DNA and Transcription Tutorial

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Transcription

Predicting Transcription

Review Questions

Genes and DNA

DNA can be divided into segments called genes. It is estimated that human DNA is composed of ~25,000 genes among its 46 total chromosomes.

Quick Review. Proteins are made which smaller units called?

monosaccharide Amino acid

nucleotideFatty acid

Monosaccharides make up complex

sugars

Fatty acids make up lipids Nucleotides make

up nucleic acids

GenesCorrect. Amino acids link to

create proteins.

Genes (small sections of DNA) are blueprints to make proteins for use throughout the body. Genes are found inside the nucleus of cells, but proteins are created outside of the nucleus.

Quick review. Which organelle creates proteins?

mitochondria

lysosome

chloroplast

ribosome

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Lysosomes break down food and

pathogens

Mitochondria creates ATP

energy

Chloroplasts creates sugars

Meet MelissaYes! Ribosomes make proteins.

Melissa is an architect and has designed a new high-rise apartment complex.

The construction blueprint holds the information needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.

A gene is like the construction blueprints. The gene holds the information needed to make a protein.

Quick Review. A gene is a small section of?

DNA Proteins RNA Ribosomes

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Proteins are created from DNA codes

RNA is created from DNA. Stay

tuned.

Ribosomes make proteins

Transcription

The DNA undergoes a process called transcription. Transcription is the process where the DNA code of a gene is used to make a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).

Examine the picture. The red letters are DNA nucleotides. The green letters are mRNA being created. Notice how mRNA nucleotides are attaching to the DNA sequence.

Quick review: Where is DNA stored?CytoplasmNucleus VesicleVacuole

Correct! Let’s move on though…

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Vacuole stores water and waste

Cytoplasm contains many organelles, but not the DNA

Vesicles usually transport proteins

Transcription (continued)Yes, the nucleus stores DNA.

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

sugar

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

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Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A

T

C

C CG

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A T

C

C CG

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A T

C

C C

G

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A T

C

C C

G

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A T

C

C

C

G

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Remember that transcription will make mRNA. Here’s how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands of DNA nucleotides together.

One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA chain.

sugar

T

T

TA A

A

A T

C

C CG

G G

phosphateNitrogen base

Key

RNAPolymerase

back

Transcription (continued)

Now that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G GRNAPolymerase

back

Transcription RulesNow that the DNA has been separated, free-floating mRNA

nucleotides bond to the now open DNA nucleotides.

Before performing transcription, remember the table below.

DNA mRNA

A U

T A

C G

G C

back

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which mRNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

AA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A UA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U GA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

U

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U GA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U G U CA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U G U C CA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionUse the transcription table to predict which RNA nucleotide will

match the DNA nucleotide.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U G U C C AA U

C G

Click one

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Predicting TranscriptionNow that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U G U C C A

back

Predicting TranscriptionNow that the mRNA is complete, it will detach from the DNA…Exit the nucleus… And then hook up with a ribosome.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

A U G U C C A

back

Fate of the DNA?Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

back

Fate of the DNA?Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T

T

TA A

AA T

C

C CG

G G

back

The final stage.

Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment complex needs to be copied and then taken to the construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would fax the blueprints over to the construction site. The fax would be the mRNA. The construction site is the ribosome.

Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the construction team can begin to build the apartment complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA has arrived, the ribosome has the instructions to begin to make a protein.

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A U G U C C A

The final stage.

mRNA makes a copy of the DNA…

the mRNA exits the nucleus…

the mRNA links up with a ribosome.

ribosome

Once at the ribosome, the process called translation will begin. Translation is the process where a ribosome builds a protein. The details of translation will be discussed another day. For now, let’s review.

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Final Review #1

What will eventually be created by the DNA code of a gene?

proteinribosome nucleolus

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Ribosomes will be used to make proteins

The nucleolus makes ribosomes

Final Review #2

Correct! Now try this one…

RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of which process?

transcription translation replication

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We will discuss translation another day

DNA helicase separates DNA during replication

Final Review #3

Correct. Now try this one…

RNA polymerase is a type of which organic molecule?

Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate Lipid Proteins/enzyme

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Which chemicals end with ASE?

Which chemicals end with ASE?

Which chemicals end with ASE?

Final Review #4Correct! Now try this one…

Which shows the process of transcription done properly?

Key

Black = DNA

Red = mRNA

back

Remember:DNA “A” with RNA “U”DNA “T” with RNA “A”DNA “C” with RNA “G”DNA “G” with RNA “C”

Try Again

Final Review #5

Correct. Now try this one…

After exiting the nucleus, where will the finished mRNA travel?

ribosomemitochondria nucleolus

back

Mitochondria makes ATP energy. mRNA is not

needed for this.

The nucleolus makes ribosomes. mRNA is not

needed for this.

Final Review #6

Correct…now try this last one…

Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will begin next?

Replication Transcription Translation

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Replication is not performed while making

a protein.

Transcription already happened to make the mRNA that has arrived

at the ribosome.

Good job…

I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.