^mdr, g_{n©V g§ñWm§VM hmoV am{hbo Amho. d§{MV bm^mWvZm{Zdm©h ^Îmm {Za§VanUo X{bVm{X AÝ` d§{MVm§nojm H$_rM XoÊ`mV òV Amho.d§{MVm§À`m g§ñWmVrb H$_©Mmar dJm©Mr nmÌVm d doVZ {ZåZñVar` am{hë`mZog§JmonZ d g§ñH$mamMm XOm© ImbmdbobmM AmT>iVmo. nwZd©gZ Ia§ Va `m{d^mJmMm {ZX}em§H$ R>aVmo. Vmo ZJÊ`M am{hbm Amho. AË`ën AZwXmZmVhr{Z`{_VVoMm A^md d§{MVm§Mo OrUo H$R>rU H$aV Agë`mÀ`m nmíd©̂ y_rdaOnmZ, \«$mÝg, qgJmnya, A_o[aH$m, a{e`m, MrZ `oWrb H$m`© Amnë`mS>moù`mV A§OZ KmbUmao R>aVo.


"d§{MV {dH$mg … OJ Am{U AmnU' ho nwñVH$ H$mhrgo Vm§{ÌH$ dH$mhrgo ^mdgmja H$aUmao Agbo, Var g_mO^mZ Agboë`m àËòH$mZo VodmMm`bm hdo. àËòH$ Ka àË`j, AàË`j AZmWl_, d¥Õml_ hmoVAgë`mÀ`m H$mimV KamoKar Ag§dmXmMr pñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo Amho. _wbm§MoàojH$ hmoUo, pñÌ`m§Mo "^mdmoOt_mJo' Ho$di gmS>rÀ`m A{_fmZo doS>o hmoUo,dm{hÝ`m§darb H$m ©̀H«$_m§VyZ {ddmhnyd©, {ddmhmoÎma g§~§YmM§ CXmÎmrH$aU `mVyZg_mO Xþ̂ §JVmo Amho, CX²ÜdñV hmoV Amho. àËòH$ _mUgmg d§{MV R>adUmaoOmJ{VH$sH$aU Amnë`mVrb àËòH$mMm qMVoMm {df` ìhm`bm hdm. `mnmíd©̂ y_rda X{bV, d§{MV{df`H$ AmñWm AgUmam gd© dmMH$ dJ©, d§{MV{d^mJmMo gd© A{YH$mar, H$m`©H$V}, bmoH$à{V{ZYr, ñd`§godr g§ñWm§Mo(EZOrAmo) ì`mdgm{`H$ g_mO H$m ©̀H$V}, g_mOemó, g_mOH$m`© {df`mMo{dÚmWu, àmÜ`mnH$, g§emoYH$ gdmªZr ho nwñVH$ Ama§̂ mnmgyZ Vo eodQ>mn`ªVdmMbo nm{hOo, Va _J g_mOmÀ`m Ý`m` narKm~mhoa Cno{jV, em{nV, d§{MVJmdHw$gmV nwZ…ñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoB©b. d§{MV {dH$mgmMoAmH$me {Za «̂ ìhm`Mo Va Ë`m§À`màVr Amnë`m g§doXZm A{YH$ Vrd« d{H«$`mË_H$ ìhm`bm hì`mV.

hm _mPm boIg§J«hMr n{hbr Amd¥Îmr Á`m g_mO^mZ d gm_m{OH$H¥$VkVoZo l{_H$ à{Vð>mZ, H$moëhmnyaZo d {deofV… H$m°. JmoqdX nmZgao `m§ZràH$m{eV Ho$bo hmoVo Ë`mgmR>r _OH$S>o eãX ZmhrV. Ë`m§À`m F$UmV amhUoM_bm AmdS>ob.

AmVm Xþgar Amd¥Îmr Aja XmbZ, H$moëhmnyaMo A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ ê$nmVAmUyZ `m {df`m~Ôb AmñWm ì`ŠV Ho$br Amho. Ë`m~Ôb A_ò OmoetMm_r Am{U V_m_ d§{MV g_wXm` H¥$Vk Amho

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Amnë`m _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mV emgZ {ZU©̀ H«$. Eg². S>ãë`y. dm`² 1088/à. H«$. 341/gwYma-1 {X. 14 Am°JñQ> 1991 AÝd`o 1 gßQ>|~a 1991amoOr _{hbm ~mb d An§J {dH$mg g§MmbZmb` ñWmnZ Pmbo. VX²Z§Va_hmamîQ´> amÁ` n[adrjm d AZwajU g§KQ>Zm, nwUoÀ`m 53 ì`m dm{f©H$gd©gmYmaU g ôÀ`m AZwf§JmZo gm§JbrV EH$ nÌH$ma n[afX KoÊ`mV AmbrhmoVr. gXa n[afXoV "g_mO-godm' Ì¡_m{gH$ A§H$mMo g§ñWmnH$ g§nmXH$ dg§ñWoMo AÜ`j S>m°. eaÀM§Ð JmoIbo `m§Zr Zd{Z{_©V g§MmbZmb`mggd©g_mdoeH$ d gw~moY Zmd gwwM{dÊ`mMo AmdmhZ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mZwgmaAmåhr gwMdy BpÀN>Vmo H$s, Zd{Z{_©V ñdV§Ì g§MmbZmb`mMo H$m`©, ñdê$n{Z C{ÔîQ>o nmhVm Ë`mg "d§{MV {dH$mg g§MmbZmb`' ho Zmd A{YH$ g_n©H$R>amdo. gd©g_mdoeH$Vm, gw~moYVm d nwamoJm_r `m ÑîQ>rZo Vo gd©_mÝ` ìhm`bmhaH$V Zgmdr.

Zd{Z{_©V "_{hbm, ~mb d An§J {dH$mg g§MmbZmb`m§VJ©V Á`m`moOZm am~{dÊ`mV `oVmV, Ë`mV AZmW, {ZamYma, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X,_yH$~{Ya, d¥Õ, Hw$îR>amoJr, XodXmgr, hþ§S>m~ir, {dYdm, n[aË`ŠVm, Hw$_mar_mVm, ~mb{ddm{hVm, {^joH$ar, ~mbJwÝhoJma Ago EH$ {XdgmÀ`m A ©̂H$mnmgyZVo OamOO©a d¥Õmn`ªVÀ`m ZmZm{dY bm^mWvMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ho bm^mWuEH$m AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$, emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, Am{W©H$, ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çmH$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m H$maUmZo d§{MV AgVmV. darb gd© `moOZm§V Vo Á`mH$maUmZo d§{MV AgVmV Vo H$maU Xya H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm BVa ZmJ[aH$m§à_mUogm_mÝ` (d§MZ_wŠV) H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m bm^mWvMo doJioAgo OJ AgVo. "d§{MVm§Mo {díd' ho ZmZm{dY ì`Wm, doXZm, ì`§J, Cnojm,AË`mMmam§Zr J«mgbobo AgVo. Ë`m§Zm d§MZm§nmgyZ _wŠV H$ê$Z BVa gm_mÝ`m§gmaIoOrdZ ~hmb H$aUo åhUOoM Ë̀ m§Mm {dH$mg hmò. d§{MVm§À̀ m {dH$mgmMo


AmH$me A_`m©X Amho. Vo g§ñWm {Z `moOZm§À`m _`m©XoV gmYVm òUma Zmhr.d§{MVm§À`m {dH$mgmMo H$m`© `moOZm d g§ñWm§À`m q^VrV H$YrM nyU© hmoUmaZmhr. d§{MV Á`m g_mOmV {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`m g_mOmVrb BVaoOZm§à_mUoË`m§Zm OJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma d eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z XoUo hm d§{MV {dH$mgmMmà_wI CÔoe Agm`bm hdm. daM d§{MV g_wXm` {dH$mgmMo AmH$me Amnë`mH$doV KoD$ eH$Vrb, nU hm XyaMm àdmg Amho. Vmo nyU© hmoB©n`ªV AmnUmgd§{MV {dH$mgmMo H$m`© XmoZ _mJm©Zo g_m§Va, na§Vw nyaH$nÕVrZo H$am`bm hdo.EH$sH$S>o {dÚ_mZ `moOZm {Z g§ñWm gwYmaUo, Ë`m§Mr JwUdÎmm dmT>dUo MmbyR>odm`bm hdo Va XwgarH$S>o {dÚ_mZ g§ñWm§Mo H$m`© g§ñWm~mø godm-gw{dYmnwadyZ Vo g_mOmoÝ_wI d g_mOH|$Ðr H$am`bm hdo. {deofV: Zì`m àíZm§À`mgmoS>dUwH$sgmR>r g§ñWmË_H$ g§aMZm C^r H$aÊ`mnojm {dñVma H$m`m©À`mê$nmZo g§ñWm~mø godm gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`m~m~V H$Q>mj R>odm`bm hdm. AgoPmbo VaM d§{MV {dH$mgmMo AmH$me {Za «̂ amhrb.

AmO gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ `moOZm {Z g§ñWm `m amOH$s` ñdmW© dì`pŠVJV à{VîR>m OmonmgÊ`mMr H|$Ðo hmoD$ bmJbr AmhoV. ZOrH$À`mH$mimV VWmH${WV gmIa g_«mQ>, {ejU _hfu d n§MH«$moerMo ^m½`{dYmVoAmnbo ^m½` COmiÊ`mgmRr d§{MVm§À`m {dídmV àdoe H$aVr Pmbr VaAmíM`© dmQ>m`bm ZH$mo. Ë`mMr Mmhÿb bmJbr Amhoo. ho ñdmWu T>JO_Ê`mnyduM nm§JdUo g_mO{hVmMo R>amdo. d§{MV {dH$mgmMo AmH$me ñdmW©,«̂îQ>mMma, Anhma BË`mXrZo J«mgy Zò åhUyZ doirM ~§Xmo~ñV ìhm`bm hdm.

Ë`mgmR>r d§{MV {dH$mg gmYUmar `§ÌUm A{YH$ {ZXm}f d bmô _wŠV H$eramhrb, ho OmUrdnyd©H$ nmhm`bm hdo.

d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d gwajm§À`m H$gmoQ>rdaàmYmÝ` H«$_mZo d àg§Jr Am{W©H$ PwH$Vo _mn XoD$Z am~dm`bm hì`mV.Ë`mgmR>r emgH$s` bmb{\$Vr H$m`©nÕVr ~mOyg R>odyZ {ZU©̀ à{H«$`m J{VerbH$am`bm hdr. `moOZm§Mo XrK©H$mbrZ {Z`moOZ, `moOZmV H$mbnaËdo ~XbH$aÊ`mMr gmo`, {Za§Va _yë`m§H$Z, `m ~m~tda gVV bj H|${ÐV H$am`bmhdo. `mH$[aVm _§Ìmb` Vo JmdnmVirn`ªV A{YH$ma d H$m`m©À`m{dH|$ÐrH$aUmMr `moOZm V`ma H$am`bm hdr. `moOZm§Mr AmIUr dA§_b~OmdUr hr bm^mWu H|${ÐV d bm^mWuÀ`m JaOm bjmV KoD$ZH$am`bm hdr. `moOZm§À`m A§_b~OmdUrV Zoh_r emgH$s` nmVirda {XgyZòUmam ê$jnUm d VmR>a ŷ{_H$m `m§Zm \$mQ>m Úm`bm hdm, VaM d§{MVm§MmVmo Iam {dH$mg R>aob.

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d§{MV {dH$mg : d¡pídH$ nmíd©̂ y_r

AZmW, {ZamYma, ~mbJwÝhoJma, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X, _yH$, ~{Ya,d¥Õ, Hw$îR>amoJr, XodXmgr, n[aË`ŠVm, {dYdm, doí`m, Hw$_mar_mVm, hþ§S>m~ir,~bmËH$m[aVm ^{JZr BË`mXr gd© àH$maÀ`m d§{MVm§À`m H$ë`mU Am{U{dH$mgmMm {dMma hm Iam Va _mZdr H$ë`mU {Z {dH$mgmMm {dMma hmò ._mZdr-OrdZ Og-Ogo {dH${gV hmoV Jobo Vg-Vgo Vo EH$m AWm©Zo O{Q>bhrhmoV Jobo. {dH$mg, gwYmaUm, BË`mXtÀ`m ZmdmImbr g_mOmV pñWË`§VaoAmbr. `m pñWË`§Vam§Zr _mZdr OrdZmV ZdZì`m g_ñ`m§Mr âhr KmVbr._Zwî` EH$m g§H$Q>mVyZ _wŠV Pmbm H$s Xwgao Zdo g§H$Q>, g_ñ`m Ë`mÀ`mnwT>oXÎm åhUyZ C ô ahmVo.

X`m, H$éUm, H$Ud, gmhmæ`, ŷVX`m§gma»`m àd¥ÎmtZr _mUgmg BVaàmÊ`mnojm doJio Ho$bo. CËH«$m§VrÀ`m àma§̂ rÀ`m H$mimV `m àd¥ÎmtMr ì`m»`mOar Pmbr Zgbr, Var `m gd© d¥Îmr _mUgmV H$m`©aV hmoË`m, ho AZoH$nwamì`m§dê$Z {gÕ H$aVm òB©b. _yi _mZdr gV²àd¥Îmr {Z gXmMmamg nwT>oY_m©Mo ê$n Ambo. Xw~©bm§Mr X`m, An§Jm§g gmhmæ`, a§Oë`m, Jm§Oë`m§Mrgodm ̀ m§gma»`m JmoîQ>r Y_m©Mma _mZë`m Joë`m. _mZdr g_mOmVrb _m§Jë`mÀ`majUmgmR>r AY_©, AZrVrÀ`m H$ënZm CX`mg òD$Z Ago dV©Z Y_©~mø,g_mO{hV{damoYr _mZbo Jobo. gXmMma {Z`_ZmgmR>r X§S> {dYmZhr CX`mgAmbo. Aem ZmZm{dY pñWË`§VamVyZhr _mZdr OrdZ g§H$Q>_wŠV hmoD$ eH$boZmhr. Y_©nrR>o Amnbo nm{dÍ` amIy eH$br ZmhrV. n[aUm_r Y_m©Mr OmJmamÁ`gÎmoZo KoVbr. amÁ`gÎmm ho àOm{hVmnojm Ah§H$ma, nwéfmW©, gmhg,A{YH$mad¥Îmr, àXe©ZmMo gmYZ ~Zbo. EH$m{YH$mad¥ÎmrÀ`m dmT>Ë`m ñVmo_mnwT>oY_©nrR>o Xw~©b Pmbr. nwT>o Va amÁ`gÎmoÀ`m Aml`m{edm` Y_m©Mo ApñVËdMYmoŠ`mV Amë`mgmaIr pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr.


EHo$ H$mir gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamÀ`m _hÎdmH$m§joZo CX`mbm Ambobr amOgÎmm~XbË`m H$mimV àOm{hVH$mar ~ZV Jobr. Ë`mbm H$maUohr VerM KS>VJobr. amÁ` {dñVmambm bmoH$OmJ¥Vr d ñdËd Om{UdoZo _`m©Xm Amë`m.àma§̂ rÀ`m H$mimV ì`ŠVr Jm¡admMr H|$Ð Agbobr gÎmmñWmZo Ho$di g¡Ý`~imda{Q>H$dVm òUma Zmhr `mMr amÁ`H$Ë`mªZm OmUrd hmoV Jobr. n[aUm_r,H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`H$ma^mamMr H$ënZm CX`mg Ambr. XoemVrb AWdmamÁ`mVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _yb ŷV `moJjo_ {Z H$ë`mUmMr O~m~XmarñdrH$mê$Z Amnbr Üò`, YmoaUo d H$m`© R>a{dUmè`m "H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`'H$ënZog ~iH$Q>r Ambr. Vr {VÀ`mVrb "~hþOZ {hVm`, ~hþOZ gwIm`'Üò`m_wio.

H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMm gd©àW_ CX` Pmbm Vmo B§½b§S>_Üò. Ë`m_wioOJmVrb g_mOH$ë`mU H$m ©̀H«$_mMm àma§̂ hr àW_ B§½b§S>_Ü ò hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$hmoVo. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` H$ënZm {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mg A{YH¥$VarË`mOJÝ_mÝ` Pmbr Var `m H$ënZo_mJo gw_mar 650 dfmªMr XrK© na§namAgë`mMo B{Vhmgmdê$Z ñnîQ> hmoVo.

gZ 1348 Mm H$mi hm Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mMm _Ü`H$mi hmoVm. `mgw_mamg CÎma `wamonmV ßboJ hm amoJ _moR>çm à_mUmg gd©Ì ngabm hmoVm.B§½b§S>_Yrb h°ånemà naJÊ`mV gd©àW_ ßboJ amoJmMm àmXŵ m©d Pmbm. nwT>oCÝhmù`mÀ`m gw_mamg Vmo b§S>Z_Üòhr ngabm. ßboJMo gm_«mÁ` dmT>VOmD$Z Vo gd© B§½b§S> d doëg naJÊ`mV ngabo. nwT>o Ë`mMm àmXw^m©dñH$m°Q>b§S>_Üòhr Pmbm. `m amoJmZo CÎma `wamon H$m~rO Ho$bm. nwT>o Ë`mMon[aUm_ gw_mao 20 dfmªn`ªV bmoH$m§Zm ^moJm`bm bmJbo. Vo BVHo$ H$s `mamoJmZo ßboJ àmXw^m©dmÀ`m H$mimV EH$Q>çm B§½b§S> Am{U doëg naJÊ`mV 10bmI bmoH$m§Mm ~ir KoVbm. hr g§»`m VoWrb bmoH$g§»òÀ`m EH$ V¥Vr`m§eBVH$s âV hmoVr. ho nm{hbo H$s amoJmMr ^rfUVm bjmV Amë`mdmMyZamhUma Zmhr.

n[aUm_r `wamonmV AZmW, {ZamYmam§Mr g_ñ`m qMVoMm {df` ~Zbr._wimV Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m H$mimV `wam onmV VËH$mbrZg_mOì`dñWoMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ŷH$~ir, ~oamoOJmar, Xm[aÐç Ago àíZhmoVoM; nU `m amoJm_wio AZmW, d¥Õ, {dYdm BË`mXtgma»`m d§{MVm§À`mg§JmonZ, g§ajU, {ejU nwZd©gZmMm `jàíZ {Z_m©U Pmbm. `mVyZM gXaàíZmÀ`m gÎmm d emgZ nmVirdarb H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`©H«$_mMm OmJ{VH$


nmVirda àma§^ Pmbm. d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMr OZH$ `moOZm AemàH$mao gZ 1348 À`m Xaå`mZ gd©àW_ B§½b§S>_Üò gwê$ Pmbr. VËnyduÀ`mH$mimV d§{MV H$ë`mU d {dH$mgmÀ`m gmd©{ÌH$ {dMmamMr H$ënZmMApñVËdmV ZìhVr. EImXm àíZ AWdm g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo hm Á`mMm Ë`mMmàíZ ì`pŠVJV àíZ _mZbm Om`Mm. ga§Om_emhrÀ`m H$mimV \$ma Pmbo VaAem àíZm§Zm MM©gma»`m g§ñWm CXmahñVo _XV H$am`À`m BVHo$M.

Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V B§½b§S> dm `wamonmV {dnwb _Oya {_im`Mod Vohr Aën_OwarV. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ _wimVM \$ma hbmIrMo hmoVo; nUH$mù`m AmOmamÀ`m (Black Fever) A ŷVnyd© \¡$bmdm_wio gd© `wamonmV_Owam§Mr ^rfU MUMU ^mgy bmJbr. `mV VËH$mbrZ ga§Om_Xma dO_rZXmam§À`m emofUm_wio Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmMo ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mV Amë`mgmaIrpñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m gd© àíZm§À`m gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`m Ü`mgmVyZ B§½b§S>_Üò{Vgè`m ES>dS>©À`m H$ma{H$XuV B. g. 1351 _Üò "J[a~m§Mm H$m`Xm'(Poor Law) ApñVËdmV Ambm. OJmVrb n{hbm H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`XmåhUyZ `mMr Zm|X OmJ{VH$ d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`m B{VhmgmV gwdUm©jam§ZrH$amdr bmJob. hm H$m`Xm \$ma AmXe© d gd©g_mdoeH$ Zgbm, Var EH$mgd©Wm Zì`m `§ÌUm d ì`dñWoMm àma§̂ åhUyZ Ë`mMo doJio _hÎd ZmH$maVmòUma Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmZo H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`m©Mr Zmi amOgÎmoer d emgZ`§ÌUoer OmoS>Ê`mMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© Ho$bo. hm H$m`Xm nwT>o gVV gwYmaUm§ZrnwamoJm_r ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambm. EH$Q>çm gmoimì`m eVH$mV `m H$m`ÚmV Mmadoim gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `mdê$Z Ë`m H$mimV ~XbV Joboë`mg_mOOrdZ d gm_m{OH$ àíZm§Mr H$ënZm òVo. H$m`Xm ~XbV Jobm. AZoH$Zì`m gmò r, gdbVr {_iV Joë`m, VgVem emgZ ̀ §ÌUoH$Sy>Z d H$ë`mUH$marg§ñWm d `moOZm§H$Sy>Z bmoH$m§À`m Anojmhr dmT>V Joë`m.

B. g. 1495 _Üò "QçyS>a A°ŠQ>' (Tudor Act) ApñVËdmV òD$Z{^joH$ar d ^Q>Š`m d¥ÎmrÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmMm à`ËZ B§½b§S>_Üò Ho$bm Jobm. `mVyZ^rH$ _mJUo, {dZm CÚmoJ ^Q>H$Uo JwÝhm R>a{dÊ`mV òD$Z Aem bmoH$m§gmR>rH$ë`mUH$mar H$m`©H«$_ {Z g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Amë`m.

gmoimdo eVH$ ho d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo g§Kfm©Mo eVH$ g_OÊ`mVòVo. `m H$mimV Y_© d amÁ`gÎmm Aem g_m§Va Agboë`m na§Vw d§{MV{dH$mgmMo H$m`© H$aUmè`m `§ÌUm§V loîR>Ëdmdê$Z, {Za§Hw$e gÎmm H|$Ð~Z{dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ, g§Kfm©Mr pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr. `m H$mimV nmonÀ`m


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`m n[apñWVrVyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gZ 1601 _Üò n{hë`mE{bPm~oWÀ`m H$ma{H$XuV gd©g_mdoeH$ ñdê$nmMm "J[a~m§Mm H$m`Xm'ApñVËdmV òD$Z gd© gm_m{OH$ àíZm§À`m EH${ÌV gmoS>dUwH$sg MmbZm{_imbr. `m H$m`ÚmZo d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mg EH$ Zdo n[a_mU {Xbo.AmOdaÀ`m H$m`ÚmV JaOy§Zr ñdV: bm^ XoUmè`m H$m`©emim, Aml`J¥h,d¥Õml_, godm`moOZ H|$Ðo B. {R>H$mUr g§nH©$ gmYm`Mm Aer VaVyX hmoVr. `mH$m`ÚmV `§ÌUoZo bm^mWvÀ`m Xmar OmÊ`mMr EH$ Zdr VaVyX d ì`dñWmA§V ŷ©V H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H«$m§{VH$mar ~Xbm_wio H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMoñdßZ àË`jmV Ambo.

~oamoOJmarMr ^rfU g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r gZ 1782 bm "{Jë~Q>©A°ŠQ>' H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmÝdò CÚmoJ H|$Ðm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mVòD$Z amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr dmT>{dÊ`mMo OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ gwê$ H$aÊ`mVAmbo.

B§½b§S>_Üò darb H$m`ÚmZo amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY Pmë`m Var{H$_mZ doVZ YmoaUm_wio bmoH$m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mm àíZ H$mhr nyUmªemZo {_Q>dVmAmbm Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r 1790 gmbr Hw$Qw§~ {dñVma d Ë`m§Mr Am{W©H$ JaO


nmhÿZ doVZ XoÊ`mMo CXma YmoaU ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo. nwT>o gZ 1834 _ÜòB. g. 1601 À`m "nwAa bm°' _Üò XwéñVr H$aÊ`mV òD$Z l{_H$m§Mrà{VîR>m OnÊ`mMm VgoM Vr g§d{Y©V H$aÊ`mMm hoVynyd©H$ à`ËZ H$aÊ`mVAmbm. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mV H«$m§Vr KSy>Z òD$Zgmd©O{ZH$ {hV d gm_m{OH$ gwajoMo VÎd ñdrH$mê$Z Amamo½`, {d_m, B.gw{dYm nwadÊ`mda â XoÊ`mV Ambm. `mM H$mimV Xm[aÐçaofoImbrbbmoH$m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§MmdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo J{bÀN> dñVr gwYmaÊ`mMm YS>H$H$m`©H«$_ hmVr KoÊ`mV ̀ oD$Z gm_y{hH$ KaHw$bo C^maÊ`mV Ambr. ̀ m {Z Aemñdê$nmÀ`m AZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`Úm§Zr B§½b§S>Mo g_mOOrdZ ~XbyZJobo.

`m H$mimV B§J«Om§Mo gm_«mÁ` AZoH$ XoemV {dIwabobo hmoVo. Á`m XoemVB§J«Om§À`m dgmhVr hmoË`m d {OWo B§J«Or amÁ`gÎmm hmoVr Aem gd© Xoem§VB§½b§S>_Yrb d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mMo nS>gmX C_Q>bo. AZoH$ `wamonr`Xoem§Zr B§½b§S>À`m YVuMo H$m`Xo d ̀ moOZm A§_bmV AmUë`m. d§{MV {dH$mgmMrH$ënZm OJâ ngabr, _mÝ`Vm nmdbr. {VMo ~aoMgo lò B§½b§S>À`m gm_m{OH$gwYmaUm§Zm Úmdo bmJob. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV OJâ d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`m A{^Zd`moOZm ApñVËdmV Amë`m, nU Ë`mMr d¡pídH$ nmíd© ŷ_r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMolo` _mÌ B§½b§S>, \«$mÝggma»`m `wamonr` Xoem§ZmM Úmdo bmJob.

E E


^maVmVrb d§{MV {dH$mg : àma§^ Am{U {dñVma

^maVr` g_mO OrdZ KS>UrMr ñdV:Mr Aer YmQ>Ur Amho. Vo_mZdd§eemñÌ, Y_©emñÌ, g§ñH¥$Vr ~§Y `m§Zr EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>bobo Amho.{edm` ^maVr` g_mO YmQ>Urda ê$T>r, na§nam, MmbrarVr, AmMma-{dMmanÕVr, ImÊ`m{nÊ`mÀ`m gd`r, nmofmI, Xm{JZo `m gdmªMm _moR>m n[aUm_Amho. ^maVmMm nyd©o{Vhmg AmnU Ooìhm nmhÿ bmJVmo, Voìhm AmnUmg Ago{XgyZ òVo H$s `m XoemV Mhÿ{Xem§Zr AZoH$ bmoH$g_yh òV am{hbo AmhoV. VoH$Yr ñWbm§Va, H$Yr ì`mnma, H$Yr Y_©àgma Va H$Yr gm_«mÁ` {dñVmamÀ`mAm{_fmZo dm _hÎdmH$m§joZo òV am{hbo. òVmZm Vo Amnbr ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vrna§nam KoD$Z Ambo. Ë`mMmhr n[aUm_ òWrb VËH$mbrZ g_mOOrdZmdaPmbobm AmT>iVmo.

Hw$Qw>§~ g§ñWm, OmVrì`dñWm Am{U J«m_rU OrdZ ho ^maVr` g_mOmMo_ybmYma hmoV. Vo òWrb ì`pŠVg_yhm§Zm g§J{R>V H$aVmV. Ë`m g§K{Q>VVoMoAmYma òWrb OmV dmñVd, Y_© na§nam AgVmV. ^maVr` g_mOOrdZmMmnm`m eoVrda AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Amho. BWo nydu ~bwVoXmar nÕVr hmoVr.Ë`m§Mr OmJm ghH$mar MidirZo KoVbr Var J«m_rU OrdZmVb§ nañnamdb§~ZnyduMoM am{hbobo Amho. ̂ maVr` g_mOOrdZmMm ñWm`r^md gd©g_mdoeH$VmAgë`mZo òWrb g_mOm§Zr {d{dY àXoe d naXoemVyZ Amboë`mì`pŠVg_yhm§Zrhr Amnë`mV gm_mdyZ KoVbo Amho. BWbr gmar ñWmda, O§J_g§nÎmr Agmo dm nma§n[aH$ ì`mnma, ì`dgm`, hŠH$, A{YH$ma, nXo AgVmoË`mda d§ena§naoMo _moR>oo dM©ñd AmT>iVo. Ë`mVyZ _J BWo hŠH$ Am{UH$V©ì`mÀ`m Om{Udmhr nydm©nma éOV Amboë`m AmhoV. BWë`m MmVwd©Ê`ì`dñWoMm g_mOOrdZmda Ogm à^md d n[aUm_ Amho, Vgm Vmo òWrbH¥$fr, ì`mnma, g_mO ì`dhma, n§Mm`V ì`dñWm, àemgZ `mdahr Vmo {XgyZ


`oVmo. MmVwd©Ê`© ì`dñWoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobr OmVrg§ñWm _O~yV hmoÊ`mMoH$maUhr nydm©nma MmbV Ambobr OrdZgmYZo hmoV.

`m nma§n[aH$ g_mOOrdZmg B§J«Or Am_XmZrV N>oX {Xbm Jobm dehhr! B§J«O Amnë`m~amo~a àemgH$, Y_m}nXoeH$, g¡Ý`, {ejU H$m`XoKoD$Z Ambo. Ë`m~amo~a Ë`m§Zr Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vrhr AmUbr. Ë`mVyZ ^maVr`g_mOOrdZmV ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm àgma Pmbm. ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm_yë`m§Mr éOdU A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S>, \«$mÝg B. ̀ wamonr` Xoem§_wio Am{U {deofV:VoWyZ doimodoir Amboë`m B§J«O, S>M, \«|$M, nmoVw©Jmbr bmoH$m§_wio BWo Pmbr.Ë`mVyZ ^maVmVrb gw{e{jV dJm©Zo ~mb{ddmh àWm {damoY, gVr àWm ~§Xr,ñÌr {ejU nwañH$ma, hþ§S>m{damoY, Añn¥í`Vm, A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZgma»`mgwYmaUm§Mo g_W©Z Ho$bo. Ë`mVyZ {d{dY g_mO gwYmaUm Midir BWoOÝ_mbm Amë`m. àmW©Zm g_mO, Am`© g_mO, ~«m÷mo g_mO, _hmamîQ´>g_mO, {WAm°gm°{\$H$b gmogm`Q>r, gË`emoYH$ g_mO BWo CX`mbm Ambo.Ë`m_mJo `wamonmVrb Mm¡Xmì`m Vo gVamì`m eVH$mV {Z_m©U Pmboë`m à~moYZnd© (Reneaissance) H$maUr ŷV hmoVo. amOm am__mohZ am°̀ , Xod|ÐZmW Q>mJmoa,ñdm_r X`mZ§X gañdVr, A°Zr ~oP§Q>, _hmË_m Omo{Vamd \w$bo, amOfu emhÿN>ÌnVr, am_ñdm_r Zm`H$a, S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, _hfu {dÇ>b am_OrqeXo à ¥̂Vr gwYmaH$m§Mr EH$ _moR>r na§nam EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©VAm{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V AmT>iVo. {VMr nmio_wio B§J«O Am_XmZrVAmhoV ho AmnUmg {dgaVm ̀ oUma Zmhr. ~«m÷U-~«m÷UoVa Midihr ̀ mMmMn[anmH$ hmò .

`m {d{dY g_mO gwYmaUmdmXr Am§XmobZmÀ`m g_m§VanUo ̂ maVmV amOH$s`ñdmV§ÌÄm`mMo Am§XmobZ CX`mbm Ambo. Ë`mV eoVH$ar, _Oya Ogo gm_rbPmbo VgmM {e{jV _Ü`_dJ©, VéU d _{hbmhr gm_rb Pmë`m. bmoH$_mÝ`{Q>iH$, _hmË_m Jm§Yr, ñdmV§Í`dra gmdaH$a, ZoVmOr gŵ mfM§Ð ~mog à ¥̂VrñdmV§Í` goZmZtZr ^maVmV amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr KS>dyZ AmUbr. Ë`mMm n[aUm_åhUyZ Apñ_Vm, ApñVËdmMo ñ\w$qbJ ^maVr` g_mOmV {Z_m©U Pmbo.ñdmV§Í`, ñdm{^_mZ, amîQ´>^ŠVr CX`mg Ambr Vr ñdmV§Í` bT>çmVyZM.

gwYmaUmdmXr Midi, ñdmV§Í` Am§XmobZmÀ`m `m H$mimV ^maVr`g_mOOrdZmV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUUmar KQ>Zm åhUOo ̂ maVmV gwê$ PmbobrAm¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmMr gwédmV. aoëdo, añVo, Vma, Q>o{b\$moZ, dm\o$Mo B§OrZ,OhmOo, {d_mZo, _moQ>mar `m~amo~a gwê$ Pmboë`m H$mnS> {JaÊ`m, `§Ì H$maImZo


`m_wio ^maVmV àdmg, g§nH©$, ì`mnma, CÚmoJ J{Verb hmoD$Z eoVrVhrQ´>°ŠQ>a, B§OrZ, drO BË`mXr_wio CËnmXZ dmT>rg JVr {_imbr. J«m_rU dZmJar XmoÝhr ñVamda ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimà_mUoM ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhrAm_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbo.

g_mOOrdZmV ZdZdo H$m`Xo Am{U gwYmaUm§_wio Zì`m-OwÝ`mV g§Kf©{Z_m©U hmoUo AQ>i hmoVo. `mVyZ _yë`g§Kfm©Mm Zdm àíZ ^maVr` g_mOmVCX²̂ dbm. Vmo nydu ZìhVm. H$m`Xo d gwYmaUm§Zr ì`ŠVtdarb {Z~ªY {e{WbHo$ë`mZo Oo ZdOrdZ ^maVr`m§Zm àmßV Pmbo Ë`mMm ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va {dñVma d{dH$mg Pmbm. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmZo ñdV:À`m AmH$m§joZwgma g_mOC^maUrgmR>r Or KQ>Zm, g§{dYmZ ñdrH$mabo Ë`Vm bmoH$emhr, ñdmV§Í`,g_Vm, ~§YwVm, Y_©{ZanojVm, {dkmZ{ZîR>m `m OrdZ_yë`m§Mm A§{JH$maH$ê$Z Añn¥í`Vm, A§YlÕm_wŠV g_mO{Z{_©VrMo Üò` ñdrH$mabo. KQ>ZoV hoamîQ´> "H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`' (Welfare State) Agë`mMo Z_yX Ho$bo. Ë`mZwgmaàOmgÎmmH$ JUamÁ` ~ZdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo amoOJma, eoVr, CÚmoJ, Amamo½`,{ejU `m n§MgyÌr {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZm am~dV Xoe ñdmdb§~r Am{UAmYw{ZH$ ~Zdbm. Var AmnU ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Joë`m 65 dfmªÀ`m B{VhmgmVg_mOmVrb gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm Xya H$ê$ eH$bmo Zmhr, ho dmñVdZmH$maVm òUma Zmhr. {deofV: _{hbm, ~mb, An§J, Am{Xdmgr, X{bVmXrd§{MVm§Zm g_mOmÀ`m _Ü`àdmhmV AmUÊ`mMo, ñdamÁ`mMo ê$nm§Va gwamÁ`mVH$aÊ`mMo ñdßZ AmnU gmH$mê$ eH$bmo Zgë`mMo eë` òWrb amÁ`H$Ë`mªVOgo Amho, Vgo Vo àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$mÀ`m _ZmVhr Amho. Ë`m eë`_wŠVrgmR>rAmnU àËòH$ n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§VyZ ZdZdrZ d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`m `moOZmAmIë`m, Am{W©H$ VaVyX Ho$br, `moOZm§Mr H$m`©dmhr Ho$br, Var na§Vw d§{MV{dH$mg nyU© gmYbm Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr.

^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë`mÀ`m doir g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJ hm g_dVugyMrMm ^mJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_wio g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJmÛmao amÁ` dH|$Ð emgZmÛmao {d{dY H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mVAmbr. Ë`mV _mJmgdJu` {dH$mg `moOZm H$m`m©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mV_mJmgdJu` AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr, ^Q>Ho$ {d_wŠV, Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mUAgo {d^mJ H$aÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m Ë`m dJ© Am{U KQ>H$m§gmR>r JaOmYm[aV`moOZm AmIë`m Joë`m. `mM {d^mJmV X{bVoda d§qMVm§À`m H$ë`mU`moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr hmoV Ago. nU Ë`m§À`m `moOZmH$S>o hmoUmao Xwb©jbjmV KoD$Z gZ 1980 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV amÁ`ñVamda _{hbm d ~mbH$ë`mU


{d^mJ ñdV§Ì H$aÊ`mV Ambm. An§J H$ë`mUmda â XoÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mMrO~m~Xmar gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {d^mJmH$S>o gmonÊ`mV Ambr. ̀ m {dH|$ÐrH$aUm_wioAZmW, {ZamYma, ~mbJwÝhoJma ~mbHo$, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X, Hw$_mar_mVm,XodXmgr, doí`m, Hw$îR>nr{S>V, ÁòîR> ZmJ[aH$ `m§À`m gyú_ JaOm§Mm {dMmaH$aÊ`mV òD$ bmJbm. g§JmonZ, gwg§ñH$ma, {ejU, nwZd©gZ, Amamo½` AmXr~m~tda â XoÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`m§À`m gdªH$f {dH$mgmMo YmoaU Adb§{~Ê`mVAmbo. H|$Ð ñVamda _Zwî`~i {dH$mg _§Ìmb` {Z{_©Ê`mV òD$Z darb gd©d§{MV KQ>H$m§À`m {dH$mgmg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo. gm_m{OH$ gwajm (SocialSecurity), gm_{OH$ g§ajU (Social Defence) `moOZm§Mo Omio amîQ´>â{dH${gV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ~mb nmofU d Amhmamg _hÎd XoUmam A§JUdmS>r{dH$mg àH$ën am~{dÊ`mV Ambm. JamoXa pñÌ`m§À`m Amhma, Amamo½` CnMmamH$S>obj XoÊ`mV òD$Z _¥Ë`w§O` `moOZm èñdr H$aÊ`mV òD$Z ~mb_¥Ë`y à_mUamoIÊ`mV d {Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mV ̀ e Ambo. gd©{ejm A{^`mZmVyZ {ejUmVrbJiVr, ñW{JVr amoIÊ`mV Ambr. AmVm AmnU amîQ´>r` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejUA{^`mZ ~mamì`m `moOZoMm ^mJ ~Zdbm Amho. Voamì`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoVCÀM {ejUmMm Xa 15% H$aÊ`mMo bú` Amho. {dH${gV XoemV ho à_mU30% Vo 35% Amho, ho AmnU bjmV KoVbo nm{hOo. `m {edm` _{hbmH$ë`mUmda ̂ a XoD$Z AmnU Ë`m§À`m ñÌr «̂yUhË`m {Z`§ÌU, ~m{bH$m {ejU,Amamo½`, Amhma, CnMma, amoOJma g§Yr, l{_H$ _{hbm dg{VJ¥h B. {d{dYH$m`Xo, gmò r-gdbVr, {eî`d¥Îmr AmajU B. Ûmao _{hbm g~brH$aU H$aVAmhmoV. n§Mm`V Vo bmoH$g^m gd© ñVamda ñÌr à{V{Z{YËdmMo YmoaU am~dë`mZo{dH$mgmV _{hbm§Mm gh^mJ d Q>ŠH$m dmT>bm Amho. EH$sH$S>o ~mb_¥Ë`y{Z`§ÌU Va XwgarH$S>o d`modY©Z (Life Expectancey) Va {VgarH$S>o Hw$Qw>§~{Z`moOZ `moOZm `m_wio bmoH$g§»`m {Z`_Z d _Zwî`~i {dH$mgmMo bú`àmßV H$ê$ eH$Vmo Aer pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.

gm_m{OH$ gwajm `moOZm§VyZ ~oH$mar dm ~oamoOJmar hmVm§Zm amoOJma h_r(ZaoJm), d¥Õ, n[aË`ŠVm, {dYdm, XodXmgrgmR>r g§O` Jm§Yr {ZamYma`moOZm, VéUm§gmR>r amOrd Jm§Yr amoOJma `moOZm (ì`dgm` H$O©), AnKmV{d_m, eoVH$è`m§gmR>r H$O©_m\$s, nrH$ H$O©, nrH$ {d_mgma»`m `moOZm,H$m_Jma d H$_©Mmè`m§gmR>r {Zd¥Îmr doVZ, CnmXmZ `moOZm, ^{dî`{Zdm©h{ZYr AemVyZ gm_m{OH$ gwajm d g§ajUmMo H$dM _O~yV H$aÊ`mV AmboAmho. amÁ` H$m_Jma {d_m ̀ moOZm ̀ mMmM EH$ ̂ mJ AgyZ Ë`mgmR>r H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z{ZYr CnbãY hmoV AgVmo.


gm_m{OH$ g§ajU òmOZm hr gm_mÝ`V: g§JmonZ, g§ajU, {ejU,nwZd©gZ{df`H$ H$m`© H$aVo. {VMm bm^ ~mbJwÝhoJma AZmW d {ZamYma~mbHo$, añË`mdarb _wbo, {^joH$ar d Ë`m§Mr AnËò, ~mb_Oya, Z¡{VH$g§Kf©J«ñV pñÌ`m (n[aË`ŠVm, doí`m, Hw$_mar_mVm, ~bmËH$m[aVm, XodXmgrB.) ÁòîR> ZmJ[aH$, An§J BË`mXtZm {_iV AgVmo. d§{MV {dH$mgmMo H$m`©gdm©{YH$ _hÎdmMo AgyZ EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV hm H$m`©H«$_ _mZdm{YH$ma,{deofm{YH$ma, ~mbH$hŠH$ B. ÑîQ>tZr àmYmÝ`mMm ~Zbobm Amho.OmJ{VH$sH$aUmVhr Ë`mg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV òV Amho.

`m {edm` Xmê$~§Xr àMma d àgma, A§YlÕm {Z_y©bZ, Aëng§»` dJ©H$ë`mU, AmnX²J«ñVm§Mo nwZd©gZ `mgmR>r `moOZm§VJ©V VaVwXt{edm` n§VàYmZ{ZYr, _w»`_§Ìr {ZYr, {d{dY {dH$mg {ZYtMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZË`mVyZhr d§{MVm§Zm gd©Vmonar gmhmæ` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoV AgVmo.Amamo½`m§VJ©V nëg nmo{bAmo, honrQ>m`Q>rg ~r, {gH$b gob, ES²>g, H°$Ýga B.gmR>rhr {deof CnH«$_, `moOZm doimodoir am~dë`m OmV AgVmV. Xm[aÐç{Z_y©bZmW© "AÝZ gwajm `moOZm' am~{dÊ`mV òD$Z EH$ _hÎdmH$m§jr nmD$bCMbÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

E E


_hmamîQ´>mVrb d§{MV {dH$mg : ÑpîQ>jon d Ano{jV gwYmaUm

_hmamîQ´> amÁ` 1960 gmbr ñdV§ÌnUo ApñVËdmV Ambo. ^maVmbmñdmV§Í` {_iyZ EH$ VnmMm H$mi bmoQ>bm hmoVm. `m H$mimV gm_m{OH$g_ñ`m§Mr pñWVr \$maer g_mYmZH$maH$ ZìhVr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va {deofV:_mJmgdJu` H$ë`mU g§MmbZmb` Am{U {d^mJ (Backword class WelfareDepartment and directorate) g_mO gwYma àemgZ, (correctionalAdministration), gm_m{OH$ gwajm H$ë`mU Am{U g§ajU (Social Security,Defence and Welfare) Ago gd© {d^mJ EH$m N>VmImbr hmVmibo OmVAgo. Ë`m_wio _mJmgdJu` H$ë`mU, AZwgy{MV OmVr-O_mVr, ^Q>Ho$ Am{U{d_wŠV, Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU `m§Zm OmoSy>ZM _{hbm, ~mb d An§J H$ë`mU{d^mJmÀ`m `moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr EH${ÌVarË`m hmoV Ago. ârg âåhUyZ `m {d^mJmH$S>o Xmê$~§Xr {d^mJmMo àMma, àgma, à~moYZ H$m`©hrgmon{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.

gZ 1980 Z§Va `moOZm§À`m {dH|$ÐrH$aUmMo YmoaU Adb§{~Ê`mV òD$ZX{bV Am{U d§{MVmgmR>r ñdV§Ì g§MmbZmb`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr.g_mOH$ë`mU {d^mJ Am{U _{hbm, ~mb, An§J {d^mJ Ago XmoZ {d^mJH$aÊ`mV òD$Z XmoZ g§MmbZmbò {Z_m©U Pmbr. H$mbm¡KmV An§J H$ë`mUdoJio H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AmO Vo gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` {d^mJmÀ`m AIË`m[aVòVo. ho àemg{ZH$ ~Xb _ybV: gd© `moOZm§Mr H$m`©j_ A§_b~OmdUrH$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo H$aÊ`mV Ambo. X{bV `moOZm§Mohr {d^mOZ AZwgy{MVOmVr-O_mVr, ^Q>Ho$ Am{U {d_wŠV VgoM Am{Xdmgr H$ë`mU Ago {Ì{dYH$aÊ`mV Ambo.

_hmamîQ́>mVrb gm_m{OH$ àíZ Ag§»` hmoVo Am{U AmhoV. H$mhr gwQ>bo,g§nboVa H$mhr Zì`mZo {Z_m©U Pmbo. OwZr _moS>H$irg Ambobr ì`dñWm _moS>br,


H$mob_S>br, Ë`m OmJr Zdr ì`dñWm CX`mg Ambr. g¥îQ>rà_mUo g_mO~XbmMr nU EH$ JVr, à{H«$`m Am{U nÕV AgVo. OwZr OmV ì`dñWmg§nbr Zgbr Var òWrb ZmJ[aH$ OmVrgmR>r _mVr Im`À`m _Z:pñWVrVyZ_wŠV Pmbm. Vmo Am§VaOmVr`, Am§VaY_u` {ddmhmMm g_W©H$ Pmbm Zgbm,Var ghmZw ŷVrXma ZŠH$sM Pmbm Amho. _mbH$-_Oya ̂ oX, g§Kf© g§nyZ XmoKohrEH$_oH$m§Mo ApñVËd AmoiIyZ nañnanyaH$ ŷ{_H$m KoV AmhoV. "OJm Am{UOJy Úm' _§Ì g_mOmV gwpñWa Pmbm, Vmo "~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir'bm ~JbXoD$Z. eoVrV, CÚmoJmV gd©Ì ho Pmbo. ñÌr {ejUmV ^maVmV H«$m§Vr H$aUmaoamÁ` åhUyZ _hmamîQ´>mMr AmoiI _hmË_m \w$bo Am{U gm{dÌr~mB© \w$ë`m§_wiogwê$ Pmbr. _hfu Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} `m§Zr Eg². EZ. S>r. Q>r. _{hbm{dÚmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z {dgmì`m eVH$mV JVr AmUë`mZo ñÌr {ejUàgmamMm {dMma KamoKar nmohmoMyZ àËòH$ _wbJr {eH$Ê`mMr H«$m§Vr _hmamîQ´>mVdmñVdmV CVabr. ñÌr {_idVr Pmbr. "Myb Am{U _yb' narK Amobm§Sy>Z{VZo OJmg nmbmU KmbV CÀM {ejU, ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm`, CÚmoJ, eoVr{dkmZ, g§ajU H$moUVoM joÌ Ho$di nwéfm§gmR>r Ama{jV R>odbo Zmhr. {VÀ`m{ejU d ñdmdb§~ZmZo Vr nwéf g_mZ {dH${gV Pmbr. nU {VÀ`mdarbAÝ`m` amÁ`mV g§nbm Ago Zmhr. ñÌr ^«yUhË`m, Hw$_mar_mVm, doí`m,~bmËH$ma BË`mXtMo AmoaIS>o AmoT>Uo AOyZ g_mOmV amoOMoM AmhoV.

PmonS>nÅ>çm, J{bÀN> dñË`m, AZmamo½`, Hw$nmofU, X{bV Am{Ud§{MVm§darb AË`mMma, JwÝhoJmar, XheVdmX, OmVr` X§Jo, {dñWmnZ,~oamoOJmar, {^jo{Jar, AZmWm§Mo CX²ÜdñV d {ZamYmanU, An§Jm§Mr Cnojm`mda AmnUmg AOyZ {dO` {_idVm Ambobm Zmhr. Vmo `mdm åhUyZd§{MVm§À`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AZoH$ `moOZm _hmamîQ´> amÁ` Am{U H|$Ð emgZAmnmnë`m ñVam§da am~dV AmhoV. _hmamîQ´>mV _{hbm, ~mb d An§Jm§À`m{dH$mg d H$ë`mU `moOZm g_OyZ KoVë`m Va emgZ `m dJm©gmR>r H$m`H$aVo Vo H$iÊ`mg _XV Pmë`m{edm` ahmUma Zmhr.1. _{hbm {dH$mg `moOZm

amÁ`mVrb _{hbm {dH$mgmÀ`m {dÚ_mZ ̀ moOZm àm_w»`mZo VrZ àH$maÀ`mAmhoV. A) {ZamYma, {dYdm, Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgdJu` d XodXmgr_{hbm§Zm AW©gmhmæ` XoÊ`mÀ`m `moOZm. gXa `moOZm§Ûmao CnamoŠV dJm©VrbJaOy _{hbm§Zm {Oëhm H$m`m©b`m_m\©$V AW©gmhmæ` nwa{dbo OmVo. 100én`m§nmgyZ Vo 10,000 én`m§n`ªV XoÊ`mV òUmao AW©gmhmæ` g§ñWm~mø


`moOZoMm ^mJ hmò . ~) Xwgè`m àH$maÀ`m `moOZm `m _{hbm§À`m nwZd©gZmW©g_{n©V AgyZ Ë`m àm_w»`mZo ñd §̀godr g§ñWm Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r {Xë`m OmUmè`mAZwXmZmÀ`m AmhoV. H$) {Vgè`m àH$maÀ`m `moOZm gm_m{OH$ H$m`Úm§À`mA§_b~OmdUrMm ^mJ åhUyZ emgZm_m\©$V Mmb{dÊ`mV òUmè`m g§ñWm§À`mAmho. `m `moOZm§Mo g§{jßV ê$n XoÊ`mV òD$Z Ë`mV Amdí`H$ {Z A{Zdm`©Aem gwYmaUm gwM{dÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo hmoV-

(A) {ZamYma {dYdm, Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgdJu` d XodXmgr_{hbm§Zm AW©gmhmæ` XoUmè`m `moOZm-1. {Zam{lV {dYdm§À`m _wbtÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r AZwXmZ XoUo

`m `moOZ|VJ©V {Zam{lV {dYdm§Zm Ë`m§À`m EH$m _wbrÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>ré. 2000/- AZwXmZ XoUoV òVo. `m gmhmæ`mMr _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ Vr XodXmgr{ddmh, Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh B. gmR>r XoÊ`mV òUmè`m {ddmhmBVH$s åhUOoé. 10,000/- H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `mgmR>r {Zam{lV {dYdoÀ`m CËnÝZmMr_`m©Xm Xa_hm é. 400/- YaÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Vr ~XbyZ emgZ doimodoirAm{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgboë`m dJm©Mr Or dm{f©H$ CËnÝZ _`m©Xm R>adob VrYaÊ`mV `mdr. ho AZwXmZ {Zam{lV {dYdoÀ`m EH$mM _wbrg {_iVo. Vr_`m©Xm dmT>dyZ VrZ AnË`m§n`ªV Ý`mdr. H$maU emgZ_mÝ` AnË` g§»`mVrZ Amho. {edm` EImÚm _{hbog XmoZ AWdm VrZ _wbrM AgVrb VaAem {dYdonwT>o BVa _wbtÀ`m b½ZmMm àíZ C^m AgVmo. Vr Oa {Zam{lV,Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgdJu` Agob Va gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m VÎdmda BVa_wbtÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r Ago AZwXmZ {_im`bm hdo. Aem {ddmhmg AZwXmZXoV AgVmZm Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh hmoUma Agob Va Aem àñVmdm§Mm àmYmÝ`H«$_mZo {dMma ìhmdm. _wbrÀ`m b½ZmMo d` {H$_mZ 18 df} A{Zdm`©H$aÊ`mV `mdo. damMo d` {H$_mZ 21 df} Agmdo.2. XodXmgtÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r AZwXmZ XoUo

"XodXmgr' ì`m» òV A§V ŷ©V hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgdJu` _wbtÀ`m{ddmhmgmR>r ho AZwXmZ XoÊ`mV òVo. `mgmR>r dm{f©H$ é. 4800/- _`m©XmdmT>dyZ emgZ doimodoir R>adob Vr Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgdJu`m§Mr CËnÝZ_`m©Xm _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV `mdr. AZwXmZ _`m©Xm é. 10,000/- Agmdr. `mAZwXmZ àmßVrMm AO© gmXa H$am`Mr _wXV {ddmhmnmgyZ 60 {Xdgm§Mr_`m©Xm dmT>dyZ Vr 90 {Xdg H$amdr.


3. _{hbm ñdrH$maJ¥hmVrb _wbtÀ`m {ddmhmgmR>r AZwXmZ XoUoemgH$s` AWdm emgZ_mÝ` g§ñWoVrb {Zam{lV, {dYdm, Z¡{VH$ÑîQ>çm

g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`m _wbr d _{hbm§À`m nwZd©gZmgmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amboboho AZwXmZ gÜ`m Ho$di {Zam{lV, {dYdm d H$moQ>© H${_Q>oS> _wbtZmM bmJyAmho. hr _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ _{hbm, ~mb d An§J {dH$mg g§MmbZmb`m_m\©$VMmb{dÊ`mV `oUmè`m gd© àH$maÀ`m _mÝ` g§ñWmVrb AZmW, {ZamYma, H$moQ>©H${_Q>oS>, {dYdm, Hw$_mar_mVm, hþ§S>m~ir, n[aË`ŠVm B. gd©Wm g§ñWml`rAgboë`m gd© bm^mWu _wbt~amo~a _{hbm§Zmhr bmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdr. gÜ`mAem àH$maÀ`m {ddmhmg Ho$di é. 1000/- AZwXmZ {Xbo OmVo. Vo BVa{ddmh AZwXmZmBVHo$ åhUOo é. 10,000/- H$aÊ`mV `mdo. Aem _wbm-_wbtÀ`m b½Zmg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mgmRr Aem {ddmhmV XmoKm§Zmhr (_wbmg/_wbrg) àË`oH$s é. 10,000/- AZwXmZ XoÊ`mV `mdo. Aem _wbm-_wbtÀ`m{ddmhmg Am{W©H$ CËnÝZ _`m©XoMr AQ> H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdr H$maU Aem AZwXmZmMmhoVy Ë`m _wbm-_wbtMo AW©gmhmæ`mÛmao nyU© nwZd©gZ H$aUo hm Agë`mZo nyU©nwZd©gZ, g§gma WmQ>Uo B. gmR>r C^`Vm {_iUmar aŠH$_ é. 20,000/-dmT>Ë`m _hmJmB©V H$_rM Amho. BVa {ddmhmV bm^mWvMo d{S>bmonm{O©VCËnÝZ, g§gma, ZmVodmB©H$ B. nmgyZ Ahoa ̀ oVmV. ̀ m _wbtÀ`m ~m~VrV AemJmoîQ>r g§̂ dV ZgVmV, ho bjmV ¿`m`bm hdo.4. ñd §̀amoOJma `moOZoImbr pñÌ`m§Zm ì`pŠVJV AZwXmZ XoUo

Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV, {ZamYma, n[aË`ŠVm, {dYdm, gm_m{OH$ dZ¡{VH$ g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`m§Zm ñd`§amoOJma {_idVm `mdm åhUyZ ì`dgm`H$aÊ`mgmR>r é. 500/- AZwXmZ XoÊ`mV ̀ oVo. hr _`m©Xm dmT>dyZ é. 25,000/- H$aÊ`mV `mdr H$maU AmO ñÌrbm ñdmdb§~r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Agm CÚmoJH$aUo Amdí`H$ Pmbo Amho H$s, {H$_mZnjr {Vbm à{V{XZr {H$_mZ doVZmBVHo$doVZ nS>mdo. ñd`§amoOJmamgmR>r {Xbr OmUmar _XV BVH$s {Xbr Omdr H$sË`mVyZ {H$_mZnjr {Vbm doimodoir R>adbo OmUmao {H$_mZ doVZ {_im`bmhdo. `mgmR>rMr dm{f©H$ CËnÝZ _`m©Xm hr emgZ doimodoir Or _mÝ` H$aobVr _mÝ` YaÊ`mV `mdr. Aem ì`dgm`m§Zm bmJUmam nadmZm B. nU Ë`m§ZmàmYmÝ`H«$_mZo XoÊ`mMr VaVyX hdr. `m `moOZoMo ñdê$n {~Zì`mOr, {dZmnaVmì`mÀ`m AW©gmhmæ`mMo (~rO ^m§S>db) Agmdo. `m `moOZoV _{hbm,~mb, An§J {dH$mg g§ñWm§Vrb gd© AZmW {ZamYma bm^mWu _mÝ` YaUoV`mdoV. (_wbo/_wbr/_{hbm)


5. ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejUmgmR>r _wbtZm {dÚmdoVZ XoUoAm{W©H$ÑîQ>çm H$_Hw$dV d _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mVrb embmÝV narjm

CÎmrU© _wbtZm {d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mbmdYr_ÜòXa_hm é. 100/- {dÚmdoVZ {Xbo OmVo. hr _`m©Xm à{ejUmg òUmè`mIMm©da AmYm[aV Agmdr. emgZmZo Ë`mgmR>r à{ejU{Zhm` {dÚmdoVZ{ZpíMV H$amdo. Vo ì`dhmamV òUmè`m àË`j IMm©EdT>o Agmdo. {edm`àËòH$ VrZ dfmªZr _yë`m§H$Z H$ê$Z Vo doimodoir dmT>{dÊ`mV `mdo. _{hbm,~mb, An§J {dH$mg g§ñWm§Vrb àËòH$ AZmW, {ZamYma, {Zam{lVmg `m`moOZoMm bm^ Úmdm. Aem {dÚmdoVZm~amo~aM emgZ_mÝ` Am¡Úmo{JH$ dVËg_ à{ejU g§ñWm§V _{hbm, ~mb, An§J {dH$mg g§ñWm§Vrb bm^mWugmR>r5% OmJm Ama{jV Agmì`mV. d` d CËnÝZ _`m©Xm doimodoir emgZ_mÝ`_mJmgdJu`m§Mr Agmdr.6. _{hbm§À`m nwZd©gZmgmR>r gmYZgm_J«r {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r AZwXmZXoUo

gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ Amamo½` `moOZo§VJ©V Mmb{dÊ`mV òUmè`m amÁ`J¥h,ñdrH$maJ¥hgma»`m emgH$s` g§ñWm§Vrb bm^mWvZm bmJy AgUmar `moOZmemgZ_mÝ` gd© _{hbm, ~mb, An§J {dH$mg g§ñWm§Vrb bm^mWvZm bmJyH$aÊ`mV `mdr. `mV AZmW, {ZamYma, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§XmZtZm (_wbo/_wbr/_{hbm) àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo. gmYZgm_J«r IaoXrMr gÜ`mMr AZwXmZ_`m©Xm é. 1000/- dmT>dyZ Vr {H$_mZnjr é. 10,000/- AWdmbm^mWu Omo ì`dgm` H$ê$ BpÀN>Vmo Ë`mg Amdí`H$ gm_J«r IaoXr H$aVmòB©b BVH$s Agmdr.

(~) _{hbm§À`m nwZd©gZmH$[aVm Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m ñd §̀godrg§ñWm§Zm AZwXmZ XoUo1. {Zam{lV Am{U n[aË`ŠV pñÌ`m§Zm Aml` XoUo (ñÌr AmYma H|$Ð)

{Zam{lV d n[aË`ŠV Aem 18 Vo 40 d`moJQ>mVrb _mVm/^{JZtgmR>rMmb{dÊ`mV òUmar hr `moOZm åhUOo {dH$mg `moOZm H$er Zgmdr `mMmR>iH$ Z_wZm hmò . emgZ `m `moOZo§VJ©V _§Oya bm^mWu g§»òÀ`m gamgardabm^mWu _mJo _m{gH$ é. 250/- BVHo$M AZwXmZ XoVo. `m é. 250/- _Üòñd`§godr g§ñWoZo bm^mWvMo ^moOZ, H$nS>mbÎmm, {~N>mZm, {ejU, Amamo½`,_Zmoa§OZ, H$_©Mmar doVZ, B_maV ^mS>o, drO, nmUr, \$mim B. gd© IM©H$aUo Ano{jV Amho. gdm©{YH$ hmñ`mñnX ~m~ Aer H$s `m g§ñWog


emgZmZo _mÝ` Ho$bobm Agm H$_©Mmar dJ© {ZYm©[aV Ho$bobm Zmhr. Ë`m§ModoVZ_mZ R>a{dbobo Zmhr. doVZmda 100 Q>ŠHo$ AZwXmZmMr VaVyX Zmhr.IMm©À`m _mÝ` ~m~r R>adyZ {Xboë`m ZmhrV. B_maV ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r AZwXmZmMrgmò Zmhr. B_maV ^mS>çmMr Agob Va ^mS>o, XoI^mb IMm©Mr VaVyX Zmhr.J_VrMm ^mJ Agm H$s AemM àH$maÀ`m g§ñWm emgZ ñdV: MmbdVo,Voìhm _mÌ VoWrb gd© àH$maMm hmoUmam IM© 100 Q>ŠHo$ _mÝ` AgVmo. BWoemgZmZo ñd §̀godr g§ñWm§à_mUo ̀ moOZm{Zhm` 75 Q>ŠHo$ Vo 90 Q>ŠHo$ AZwXmZmMrVaVyX H$am`bm hdr. H$_©Mmar dJ© {ZYm©[aV H$amdm. doVZ R>admdo. darbBVa gwYmaUm H$amì`mV. gdmªV _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m `moOZoMm _hÎdmMm CÔoenwZd©gZ Agë`mZo bm^mWu _{hbm§Zm g§ñWoV amhÿZ ZmoH$ar, ì`dgm` H$aÊ`mgAZw_Vr Úmdr. Ë`m§À`m à{ejU, ñdmdb§~Z, godm `moOZmg àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV`mdo. bm^mWu Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU KoUma Agë`mg (_hm{dÚmb`rZ/ BVanmR>çH«$_/ à{ejU) Ë`mg AZw_Vr XoÊ`mV `mdr. {ddmhmÛmao nwZd©gZmMoà`ËZ Ho$bo OmD$Z Aem {ddmhm§Zm BVa {ddmh `moOZm§à_mUo AZwXmZ é.10,000/- Mr VaVyX H$amdr.2. g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`m pñÌ`m§À`m nwZd©gZmgmR>r g§ñWm ñWmnZH$aÊ`mgmR>r gmhmæ` XoÊ`mMr `moOZm "à{ejU H|$Ð `moOZm' (H|$ÐnwañH¥$V)

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CËnmXZo {dHy$Z òUmè`m bm^mVrb H$mhr ^mJ à{ejUmWvZm XoÊ`mMr VaVyXhdr. "H$_dm d {eH$m' VÎd `m `moOZoV A§V ŷ©V Agmdo.3. hþ§S>mJ«ñV pñÌ`m§gmR>r nwZd©gZ `moOZm "_mhoa'

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(S>) _{hbm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>iBVa _hm_§S>imà_mUo amOH$s` _{hbm H$m`©H$Ë`mªMr dUu bmdm`Mo

gmYZ ~ZyZ Joboë`m `m _hm_§S>imÀ`m EH§$XaM ñdê$n d H$m`©nÕVrVgwYmaUog ânya dmd Amho. `m~m~V H$_r {b{hUo A{YH$ ehmUnUmMoR>amdo. JaOy, g§H$Q>J«ñV d Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm _mJmgboë`m _mVm^{JZtZmamoOJmamMr g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo ñWmnZ Pmboë`m `m_hm_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©Mo _yë`m§H$Z hmoD$Z nwZa©MZm H$aUo Amdí`H$.2. ~mb{dH$mg `moOZm

~mb Ý`m` A{Y{Z`_ A§_b~OmdUr g§ñWmgZ 1986 _Üò ^maV gaH$maZo ~mb Ý`m` A{Y{Z`_mMr amîQ´>â

A§_b~OmdUr H$ê$Z Ë`mnydu Agbobo amÁ`ñVar`/àm§{VH$ ~mbH$ {df`H$m`Xo aÔ Ho$bo. 1986 gmbr ^maVr` g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$bobm H$m`Xm _hmamîQ´>emgZmZo 2 Am°ŠQ>mo~a, 1987 nmgyZ Amnë`m amÁ`mV bmJy Ho$bm Ë`mÀ`mAZwf§JmZo {Z`_mdbr V`ma Ho$br d Vr bmJyhr Ho$br. H$m`ÚmÝdò ApñVËdmVAgboë`m g§ñWm§Mo nwZd©JuH$aU Ho$bo. ~mb Ý`m`mb`m~amo~a ~mb H$ë`mU


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2. ~mbJ¥h AZwXmZ~mb Ý`m` A{Y{Z`_m§VJ©V {ZarjU J¥hmV AZmW d JwÝhoJma XmoÝhr

àH$maMr _wbo àdoe KoVmV. {VWo Ë`m§Mo emñÌmoŠV dJuH$aU ìhmdo AerAnojm Amho. nU dV©_mZ H$_©Mmar gyÌmV dJuH$aUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ H$_©MmardJ© (à{e{jV g_mO H$m`©H$Vm©, ì`ŠVr-{M{H$ËgH$) {ZarjUJ¥hm§H$S>o gÜ`mCnbãY Zgë`mZo {dÚ_mZ n[adrjm A{YH$mar gaYmonQ> nÕVrZo dadaModJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm `mo½` dmQ>ob Ë`m _wbm§Zm à_m{UV H$ê$Z ~mbJ¥hm§H$S>onmR>dVmV. òWo _wbm§gmR>r 6 Vo 16 d _wbtgmR>r 6 Vo 18 d`moJQ> hr _`m©XmAgVo. _wbm-_wbtZm g_mO d` AgUo (18 df}) "~mbH$' ì`m»òg Yê$Zamhrb. {ZarjUJ¥hmÀ`m VwbZoZo òWo _wbm§Mo dmñVì` XrK©H$mi AgVo.

`m g§ñWm§Zm AZwXmZ d H$_©Mmar gyÌ Zmhr. Vo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMr JaOAmho. XaS>moB© Xa_hm {_iUmè`m 250 é. ì`{V[aŠV H$moUVohr AZwXmZ `mg§ñWm§Zm bm^V Zmhr. Ë`mV dmT> hmoUo Amdí`H$M Zmhr Va A{Zdm`© Amho.amÁ`mVrb ~hþg§»` AZmW, {ZamYma _wbo `m g§ñWm§V amhVmV. amÁ`mVrb `mg§ñWm§Mm XOm© AË`§V ImbÀ`m ñVamMm AgyZ `m g§ñWm§H$S>o àmYmÝ`H«$_mZobj XoUo JaOoMo Amho.3. {deofJ¥h AZwXmZ

{ZarjUJ¥hmVrb ~mbJwÝhoJma ~mbH$m§Mo {ejU/ à{ejUmÛmao nwZd©gZH$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoem§Zr Mmb{dÊ`mV òUmè`m `m g§ñWm amÁ`mV Mma AgyZ n¡H$sXmoZ _wbtÀ`m AmhoV. S>opìhS> ggyZ B§S>ñQ´>r>`b ñHy$b, _mQw>§Jm g§ñWoMmAndmX dJiVm BVa {VÝhr g§ñWm emgH$s` AmhoV. òWrb godm-gw{dYm§VdmT> ìhm`bm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {Zdmgr à{ejU g§ñWogmaIo ñdê$nAgboë`m `m g§ñWoVrb Vwé§JgÑe pñWVr ~Xbm`bm hdr.4. AZwajUJ¥h AZwXmZ

~mbJ¥h d {deofJ¥hmVyZ 16 df} nyU© Pmbobr _wbo d 18 df} nyU©Pmboë`m _wbtÀ`m ì`dgm` godm`moOZ B. Ûmao nwZd©gZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZoMmb{dÊ`mV ̀ oUmè`m Aem g§ñWm amÁ`mV hmVmÀ`m ~moQ>mda _moOÊ`mBVŠ`mMAmhoV. Aem EHy$U 8 g§ñWm amÁ`mV AgyZ n¡H$s VrZ ñd`§godr g§ñWm§_m\©$VMmb{dë`m OmVmV. ^moOZ, {Zdmg, godm `moOZm à{ejUm{X gw{dYm{ZpíMV H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. H$_©MmargyÌ, AZwXmZgyÌ B. ñdê$nmV emgZmZoAÚmn `m `moOZoMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bobo Zmhr. Vo H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.


5. AZmWmb`/ ~mbgXZ AZwXmZ0 Vo 18 d`moJQ>mVrb AZmW, {ZamYma _wbo/ _wbtMm gm§^mi H$ê$Z

Ë`m§Mr nwZd©gZmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUmè`m `m g§ñWm _w»`V: ñd`§godr g§ñWmMmb{dVmV. XaS>moB© Xa_hm é. 250 nbrH$S>o AZwXmZ H$_©Mmar gyÌ `m`moOZoMo Zmhr. `moOZm H$er Zgmdr `mMm AmUIr EH$ Z_wZm åhUOo hr`moOZm d `mV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb ìhm`bm hdoV.6. ~mb _mJ©Xe©Z H|$Ð/~mb {M{H$Ëgm H|$Ð

Ad¿`m VrZ hOma én`m§V g_mO à~moYZ d à{V~§YmË_H$ ñdê$nmMoH$m`© ̀ m ̀ moOZmV Ano{jV Amho. ì`ŠVr {M{H$ËgoÛmao ~mbJwÝhoJmarg à{V~§YH$aÊ`mMr Anojm `m `moOZoV Amho. _wimV ~mb{M{H$Ëgm d _mJ©Xe©Z hrAË`§V Vm§{ÌH$ d emñÌmoŠV JmoîQ> Amho. Vr à{e{jV VÁkm§H$Sy>Z hmoUoAmdí`H$. Ë`mMr H$moUVrhr VaVyX `m `moOZoV Zmhr. nwÊ`mÀ`m {ZarjUJ¥hm_m\©$V MmbUmao d _w§~B© \°${_br g|Q>aV\}$ MmbUmao H|$Ð AmXe©. nU VoAZwXmZmda Z MmbVm bmoH$ml`mda MmbVo. hr H|$Ðo S>moù`mnwT>o R>odyZ H$m`©H$jm ê§$XmdyZ `m `moOZoMr nwZa©MZm Amdí`H$ Amho. {VMo AZwXmZ dmT>dUoAmoKmZo AmboM.7. {Zam{lV _wbm§Mr dg{VJ¥ho (H|$Ð nwañH¥$V)

OnUyH$ g§ajUmMr JaO Agboë`m AZmW, {Zam{lV ~mbH$m§Mo g§JmonZd nwZd©gZ H$aUmar hr `moOZm H|$ÐmZo AZwXmZ dmT>dyZhr amÁ` emgZmÀ`mAmS>_wR>onUm_wio {IVnV nS>br Amho. AZwXmZgyÌ, H$_©MmargyÌ, doVZ {H$_mZgw{dYm B. JmoîQ>tMo ~Xb BWohr Ano{jV AmhoV.

Q>rn : hm boI gZ 1992 Mm Agë`mZo Xaå`mZÀ`m Joë`m 26 dfmªVAm{W©H$ VaVyX, H$m`Xm, {Z`_, `moOZm§V ~Xb d g_mdoeZ Pmbo Agbo dAm{W©H$ VaVyX, AZwXmZ dmT>bo Agbo Var g§JmonZ, {ejU, nwZd©gZmMrAno{jV JwUdÎmmdmT> d {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr ho Z_yX H$aVmZm IoX dmQ>Vmo.

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_hmamîQ´> amÁ` : d§{MV {dH$mgmÀ`màemgH$s` §̀ÌUoMo ñdê$n d gwYmaUm

AmO _{hbm, ~mb d An§J {dH$mg g§MmbZmb` ho d§{MV {dH$mg`moOZm§Mr AmIUr d A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m ©̀ H$aVo. Ë`m g§MmbZmb`mgd§{MV {dH$mg g§MmbZmb` g§~moYÊ`mV `mdo. d§{MV {dH$mgmMr àemgH$s``§ÌUm AmO VrZ ñVam§da hmoVo Amho. Vr {ÛñVar` H$aÊ`mV `mdr. VrnwT>rbà_mUo 1) _w»`mb` ñVar` 2) {OëhmñVar`. {dÚ_mZ {Oëhm _{hbm,~mb d An§J {dH$mg A{YH$mar ho {Oëhm _w»`mb`mMo à_wI A{YH$marAgmdoV. Ë`m§Mm XOm© C§Mdmdm. gÜ`m `m ñVamda XmoZ g_H$j A{YH$marAmhoV - 1) {Oëhm _{hbm, ~mb d An§J {dH$mg A{YH$mar ho {Oëhmà_wI amhÿZ {Oëhm Xmê$~§Xr A{YH$mar ho Ë`m§Mo AmYrZ H$m`© H$aVrb.{Oëhm Xmê$~§Xr A{YH$mè`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_m~amo~a d§{MV {dH$mg ̀ moOZm§À`màMmamMo H$m`©hr gmon{dÊ`mV `mdo. {Oëhm d§{MV {dH$mg A{YH$mè`m§À`mH$m`m©b`mV Orn, XyaÜdZr, Poam°Šg, \°$Šg, Üd{ZdY©H$ g§M, XyaXe©Z g§M,ìhr. gr. Ama Am§ew{b{nH$, A{YH$ ghmæ`H$ A{YH$mar, g§ñWm {ZarjH$ B.gmò r Úmì`mV. gÜ`m `m `moOZm§À`m {H«$`mÝd` d A§_b~OmdUrV hmoUmar{Xa§JmB©, Xwb©j `m§Mo `wÕnmVirda _yë`m§H$Z Ho$bo OmD$Z àemgH$s` aMZoMrnwZa©MZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `moOZm {dH$mgmgmR>r d H|$Ðr` `moOZm nmR>nwamdm,A§_b~OmdUrgmR>r _w»`mb`mV ñdV§Ì H$j ñWmnmdm. ñd`§godr g§ñWm§ZmàmoËgmhZmMo YmoaU hdo. AmO Á`m g§ñWm emgH$s` AmhoV, Ë`m ñd`§godrg§ñWm§H$S>o hñVm§VarV H$aÊ`mMm YS>H$ H$m`©H«$_ hmVr ¿`mdm. `moOZm§À`mnwZa©MZog àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `mdo. AZwXmZ gyÌmV dmT> H$aÊ`mda â Úm`bmhdm. d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_mda hmoUmar VaVyX dmT>dyZ KoÊ`mV `mdr.àËòH$ `moOZoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> Agmdo. EH$mM CÔoemgmR>r Mmb{dÊ`mVòUmè`m {d{dY `moOZm aÔ H$ê$Z "EH$m CÔoemgmR>r EH$ `moOZm', ho gyÌ


ñdrH$maÊ`mV `mdo. gd© `moOZm§V {Zdm©h ^Îmm, AZwXmZ gyÌ, H$_©Mmar gyÌ`mV ̀ moOZm{Zhm` {deofVm gwa{jV R>odyZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mV g_mZVm AmUmdr.`moOZm§Mm XOm© dmT>{dÊ`mda d Vmo {Q>H${dÊ`mda ̂ a hdm. joÌmVrb A{YH$mard H$_©Mmè`m§À`m {Za§Va {ejU/à{ejUmg àmYmÝ` d àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mV`mdo. àemgH$s` {Xa§JmB© Q>miÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ma {dH|$ÐrH$aUm~amo~a nÌì`dhmagËda hmoÊ`mMr nÕVr A_bmV AmUbr Omdr. AZwXmZ {dVaUmV {Xa§JmB©Pmë`mg ì`mO XoÊ`mMr VaVyX hdr. g§ñWm§À`m {H$_mZ XOm© {ZpíMVr d{Z`§ÌUmMr `moOZm d ì`dñWm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. d§{MV {dH$mg`moOZm§Mr àemgH$s` `§ÌUm g§doXZerb d VËna Agm`bm hdr. emgH$s`ê$jVm d VQ>ñWVm Q>miÊ`mMm gVV d OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ ìhm`bm hdm.bm^mWu {dH$mg, bm^mWu {hV àW_ Aer Ü ò̀ , YmoaUo ñdrH$mê$Z H$m`©nÕVr{ZpíMV Ho$br Omdr. VaM d§{MV {dH$mg H$m`m©g JVr `oB©b.

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d§{MV g_yh d _mZdm{YH$ma

d§{MV g_yhm§_Üò d¡Ym{ZH$ (Statutory) Am{U Ad¡Ym{ZH$ (Non-statutory) Ago XmoZ JQ> H$aVm òVrb. n{hë`m JQ>mbm àM§S> H$m`XoeraH$dM CnbãY Amho. Ë`m_Üò AmajU d emgH$s` hŠH$mÀ`m `moOZmhrCnbãY AmhoV, na§Vw Xwgam JQ> hm Ago emgH$s` hŠH$mMo H$dM ZgUmamåhUyZ A{YH$ d§{MV _mZbm nm{hOo. d§{MVm§_Yrbhr (Privileged) {deofA{YH$maàmßV Aem n{hë`m JQ>mV _mJmgdJu`, Am{Xdmgr ^Q>Ho$-{d_wŠV,_{hbm Ago OmV d qbJ `mda AmYm[aV g_yh òVmV Va Xwgè`m JQ>mVAZmW _wbo, n[aË`ŠVm, doí`m, XodXmgr, {dYdm, Hw$_mar _mVm Am{U A§Y,_yH$~{Ya, _{V_§X, An§J Ago g_yh ̀ oVmV H$s Á`m§À`mgmR>r ̂ maVr` g§{dYmZmVOmUrdnyd©H$ H$moUVrhr `moOZm Zmhr.

^maVmVrb d§{MV {dH$mg hm B§½b§S>À`m YVudaM Pmbm. gwédmVrMoH$ë`mUH$mar H$m`Xo, CXm. 1927 Mm ~mbH$m§Mm H$m`Xm, XodXmgrMmH$m`Xm B. gmaIoM hmoVo. (JìhZ©am§À`m nËZtZm g_mOH$m`© H$aVm `mdo`mgmR>r Jar~ J¥ho (Poor Homes), {dlm_J¥ho (Holiday Homes) gwÕm W§S>hdoÀ`m {R>H$mUr AgV.) Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmZ§Va ̀ wamon_Üò {dYdm, AZmW _wbo`m§Mo àíZ Vrd« Pmbo. g§ñWonojm amîQ´>mMr Jw§VdUyH$ Amdí`H$ Pmbr. g§̀ wŠVamîQ´>g§K hm _wimV EH$ OmJ{VH$ H$ë`mUH$mar ì`mgnrR> åhUyZ {Z_m©UPmbm. nmR>monmR> H$m`Xo, A{YH$ma d ~OoQ> ZgVmZmhr AZoH$ g§ñWm d§{MVm§gmR>rH$m_ H$ê$ bmJë`m.

`m Xwgè`m JQ>mVrb d§{MV g_yhm§Zm Ë`m§Mo hŠH$ Am{U gwa{jVVm{_iÊ`mMm _mJ© _mZdr A{YH$mamÀ`m (Human Rights) MidirVyZ eŠ`Pmbm. _mZdr A{YH$mamMm B{Vhmg àmMrZ H$mbmnmgyZ _m§S>Vm ̀ oVmo. Ë`m_mJrb_yi VÎd ho Z¡g{J©H$ d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo Amho. OÝ_V: gd© _mZd g_mZ


AgVmV d {df_Vm hr Z§Va H¥${Ì_nUo bmXbr OmVo. {d{dY Xoem§À`mKQ>Zm§à_mUo _mZdr A{YH$ma H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVmV. (CXm.A_o[aH$Z KQ>Zo_Üò ñÌr amîQ´>mÜ`j hmoÊ`mMr VaVyX Zmhr.)

_mZdr A{YH$ma Am{U d§{MV H$ë`mU `m§Mr gm§JS> KmbÊ`mMo à`ËZOnmZ, qgJmnya, Am°ñQ´>o{b`mgma»`m Xoem§_Üò {XgyZ ̀ oVmV. EHy$U gw_mao 30_mZdr A{YH$mam§_Üò ApñVËd, g_mZVm, Xmñ`_wŠVr, A{^ì`ŠVr, g§KQ>Z,ImOJr OrdZ, amoOJma, {ejU, _yb ŷV JaOm Aem AZoH$ A{YH$mam§Mmg_mdoe Amho. (Right to Health AOyZ _mZbobm Zmhr.) AbrH$S>À`mH$mimV ~mbHo$, d¥Õ, _{hbm, _{V_§X, An§J `m§Mo {deof A{YH$ma dñdV§Ì hŠH$hr {h[aarZo _m§S>bo AmhoV. ^maVm_Üò 1993 gmbr KmB©KmB©V_mZdr A{YH$ma H$m`Xm ApñVËdmV Ambm. OmJ{VH$ ì`mnma g§KQ>Z (WTO)da ñdmjargmR>rÀ`m AQ>rà_mUo EH$hmVr 4-5 nmZr XñVmdoO (Documents)V`ma Pmbo. Ë`mAmYrhr 1950 nmgyZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` _§Ìmb` H$m`©aVAmho. nU H$m`Úm_Üò H$mbmZwê$n n[adV©Zo Pmbr ZmhrV. AmVm naV H$m`Xmd `moOZm `m§Mo AÝd`mW© g§doXZerbVoZo bmdbo nm{hOoV d Ë`mgmR>r _mZdrA{YH$ma g§Yr åhUyZ dmnaVm òVrb. Ag§K{Q>V d Cno{jV (Vulnerable)g_yh ho X~mdJQ> ~Zy eH$V ZmhrV Am{U amOH$s` BÀN>meŠVrÀ`m A^mdrCnbãY emgH$s` `§ÌUm \$maer H$m`©dmhr H$aV ZmhrV. amîQ´>r` damÁ`nmVirda _mZdr A{YH$ma Am`moJ ñWmnZ Pmbo. Vo nU naH$s`Jw§VdUwH$sgmR>r nyd©AQ> Agë`mZo. Ë`m_wio `§ÌUm CnbãY AgyZhr {VMmdmna H$_r Pmbm Var Vmo {Xa§JmB©Zo hmoV AgVmo. VgoM Ý`m`mb`rZ àH$aUm_Ü ò_mZdr A{YH$ma hñVjon H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr, Agohr EH$ H$b_ H$m`ÚmVAmho. naXoemV Amnesty International gma»`m à^mdr ñd`§godr g§ñWmAmhoV, Á`m§Zr A_o[aHo$bmhr BamH$ àH$aUr ZmH$sZD$ AmUbo. _mÌ ^maVmVAem _mZdr A{YH$mam§da H$m_ H$aUmè`m à^mdr g§ñWm ZmhrV.

Varhr _mZdr A{YH$mam§~ÔbMr OmJ¥Vr dmT>Vo Amho. nmobrg ñQ>oeZdaAmVm A{YH¥$V N>i H$moR>S>çm ZmhrV. H¡$Úm§Zm Xw½YOÝ` nm¡pîQ>H$ nXmW©hr{_iÊ`mMr gmo` Amho. ñÌr A{YH$mè`m§gmR>r gd©Ì ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho AmhoV. hogd© _mZdr A{YH$mam§Mo n[aUm_ AmhoV. nU gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr bT>mB© hrH$m`Úmnojm gm_m{OH$ à~moYZmVyZ OmñV èñdr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mZdrA{YH$ma hm _yb ŷV A{YH$mamnojm (Fundamental Rights) H$m`©dmhrMrñdm`Îm `§ÌUm AgUmam nwT>Mm Q>ßnm Agbm Var nwaogm Zmhr. EH${dgmì`meVH$mMo gyÌ ho "H$ë`mU' (Welfare) H$Sy>Z "{dH$mgm' (Development)


H$S>o gaH$Vo Amho. åhUOoM CnH$mam§EodOr hŠH$mMr ^mfm gd©_mÝ` hmoVAmho.

^maVm_Ü`ohr OnmZ, qgJmnyaà_mUo _mZdr A{YH$ma H$m`Xm d¥ÎmnÌmVàH$m{eV H$ê$Z Ë`mda OZ_V V`ma Ho$bo nm{hOo. H$m`Xm ~Z{dÊ`mVhrbmoH$gh^mJ KoVë`mg OmñV à^mdr H$m`©dmhr hmoD$ eH$Vo. VgoM H$m`©dmhr`§ÌUo_Ü`o AamOH$s` d à{VpîR>V bmoH$m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$ë`mg EH$ àH$maMr{dídmgmh©Vm {Z_m©U hmoB©b Am{U ì`pŠVJV àíZm§dê$Z Xwén`moJ hmoÊ`mMoà_mU H$_r hmoB©b. gm_m{OH$ à~moYZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo gÜ`mÀ`m _m{hVrMmA{YH$ma H$m`Xm OmñV à^mdr Amho. `m XmoÝhr H$m`Úm§À`m g_Ýd`mZod§{MVm§Mo Xwb©{jV d Ag§K{Q>V g_yh Amnmnë`m hŠH$m§Mr bT>mB© A{YH$g_W©nUo H$ê$ eH$Vrb Am{U àJë^ d à~moYZ Pmbobm g_mO `m g§Kfm©VË`m§Mr _ZmnmgyZ gmW XoD$ eHo$b.

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gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` narKm~mhoarb d§{MV

ñdV§Ì ^maV : KQ>Zm d gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`1947 gmbr ñdV§Ì Pmboë`m ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´> {Z{_©Vr_mJo ñdmV§Í`,

g_Vm d ~§YwVm `m VrZ àoaUm à_wI hmoË`m. ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va AmnUOr amÁ`KQ>Zm ñdrH$mabr {VÀ`m CÔo{eHo$V dm gaZmå`mV gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m`, XOm© d g§YrMr g_mZVm {ZpíMVnUo àmßVH$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm d Ë`m gdmª_Ü`o ì`ŠVrMr à{VîR>m, amîQ´>mMr EH$Vm Am{UEH$mË_Vm `m§Mr emídVr XoUmar ~§YwVm `m§Mo ñnîQ> AmídmgZ XoÊ`mV AmboAmho. H$moUË`mhr XoemVrb g_mO {dH$mg hm Ë`m XoemVrb gm_m{OH$,Am{W©H$ d amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m`mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr Ý`m`mMm_ybmYma hm Z¡g{J©H$ H$m`Xm AgVmo. Vmo gË`, ZrVr d kmZmda AmYm[aVAgVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ Ý`m` dm H$m`ÚmÀ`m H$ënZoVyZ OJmV _mZd A{YH$ma,~mbH$ hŠH$, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` B. g_mO YmaUm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm.gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` : ì`m»`m d dmñVd

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` g§H$ënZoMm CX`M _wir g_mOmVrb Xw~©b, Cno{jV,d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm XOm© d g§YrMr g_mZVm XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo Pmbm Amho.åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr ì`m»`mM Amho - "The fair and properadministration of law conforming to the natural law that all personsirrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possissions, race, religion etc. are tobe treated equally and without prejudice." àíZ Amho Vmo `m H$gmoQ>rdaAmnU ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Joë`m 70 dfmªV `oWrb gd© Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm g§JmonZ,{ejU, g§ajU, ZmoH$ar, nwZd©gZ, {dH$mg, Amamo½`{df`H$ XOm© d g§YrMrg_mZVm {Xbr H$m? gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZ¡{VH$ Ý`m` g_mZnUo {XbmH$m? Joë`m Mm¡Xm n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoVbm Va AmnUmg Ago


{XgyZ òVo H$s `m XoemVrb {dH$mg `moOZm d Ë`mda hmoUmam IM© hmgm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m VÎdmda Z hmoVm _VXmZ, amOH$s` {dMmagaUr, YmoaU,{ZdS>UyH$ BË`mXr gÎmm J{UVm§À`m CÎmam§da, AmS>m»`mda hmoV AgVmo.n[aUm_r, g_mOmV Oo Aëng§»`, Ag§K{Q>V, Agwa{jV AmhoV, qH$~hþZm{dH$mg `moOZm§Mo Oo n{hbo hŠH$Xma AmhoV Ë`m§À`mH$S>o _mÌ Ajå` Xwb©jhmoV Amho. ho Xwb©j gaH$ma H$moUË`mhr njmMo Agmo, Vo amÁ`mMo Agmo dmH|$ÐmMo-Ë`mV Joë`m Mm¡Xm n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmV gmVË` AmT>iVo. n[aUm_r{dH$mgmMr \$io OmV, Y_©, d§emYm[aV d§{MVm§Zm gmVË`mZo {_iVmV. nUOmo dJ© ̀ m gdmªnbrH$S>Mm Amho, {d{dY gm_m{OH$ YmaUm, na§nam, MmbrarVr,g_O, ê$T>r `m§Mr n[aUVr åhUyZ ApñVËdmV òVmo, Aem dJmª~Ôb Amnbr^mdgmjaVm Oer VmoH$S>r Amho, VgmM gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMm VamOy AÝ`m`mH$S>oMPwH$bobm AmT>iVmo.

ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m d§{MV {dH$mgmV {OVHo$ PwH$Vo _mn OmV, Y_m©Ym[aVd§{MVm§Zm {Xbo Jobo Ë`m _mZmZo Vo AÝ` d§{MVm§Zm {Xbo Jobo Zmhr. n[aUm_rVo {dH$mgmÀ`m narKm~mhoa am{hbo. Vo g_mOmÀ`m _Ü` àdmhmV òD$ eH$boZmhrV. g_mOm_Üò X{bVoVa d§{MVm§Mm Agm EH$ _moR>m àdmh _Zwî`{dH$mgmÀ`m àma§^mnmgyZ {XgyZ ̀ oVmo; Omo àma§̂ mnmgyZ AmOAIoa Aëng§»`,g_mO_mÝ`VonmgyZ Xya, Cno{jV, OmV d Y_© dmñVdmÀ`m narKm~mhoa gVVOJÊ`mMm g§Kf© H$aUmam d ApñVËdmMr {ZH$amMr bT>mB© bT>VmZm {XgyZòVmo. Ë`mV AZmW, {ZamYma, nmoaHo$, n[aË`ŠV, A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X, _yH$,~{Ya, d¥Õ, Hw$îR>amoJr, XodXmgr, n[aË`ŠVm, {dYdm, doí`m, Hw$_mar_mVm,hþ§S>m~ir, ~bmËH$mar, Xw^§Jbobr Hw$Qw>§~o, {dñWm{nV Aem AZoH$ àH$maoCnojoMo OrdZ OJUmar _§S>ir doX Cn{ZfXm§nmgyZÀ`m H$mimV Oer {XgVmVVer AmOhr X`m, H$éUm, H$Ud, ghmZŵ yVr, ŷVX`m B. gma»`m d¥Îmr_wiohm _Zwî` g_wXm` gm_mÝ` _Zwî` g_wXm`mnmgyZ gVV doJim d Cno{jVam{hbobm Amho. g_mOmZo XmI{dboë`m X`m d Yramda OJV hm g_mOdJ©Y¡̀ m©Zo g§Kf© H$arV AmO ñdm{^_mZ d ñdËdmMr bT>mB© IoiV A{YH$maAm{U hŠH$mÀ`m Om{UdoZo OmJ¥V d àJë^ hmoV g_mO {dH$mgmV AmnbmdmQ>m _mJy nmhV Amho. doimodoir {b{hboë`m gm{hË`mVyZ Ë`m§Mm CX²Jma{Xdg|{Xdg AmJ«h, AmH«$moe `mnwT>o OmD$Z A{YH$mamMr ^mfm ~mobVmZm{XgVmo.


gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` : B{Vhmg^maVmMm g§nyU© gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg hm òWrb dmñVdm_wio Zoh_rM

{~«{Q>em§À`m B{Vhmgmda AmYm[aV, {dH${gV hmoV am{hbm Amho. òWrbg_mO dmñVd, g_mO n[adV©Z, gm_m{OH$ H$m`Xo, amOH$s` d Am{W©H$n[adV©Z `m gdmª_mJo {~«{Q>e amOgÎmm d g_mOgÎmm nm`m ŷV am{hbr Amho.^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo ñdV:bm H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$bo. Ë`m_mJohr{~«{Q>e amÁ`KQ>Zm H$maUr ŷV Amho, ho {dgaVm òUma Zmhr.

g_mO g§H«$_UmMm AmboI nmhVm Ago bjmV òVo H$s, àËòH$ H$mimV"g~mëQ>©Z' ì`dñWm H$m ©̀aV AgVo. hr ì`dñWm d[aîR> d H${ZîR> ̀ m§À`m_YrbCVa§S> AYmoao{IV H$arV AgVo. A{ÔZ dJ© dM©ñdmZo gwê$ Pmboë`m g_mO{dH$mgmMr n[aUVr ~hþOZdJ© {dH$mgmH$S>o AJ«oga hmoVo, Vr gd© OZ H|${ÐVhmoVo, hm ̀ m XoemMm B{Vhmg Amho. gd©OZmMo A{YZm`H$Ëd Á`m g_mOì`dñWoVòVo Vmo g_mO àJë^ Iam! gd©OZmMo dM©ñd åhUOoM d§{MV {dH$mgmMmA§Ë`moX` hmò .d§{MV : ì`wËnÎmr d ì`mßVr

d§{MV eãXmMm AW© \$gbobm, A§Vabobm, Cno{jV, g_mO narKm~mhoarbAem AWm©Zo gd©gmYmaUnUo dmnabm OmVmo. g§ñH¥$V_Üò Ë`mMr ì`wËnÎmrd§M²+{Z`²+H$V² Aem àH$mao gm§{JVbr OmVo. Ë`mMm AW© Cno{jV, Z{_imbobm, H$_VaVm Agbobm, g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bobm, \$gdbobm Agm hmoVmo.B§J«OrV `mbm Deprive hm n`m©`dmMr eãX AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§Mo AZoH$ AW©eãXH$moemV AmT>iVmV. Ë`mZwgma Cno{jV g_mOdJ©, Jar~, {ZamYma,JaOy, VUmdJ«ñV, A{YH$ma d§{MV, _yb^yV JaOm§nmgyZ Cno{jV AgmKoVbm OmVmo. `m gd© A§Jm§Zr {dMma Ho$bm Va g_mOmVrb AZmW, {ZamYma,A§Y, An§J, _{V_§X, _yH$, ~{Ya, d¥Õ, Hw$îR>amoJr, XodXmgr, hþ§S>m~ir,{dYdm, n[aË`ŠVm, Hw$_mar_mVm, ~mb{ddm{hVm, {^joH$ar, ~mbJwÝhoJma,doí`m, Xŵ §Jboë`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo, {dñWm{nV, amoJOO©a Ago gd© Xw:Ir-nr{S>V, ~ir ̀ m gdmªMm g_mdoe "d§{MV' g§koV hmoVmo. ho nmhVm narKm~mhoarbd§{MV hm g_mOmVrb g§»òZo _moR>m na§Vw Cnojo_wio Xwb©{jV am{hbobm,Ag§K{Q>V, Aëng§»` dJm©V {dIwabobm, {dH$mgAnojr na§Vw {dH$mgbú`rg_mOdJ© hmò . `m§À`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Joë`m 70 dfmªV Á`m `moOZm,g§ñWm ApñVËdmV Amë`m Ë`m `m dJm©Mr g§»`m, JaOm, g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$nnmhVm ZJÊ` åhUmì`m bmJVrb.


gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo àíZ d g_ñ`m^maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo àíZ d g_ñ`m ì`mnH$ AmhoV. gdm©{YH$

_hÎdmMm àíZ Amho Vmo gd© d§{MVm§Zm g_mZ g§Yr d XOm© XoÊ`mMm.gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo dmQ>n OmV d Y_©{Zanoj Agm`bm hdo. ^maVmgma»`mI§S>àm` XoemV ^mfm, qbJ, d§e, amOH$s` àUmbr, àXoe `mnbrH$S>o OmD$ZAm{W©H$ {ZH$fm§À`m AmYmao AmnU Omoda gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr C^maUr daMZm H$aUma Zmhr Vmoda AmnUmg g§Yr d XOm©Mo g_mZËd gmÜ` H$aVmòUma Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r gd© Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm g_mOmÀ`m _Ü` àdmhmV AmUÊ`mMo

gd©g_mdoeH$ YmoaU ñdrH$mamdo bmJob. Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb Hw$Qw>§~mMo àíZåhUOo _mZdm{YH$mam§Mo àíZ hmo`. {Zdmg, drO, nmUr, àgmYZ gw{dYm,añVo, amhUr_mZ, {ejU, Amamo½`, {eYmdmQ>n BË`mXr joÌm§V AmnU gVVH$mhr H$aV Ambmo Var `m dJm©À`m g§»`m d pñWVrda {Z`§ÌU H$aVm AmboboZmhr. Om{V ôX, qbJ ôX, àm§V ôX, ̂ mfm ôX {_Q>dyZ EH$g§K amîQ´> C^maUrÀ`m{XeoZo AmnU Á`m amîQ´>r` àoaUoZo AJ«oga ìhm`bm hdo hmoVo, Ë`mV amOH$s`ñdmWm©_wio àË`oH$ doir AS>Wio C^maë`mMo {MÌ Amho. B©emÝ` ^maV Agmo,Vob§JUm Agmo dm _hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$ gr_m {ddmX-àm§Vmnojm amîQ´> àW_Mm{dMma AmnU éOdy eH$bmo Zmhr. àmXo{eH$ njm§Mr dmT> hm Amnë`màmXo{eH$ g§H$sU©VoMmM nwamdm hmò . {ejUmMm àmW{_H$ A{YH$ma, _mo\$Vd gŠVrMo {ejU `mgma»`m _yb ŷV àíZm§H$S>o Amnbo AmOdaMo Xwb©j hogm_m{OH$ Ag§VwbZ d {df_VoMo H$maU hmò . J«m_rU ^mJmnojm ZmJarH$aU,H¥$frnojm CÚmoJ àmYmÝ`, gXmof naamîQ´> YmoaUm_wio g§ajUmdarb dmT>VmIM© `m gdmª_wio {dH$mg H$m`m©nojm à{V~§YmË_H$ ~m~tda AmnUmg _moR>mIM© H$amdm bmJVmo. bmoH$à{V{ZYr, àemgZ emgZ (gaH$ma) `m§da hmoUmamIM© ga§Om_rM hmo`. `m_wio d§{MV KQ>H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgmMm Ano{jVdmQ>m {_imbm Zmhr. n[aUm_r, Ë`m§À`m àíZ d g_ñ`m§Mo ñdê$n {XdgmJ{UH$J§̂ ra hmoV Amho. dmT>Vr ~oamoOJmar, qbJ ôX Xar, Am{W©H$ {df_Vm `m_wiod Zì`m OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio d§{MV dJm©Mo Ord ApñVËdM YmoŠ`mVAmë`mgmaIr pñWVr Amho. d§{MV {dH$mgmMm {dMma hr \$ma nwT>Mr JmoîQ>R>aVo.d§{MV ~mbH$m§Mr Xw:pñWVr

g_mOmV AZmW, AZm¡ag, {ZamYma _wbm§Mr g§»`m AmnUmg {Z`§{ÌVdm H$_r H$aVm Ambobr Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m g§JmonZ, {ejU, nwZd©gZmMr


ì`mßVr dmT>Vo Amho. g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV g§ñWm, `moOZm d Am{W©H$VaVyX dmT>r~m~V AmnU CXmgrZ am{hë`mZo g§ñWm~mø d§{MV ~mbHo$JwÝhoJmar, Aënd`rZ eara {dH«$`, A_br nXmWmªÀ`m dmnamV dmhH$mMoH$m`©, ~mb_Owar, ~mb b¢{JH$ emofU, añË`mda amhUmè`m ~mbH$m§MrdmT>Vr \$m¡O Amnë`m H$ë`mU d {dH$mg àíZm§Mm àmYmÝ`H«$_ H$m`©H«$_hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr. A§Y, ApñWì`§J, _{V_§X, J{V_§X, ~hþ{dH$bm§J, _yH$-~{Ya, ~mbH$m§Mo g§JmonZ, CnMma, {ZXmZ, gmYZ nwadR>m, {ejU àmYmÝ`,ZmoH$ar, AmajU B. àíZr Amnbr AZmñWm åhUOo Amnë`m ^mdgmjaVoMr{XdmiImoarM! OJ An§Jm§À`m _mZ{gH$ CÝZ`ZmM§ {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mV Jw§Vb§AgVmZm AmnU An§Jm§À`m ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm {dH$mgmM§ gamgar bú`hr JmRy>eH$bmo Zmhr. Or H$mhr WmoS>r àJVr Pmbr Ë`mV emgZmMm dmQ>m {H$Vr dñd`§godr g§ñWm§Zr Ho$bobr JwUmË_H$ àJVr {H$Vr `mMmhr Ho$ìhm Var {dMmahmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Hw$îR>amoJr, XodXmgr, doí`m `m§Mr AnËò, Xw §̂Jboë`mHw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo, Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmr, AnKmVmVrb ~ir ~mbHo$, X§½`mV,XheVrV AZmW, {ZamYma Pmbobr _wbo. {dñWm{nV Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo (CXm.YaUJ«ñV, goPJ«ñV B.), ~§XrOZm§Mr AnËò, hadbobr, Q>mH$bobr, gmoS>bobr_wbo, ES²>gJ«ñV _wbo Aem d§{MV ~mbH$m§Mo gmYo gd}jU H$ê$Z g§»`m_mZAmnU Joë`m 70 dfmªV {ZpíMV H$ê$ eH$bmo Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m g§JmonZ,nwZd©gZmÀ`m AÚVZ H$m`©H«$_mMm (OnmZgmaIm) AmnU òË`m 50 dfmªVVar {dMma H$ê$ eHy$ H$m? "Á`m XoemV Hw$Qw>§~mYm[aV gm_m{OH$ gwajmì`dñWm ApñVËdmV ZgVo Ë`m XoemM§ ~më` Zoh_rM g§H$Q>J«ñV AgVo' hog_mOemñÌr` VÎd Amho. Ë`mH$S>o S>moioPmH$ åhUOo BVa {dH$mgH$m_m§daHo$bobm IM© dm`m Kmbdë`mVM O_m AgVmo. `mM§ ^mZ Omoda BWë`mamOH$s` BÀN>meŠVrg òUma Zmhr Vmoda BWbr d§{MV ~mbHo$ dmè`mdadmT>Uma ho gm§Jm`bm Á`mo{VfmMr JaO Zmhr.d§{MV _{hbm§Mm dZdmg

~mb{ddmhm_wio H$modù`m d`mV J ©̂àmßVr, n[aUm_r àgyV _mVm d~mbH$_¥Ë ỳ à_mUmV dmT> BË`mXr àíZ H$m`ÚmÀ`m AH$m ©̀j_ A§_b~OmdUrMo\${bV hmò . hþ§S>m~irMo à_mU ̀ mM H$maUm_wio Amho. nwéfm§À`m ì`gZmYrZVo_wiopñÌ`m§Zm òUmao d¡Yì`, ~mhoa»`mbr nwéf d¥Îmr_wio pñÌ`m§À`m n[aË`ŠVVoVdmT> BË`mXr_wio _{hbm§Mo OrdZ ApñWa d YmoH$mXm`H$ ~ZV Mmbbo Amho.KQ>ñ\$mo{Q>V _{hbm§Mr g§»`m dmT>Ê`mMr nyduMr nwéfH|${ÐV H$maUo AmhoVM.


Ë`mV Zd{e{jV, ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m, H$_mdË`m pñÌ`m§Mm Ah§H$ma d A{YH$ma^mdZoZo dmT>bobr g§»`m `m àíZmMo Jm§^r`© bjmV AmUyZ XoÊ`mg nwaoerAmho. nydu Jar~r, {ZajaVm, A§YlÕm B. _wio doí`m, XodXmgr {Z_m©U hmoV.AmVm {deofV: _hmZJam_Ü`o ~Xbboë`m OrdZ e¡br_wio àM{bVdoí`mdñVt{edm` ñdV§Ì, ñdJ¥hr dm ñWbm§VarV nÕVrZo doí`m ì`dgm`mModmT>Vo bmoU; Aënd`rZ doí`m§Mr ~mOmamVrb dmT>Vr _mJUr, Ë`m_wioAënd`rZ doí`m à_mUmV dmT> `mgmaIo EoaUrdaMo àíZ Amnë`m qMVm dqMVZmMm {df` hmoV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m à{V~§Y d {Z`§ÌUmMm Hw$R>bm H$m`©H«$_AmnU am~dVmo? nmo{bgm§À`m YmS>r `m {H$Vr àmg§{JH$, {XImD$ AgVmV hobhmZ _wbohr gm§Jy eH$Vrb. {^joH$ar, doS>çm, añVm-ßb°Q>\$m°_©darb {ZamYmapñÌ`m§da gam©g hmoUmao ~bmËH$ma H$moUVo gm_m{OH$ A^` {gÕ H$aVo?ES²>gJ«ñV, An§J, ~§XrOZ, _{hbm§Mr H$m` H$_r XwadñWm Amho? Zm CnMma,Zm g§ajU Zm gw{dYm. KamVrb H$Ë`m© pñÌ`m {OWo Ord _wR>rV KoD$Z OJVmV{VWo d§{MV pñÌ`m§Mm dZdmg H$m` dUm©dm? Hw$_mar_mVm§Mo à_mU H$_rPmbo H$m? H$m_H$ar, ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m {eH$Umè`m pñÌ`m§Mo H$m`m©b`,H$maImZo, eoV_io, emim, {dÚmnrR>o BË`mXr_Yrb b¢{JH$ emofU d ÌmgHo$di H$m`Xm H$ê$Z H$gm g§nob? ̀ mgmR>r {ejU d g_mOYmaUoV qbJ ôXmVrV_mZdr g_mO {Z{_©VrMo C{ÔîQ> {ZpíMV ìhm`bm hdo. Vo Z Pmë`mZo {ejU{dñVma hmoD$Zhr _{hbm§Mm dZdmg H$_r Pmbm Zmhr. `mMo _w»` H$maU_{hbm dJ© Kar d g_mOmV d§{MVM am{hbm. `mMo nwaogo ^mZ AmnUmgam{hbo Zgë`mZo 33% AmajU, _mo\$V {ejU B. gd§J KmofUm§À`m dH$m`©H«$_m§À`m AmnU ZmXr bmJV Jobmo. `m{edm` Amnë`m g_mOmV d¥Õ,An§J Aem d§{MV nwéfm§Mmhr _moR>m dJ© Amho. Ë`m§Mm ñdV§Ì d§{MV KQ>H$åhUyZ {dMma ìhm`bm hdm.d§{MVm§À`m {dH$mg H$m ©̀H«$_m§Mo VmoH$S>onU

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`mÀ`m àVrjoV Agboë`m darb d§{MV KQ>H$m§gmR>ramÁ` d H|$Ð emgZmZo ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m 70 dfmªV emgH$s`, {Z_emgH$s` dñd`§godr g§ñWm§Mo Omio {dH${gV H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m{dH$mg d H$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm AmIyZ Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr Ho$brAmho. g§ñWm§Zm AZwXmZ {Xbo Amho. {ejU d ZmoH$arV AmajU {Xbo Amho.{Zdm©h ^Îmm, {ddmh AZwXmZ, CÚmoJmg ~rO ^m§S>db nwadbo Amho. AemàH$maMo gmhmæ` amÁ` d H|$Ð emgZmZo _mJmgdJu`, ^Q>Ho$, {d_wŠV,


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