dna and protein synthesis. transformation what does it mean to be transformed? how did griffith’s...
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DNA and Protein Synthesis
What does it mean to be transformed?
How did Griffith’s experiment give clues about the role of genes?
Avery’s Experiment
What is the significance of DNase?
Hershey - Chase
What would have it meant if they found Sulfur inside the cells and not phosphorus?
What are the three roles of DNA?
The Role Of DNA• Store information in the form of genes• Copy information during mitosis • Transmit information from one generation to the next
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?Can you draw a nucleotide?
What type of bonds are between the sugar and the phosphate group?What type of bond hold the nitrogen bases together?
Nucleotides
Can you show me that you understand Chargaff’s rule?
Chargaff’s Rule
• Go to page 345 “Analyzing Data”to review Chargaff’s rule.
Using 4 nucleotides, can you draw DNA being double sided and anti-parallel?
DNA Structure
• Go to page 348 to review your understanding of the key concepts.
What is the role of the following enzymes involved in DNA replication?
HelicasePolymeraseLigase
DNA Replication• Leading End- DNA is added continuously towards the
replication fork• Lagging End – DNA is added discontinuously away from
the replication fork using primers and Okazaki fragments
Chapter 12 Assessment• Review the question from pages 356 – 357 (# 1-6 & 9-11)• Review question 1-5 and question 10 on page 359
DNA & RNA
•Master Plan vs Blue Print•How is RNA different from DNA?
Protein Synthesis
• TranscriptionoTakes place in the nucleusoMakes a strand of mRNA from _____oPromoters tell the enzyme RNA ____________
where to transcribe the DNA template strand.oThe mRNA is spliced keeping the _________ and removing the ____________. RNA splicing allow on gene to code for more than one _____________
TranslationoTakes place in the ___________oStarts with a start _________oTermination occurs at the stop ________oMolecules involved; mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids
oThe end product of translation is a _____________
oThe central dogma states that ________ makes _________ which codes for a _________.
Translation
• mRNA has a series of codons that specify the certain amino-acid sequence
• A codon codes for a specific _________ which is a subunit of a ____________• Codon ACC codes for __________
(use your codon table on page 367)
Translation
• tRNA has __________ that are complementary to codons on mRNA• tRNA – CCU is complementary
to ____ - mRNA• tRNA has an attachment site so it can transport amino acids to the __________
Translation
• Ribosomes are made of the large and small sub units
• The sub units are composed of ______ and proteins
• Ribosomes read the ______ strand and allow the _____ to bring in the proper amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain
Translation
• 3 steps of translation include:• Initiation – the ______ attaches to the mRNA strand
• Elongation – the ribosome allows the polypeptide chain to grow one _______ at a time.
• Termination – when a _______ codon is reached the polypeptide chain is complete
13.2 Assessment
• Go to page 371 and answer questions 1-3
Table of Codons
Quick Lab
• Go to page 367 and lets review “How Does a Cell Interpret Codon”
13.3 Assessment
• Go to page 376 to review key concepts question #1
Mutations and Evolution
• Slight variations in populations are due to changes in the DNA (genes)
• Leads to some individuals having more favorable traits than others and gives them a better chance at survival
Chapter 13 Review
• Review questions on pages 386 – 387o13.1 questions 1-5o13.2 questions 8-14o13.3 questions 18-23
• Standardized Test Prep on page 389oQuestions 1-8