dna competition come up with a team name that’s dna- related (ish) team with the most points gets...
TRANSCRIPT
DNA CoMpEtiTiOnCome up with a team name that’s DNA-
related (ish)
Team with the most points gets a special prize! (Class with most overall points
also gets a prize)
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA is made up of repeating…Nucleotides – has 3 components:1.Phosphate Group2.Sugar – Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogen Base
Thymine always goes across from AdenineGuanine always goes across from Cytosine
**The part that carries the code is the base sequence
Covalent bond – connects nucleotides in a strand
Hydrogen bonds – they connect the 2 strands together
Forms shape of DNA – DOUBLE HELIX
A T
T A
C G
G C
G C
G C
• Chargaff’s Rule: [A]=[T] and [C]=[G]
• X-Ray diffraction pictures helped solve the structure of DNA’s double helix
• Finalized the structure of DNA and built the first ever DNA model
DNA is shaped like a double helix (a twisted ladder)
This shape was discovered by two scientists: James Watson & Francis Crick (Impossible without Rosalind
Franklin’s X-Ray diffraction photo of DNA!)
In general, DNA is replicated by 1. Uncoiling of the helix
2. Separating the strands (breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs)
3. Synthesizing two new strands by complementary base pairing
DNA replication begins at 1 point, called the “origin” and proceeds in 2 directions (bidirectional)
Hydrogen bonds break, two strands separate, 2 new strands are added to the old strands
DNA Replication – - DNA makes a copy of itself- Important during meiosis & mitosis – DNA gets passed on to daughter cells
• DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the parent strands and checks the strand for errors
• Each double helix now has 1 old strand & 1 new strand•This is called SEMI-CONSERVATIVE• If the original strand of DNA is ATTGCACT, what is the complementary strand…?
• The tips of chromosomes are called telomeres
• Genes are not found in this region of the chromosome
•These areas are difficult to replicate, so an enzyme – telomerase – adds short, repeated sequences to the ends
1. Label ONE strand of your DNA with ANY sequence of your choosing
2. Label the opposite strand, following the base-pair rules (A – T, C – G)
3. What’s the 1st step in DNA replication
- The DNA “unzips” – crease your paper and “unzip” your DNA
4. What’s the 2nd step in DNA replication?
- DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides
- Lay your strands about 2” apart on a piece of paper
- Next to each original strand, write the NEW complementary DNA sequence
- You should now have 2 identical double-stranded molecules of DNA…yes?
DNA holds the directions for protein synthesis
Protein synthesis is the making of proteins
A gene is a sequence of DNA that carries the code for making one protein
Everything in you is made of or by proteins!
Protein Examples
Hemoglobin is a protein in your blood that transports oxygen
Collagen is a proteins that makes your cartilage and tendons
Keratin is a protein that makes up your hair & fingernails
Enzymes are proteins
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
RNA is like DNA except…
* It is single stranded
* It has uracil instead of thymine
* It has ribose instead of deoxyribose
Nitrogen Bases
Sugars
&
Phosphates
RNA DNA
Types of RNA
1. mRNA – “messenger” RNA- Carries copies of instructions from DNA for
making amino acids into proteins
2. tRNA – “transfer” RNA- Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as
specified by the code on mRNA
3. rRNA – “ribosomal” RNA- Makes up part of the ribosome, where
proteins are made
• Both DNA and RNA are involved in protein synthesis
2 parts of protein synthesis:1. Transcription – DNA is converted to RNA
- Occurs in the nucleus
2. Translation – RNA is converted to a protein
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
• Transcription (the 1st part of Protein Synthesis)
• Converts DNA to RNA
• DNA (in the nucleus) needs to send a code to the ribosome (in the cytoplasm)
• Problem: DNA can’t fit through the nuclear pores
• A special “messenger” is used to copy and carry the code…
Transcription
• messenger RNA (mRNA) goes into the nucleus and copies the DNA
• Uses enzyme – RNA Polymerase
• The next step is that mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and to the ribosome
• RNA has 1 different base pair!
DNA – ATCG
mRNA – UAGC
Translation (the 2nd part of Protein Synthesis)
• Translation – a process that converts mRNA into a protein
• Occurs on the ribosome in the cytoplasm of a cell
• ______________ - building blocks of proteins; join together into long chains called polypeptides
• ____________ - a sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
• _____________ – sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that is complementary to one mRNA codon
“UCU” is the codon that makes an amino acid called SERINE
Amino acids
Codon
Anticodon
•The tRNA lines up with 3 bases in mRNA (codon)
•tRNA anticodon GAA
•mRNA codon CUU
• Another form of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message
mRNA attaches to the ribosome
•tRNA drops off the amino acid in the correct spot
Any change in the DNA structure (specifically the order of nitrogen bases) is a mutation.
Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.
Helpful – can create diversity in a population
Harmful – can cause things like cancer
Neutral – can have absolutely no effect at all
A mutagen is something that causes mutations in the DNA (for example: smoking, radiation from the sun etc)
Slooze Worm
An insertion mutation is when a nitrogen base is added to the existing DNA
A deletion mutation is when a nitrogen base is subtracted from the DNA
A substitution mutation is when one nitrogen base is put in place of another.
If our DNA was AATTGGCC
An insertion would be AATTAGGCC
A deletion would be AATGGCC
A substitution would be AAATGGCC
Gene Sequencing – Determining the order of nucleotide bases within a gene
DNA Fingerprinting – technique used in criminal investigations. DNA Fingerprinting takes the DNA out of a cell and separates it. This will allow investigators to distinguish body cells of different individuals (since they are unlikely to have the same DNA)
Cloning – take the DNA out of one of your cells then take the DNA out of a zygote (fertilized egg). Put the DNA from your cell into the zygote.
Genetic engineering is the process of moving genes from the chromosomes of one organism to those of another organism.
Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA
molecules.from two different organisms
What would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand in the diagram was made?
A.CUCAAGUGCUUCB.GAGUUCACGAAGC.GAGTTCACGAAGD.AGACCTGTAGGA
What is the amino acid sequence in the portion of the protein molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA shown in the diagram?
A. Ser-Tyr-Arg-GlyB.Leu-Lys-Cys-PheC.Val-Asp-Pro-HisD.Pro-Glu-Leu-Val