dna and protein synthesis. nucleic acids nucleic acids - function control the processes of heredity...
TRANSCRIPT
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DNA and Protein Synthesis
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids - Function
• Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms make proteins.
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Nucleic Acids – Types
• DNA–Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA–Ribonucleic Acid
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As you know, DNA stands for….
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
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Is DNA a monomer or polymer
50%
50%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
1. Monomer
2. Polymer
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The monomer units of DNA are known as….
NUCLEOTIDES
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All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain….
Sugar= Deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES
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PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE
REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…
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We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide.
SUGAR
PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE
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The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters….
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
A
T
G
C
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Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together.
Did you put your hands like this???
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In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen
bonds.
A T
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A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
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In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds.
G C
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G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL
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THE
ENTIRE
MOLECULE
AT THE
ATOMIC
LEVEL
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Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type.
USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE
USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE
SHOW ME CYTOSINE
SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER
THEY DON’T
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OK
Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer
from these monomers.
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In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder.
Look. Many Rungs.
Etc…
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What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder?
Etc…
Sugar, Phosphate.
Sugar, Phosphate.
Sugar, Phosphate.
Etc…
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What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder?
The Nitrogen Bases
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Go Ahead!Stack your hands on top of your partner’s hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder.
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TRY IT!!!
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If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the
Double Helix
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Let’s make a candy version of our DNA
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Let’s Review First…
• Nucleic Acid
• Nucleotide
• DNA
• RNA
• Nitrogen Base
• Double Helix
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Nucleic Acid – Structure
• Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that contain– Phosphate backbone– Sugar– Nitrogen base
• Guanine• Cytosine• Adenine• Thymine (Found only in DNA)• Uracil (Found only in RNA)
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Nucleic Acids
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DNA
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DNA
SUGAR
Phosphate
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Let’s see how well you looked at the diagram…regarding the nitrogen bases, Adenine always bonds with which one?
Cyt
osine
Thym
ine
Guan
ine
Ura
cil
0% 0%0%0%
1. Cytosine
2. Thymine
3. Guanine
4. Uracil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
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DNA
SUGAR
Phosphate
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Candy DNA
• Pipe cleaner for the form
• Red Twizzler = Deoxyribose
• Black Twizzler = Phosphate
• Colored Marshmallows = nitrogen bases
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Candy DNA
• Colored Marshmallows = Nitrogen Bases– Pink Marshmallow = Adenine– Green Marshmallow = Thymine
– Yellow Marshmallow = Cytosine– Orange Marshmallow = Guanine
• We’ll use toothpicks to join the nitrogen bases to the sugar
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Let’s Build
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What actual structures make up the sides of the ladder?
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Phosphate
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What structures make up the rungs?
• Nitrogen Bases
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What do you notice about all the DNA molecules in the room?
• They are all different!
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DNA Replication
• 1.) DNA unzips
• 2.) Free nucleotides bond with open complementary base pairs
• 3.) 2 new strands formed
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Let’s review DNA
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Let’s Build A Protein
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Protein Synthesis
• It’s a process– DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)
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RNA
• Sugar is Ribose NOT what…
• Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine– Also contains the other
3 bases…what are they?
• Only single stranded
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RNA
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Transcription
• 1.) DNA strand unzips– The bonds between the nitrogen bases are
broken
• 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made– Pair up the bases
• 3.) mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm
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Transcription
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Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
• Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message
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Translation
• mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why??• tRNA molecules bring amino acids to
ribosomes• An mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA
anticodon– Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that
specifies a specific amino acid – Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA
• As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein.
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Translation
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That’s the process, Now how do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein
• We use an mRNA codon chart