dna notes 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)The code of
life or "How to makeprotein"
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DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA= ribonucleic acid
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Nucleotide
1.Sugar =deoxyriboseor ribose
2. Phosphate3.Base:either
A = AdenineT = ThymineG = GuanineC = CytosineU = Uracil
This is a DNA Nucleotide
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DOUBLE HELIX MODEL
Discovered by Watson and Crick.
A = T, G = CChargaffs rules: each species has a unique ratio
and all members of a species has the same ratio
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DNA Structure
Double Helix
3 D view animation
http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.htmlhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_paired_strands-lg.movhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/DNAi_paired_strands-lg.movhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html -
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DNA Shape: confirmation withX-ray crystallography
TwistedLadder
RosalindFranklin
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Nucleotides, Hydrogen bonds, 3vs 5and antiparallel.
what dos all that of mean to DNA structure???
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DNA vs. RNA NucleotidesCAN YOU SEE THE DIFFERENCES?
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6. Instructions
3. Leaves nucleus to cytoplasm/rough ER
5. Thymine
4. Temporary4. Permanent
3. In nucleus(& mitochondria)
mRNA: Single strandedtRNA: a Unit- looks like cloverleafrRNA: sm &lg round units
2. Double Helix
Ribosesugar1. Deoxyribose sugar
mRNADNA
6. Messenger5.Uracil
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RNA typesm = messenger
mRNA
t = transfer
tRNAr = ribosomal
rRNA
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How many types of DNA are
there?ONE!
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DNA REPLICATION
/ WHAT is it?/ WHERE is it done?/ WHY is it done?/ WHEN is it done?
Copying ALL the DNA in a cell
Nucleus
Make copies for daughter cells
S phase of interphase- right beforecell division (mitosis or meiosis)
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DNA Replication(animation)1. Unwindingthe double helix
2. Unzipping the DNA3. Add in new nucleotides-complimentary to each half4. Moves in opposite directions
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf -
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Two processes:
Translation- using the instructions
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Transcription- getting the instructions
THE GOAL:
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WHAT IS THE JOB OF mRNA?
Made when an RNA polymerase readsthe gene
(gets order of nucleotides) from DNA = this is
the order of amino acids so it tells=
how to make protein!
Get Instructions
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WHAT IS the Job of tRNA?
Carry amino acids into the Ribosome,
Hook onto the mRNA in right order to
attach the amino acid to the growing protein
chain
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mRNA transcription(animation)
1.In nucleus: DNAunwindsat one spot
2. RNA polymeraseattachesto DNA3. Matches RNA
nucleotides to DNAnucleotides
3. Sends new mRNAout of nucleus
Translation ( i ti )
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf -
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Translation(animation)
1.The ribosomeattaches tomRNA ( 2 parts)
2.1st tRNA attaches at the Psite at the start CODON.
3.Its job is to bring aminoacids to drop off in order.
4.Amino acids link togetherby peptide bonds to makeapolypepetide
In ribosome in cytroplasm or ERAlso called protein synthesis
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf -
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Translationcontinued
Translocation: the ribosomemoves and the prroces
repeatsuntil a STOP
codon is reached.
5. Thepolypeptidechaingoes to golgi to be
modified.8
REVIEW
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf -
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REVIEW
Cover your notes and look only at
this diagram- discuss these with apartner
What is the role of the mRNA?
What is the role of tRNA? What happens between 2 tRNAs
sitting next to each other?
What is being made?
Where is this happening?
What is this process called?
What does DNA have to do with all
this?
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Interpreting the code using mRNA codons
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Mutations: What are they really?
A. Gene Mutation = change to DNA code
o Point: changes a single amino acidHOW?
a. delete a whole code (3 nucleotides);b. change one nucleotide;c. insert a whole code
This can be harmless or somewhat bad or reallybad (ex: sickle cell anemia)
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Gene Mutation (cont)
o Frameshift: shift the reading of the DNA so allthe amino acids after that are different
HOW? delete or insert 1 or 2 nucleotides
B. Chromosomal Mutation= BIG change to chromosome-
involves many genes all at once and whole sectrions of
chromosomes
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Chromosomal mutations
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Mutagens= cause the mutation
Environmental(ex: asbestos, smoke)
Viral (insert their DNA and mess up code)
Xrays (ex: UV radiation, nuclear radiation) Chemicals(ex: pollutants, industrial, dyes)
NOTE: most gene mutations are random errors occuringin the code during replication
IN THE NEWS!!
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IN THE NEWS!!Quadruple DNA! Seems toabnormal replication and be
involved with cancer mutations-exciting new research area
REVIEW:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.htmlhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/fresh-twist-to-the-dna-story-signals-major-cancer-breakthrough-8459211.html -
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REVIEW:
A. Diagram a DNA molecule-see
directions in notes- do withoutlooking at notes!
B. Use the word bank for the key
terms to match to definitions- do alone
and then check with a partner- do
without looking at the notes!
I t t t
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Important terms
1.Code = a wordin DNA language; 3nucleotides, code for an amino acid
2.Gene =A sentencemade of many
nucleotides that codes for a particular protein(the building blocks of the cell) proteins aremade of long chains of amino acids arrangedfrom a possible 20 different kinds of amino acids
Important terms
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Important terms1. DNA2. Nucleotide
3. CODE4. Gene5. Chromosome, 46, 23
6. Double helix7. Codon8.Anticodon9. Transcription
10.Translation11.Translocation12.Complimentary
13.Replication
THE BIG PICTURE
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LETS PULL IT ALL
TOGETHERFlow Chart activity-
The CENTRAL DOGMA
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Ghost of slides from past
Translation
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf -
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1.Small part of ribosome
attaches to mRNA2.1st tRNA attaches at the P
site. Large ribosome partattaches.
3. The 2nd tRNA lands in the Asite. Ready to start creating a
protein.4. tRNA brings in amino acid
to ribosome5. Amino acids link together
by peptide bondandprotein chain is moved
over to 2nd tRNA.
In ribosomeAlso called protein synthesis
Translation continued
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf -
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Translationcontinued
6. Translocation7. Repeat until a STOP
codon is reached
8. Releasing factor
9. Thepolypeptidechain goesto golgi to be modified.
8
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swfhttp://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/translation.swf