dna- the language of life-h
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DNA: The Language of Life
The Structure of DNA
DNA Replication & Mutations
Protein Production
Genetic Engineering
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The Structure of DNA
A. History
B. Nucleotides
C. The Double Helix
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1. Griffith·s ´transformingfactorµ is the geneticmaterial
a. DNA or protein?
2. Avery shows DNA is the
transforming factor
A. History
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3. Hershey-Chase
a. virus experiments
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4. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid
a. hereditary material of thecell
b. makes up genes
c. determines the traits ofall living things
d. located in the nucleus_
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B. Nucleotides
1. DNA (polymer) is composed oflong chains of four differentnucleotides (monomers)
2. Each nucleotide has:
a. phosphate group
b. sugar (deoxyribose)
c. nitrogenous base
1) adenine, A
2) thymine, T
3) guanine, G
4) cytosine, C_
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3. Adenine and Guanine arepurines (2 ring)
4. Thymine and Cytosine arepyrimidines (1 ring)
5. DNA strands are formed when
nucleotides join together
a. repeating sugar-phosphate´backboneµ
b. nitrogenous bases arelined up
6. Two strands join together byhydrogen bonds_
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C. The Double Helix
1. Franklin & Wilkins and Watson& Crick determined thestructure
2. DNA resembles a twistedladder
a. sugar-phosphate on theoutside
b. complementarynitrogenous basespair on the inside
1) A ²T 2) C ² G_
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THE END
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DNA Replication & Mutations
A. DNA Replication
B. Mutations
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1. Replication is the process usedto make a copy of DNA
2. During DNA replication:
a. the two complementarystrands separate to
form templates
b. free nucleotides line upwith complementarybases
c. new strands are covalently
bondedd. enzymes control process
e. replication issemi-conservative_
A. DNA Replication
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3. Replication occurs at severalspots to speed the process_
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B. Mutations
1. A mutation is any change in thenucleotide sequence of DNA
2. The most common types arebase substitution, insertion,or deletion
a. The dog and cat are fun.
(substitution)
b. The dog and bat are fun.
(frameshift mutation)
c. The dop gan dca tar efu n_
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3. Caused by mutagens: copyingerror, chemicals, orradiation_
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THE END
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Protein Production
A. From Gene to Protein
B. RNA
C. Transcription
D. Translation
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1. For every gene (recipe) thereis a protein (gumball)
2. Proteins determine theappearance and functioningof the cell/organism
3. DNA RNA proteina. transcription
b. translation_
A. From Gene to Protein
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4. The genetic code consists of 3 letter codes (codon)
a. each codon stands for aparticular amino acid
b. ´allµ organisms share this
code_
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1. RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) differsfrom DNA:
a. sugar (ribose)
b. uracil replaces thymine
c. single strand_
B. RNA
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2. Types of RNA
a. mRNA (message) copy ofthe recipe
b. rRNA (ribosome) stove
c. tRNA (transfer) utensils_
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C. Transcription
1. Transcription is the process ofconverting the information ofDNA onto mRNA
a. similar to DNA replicationexcept:
1) uses RNA nucleotides(U pairs with A)
2) only 1 gene is copied
3) mRNA leaves nucleus_
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D. Translation
1. Translation is the process ofconverting the information ofmRNA into a protein
a. tRNA acts as thetranslator b/w nucleicacids and proteins
b. the ribosome is themeeting place for mRNAand tRNA_
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2. Steps in reading mRNA:
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2. Steps in reading mRNA:
a. AUG is the code for start
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2. Steps in reading mRNA:
a. AUG is the code for start
b. as each code word is read,amino acids are added
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2. Steps in reading mRNA:
a. AUG is the code for start
b. as each code word is read,amino acids are added
c. UAA, UAG, or UGA are thecodes for stop_
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3. Protein is completed andreleased_
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THE END
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1. The use of organisms toperform useful tasks iscalled biotechnology
2. DNA technology combinesgenes from differentorganisms_
A. Biotechnology
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B. Engineering Bacteria
1. Bacteria can be engineered tomake useful products
2. Many bacteria containplasmids
a. extra ´loopµ of DNA
b. provides antibioticresistance_
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3. Human genes can be ´cut andpastedµ into the plasmid
a. restriction enzymes ´cutµ
b. DNA ligase ´pastesµ_
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4. Bacteria containing therecombined DNA can becloned (copied)_
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1. Plants and animals can also begenetically engineered_
C. Cloning
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2. Cloning animals is also possiblea. produces offspring
identical to the DNAdonor
b. ´Dollyµ the sheep_
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THE END
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Protein Production
A. From Gene to Protein
B. RNA
C. Transcription
D. Translation
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Genetic Engineering
A. Biotechnology
B. Engineering Bacteria
C. Cloning
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2. Cloning animals is also possiblea. produces offspring
identical to the DNAdonor
b. ´Dollyµ the sheep_
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